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POOJYADODDAPPA APPACOLLEGE OFENGINEERINGGULBARGA

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS&COMMUNICATION

E-GNITE(Bisemester,Bilingual magazine)

(Feb. - March 2010)

To View the magazine on-line,visit : www.pdaengg.comWrite to the editorial board:egnitemagazine@gmail.com.

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Dear Readers,

Here by the silicon association presents fourth issue of the magazine in the hot summer. As a principle, the

magazine is mix of technical and social writings. I am sure, you will appreciate the quality of the articles and efforts

taken by the authors to ensure their authenticity. The activities taken up by the association are the hall marks of this

issue.

Further, I feel proud as we (college) celebrated 50 glorious years of existence and service to the people of this

part of the world. Let us try to build the college stronger and take it ahead further as a center of excellence which would

be true homage to Late Sri Mahadevappa Rampure, the founder of the college. The department will work with the

alumni to ensure better placements. Although, the GATE results are not so appreciating, the department will rejuvenate

to motivate the students to appear for competitive exams and make all out efforts to bring in competitive ambiance on

the campus. Association and the department request all the students to ensure that they use the facilities available and

equip themselves better. There is no short cut to success, except hard work.

Best wishes of Basava Jayanti.

- Dr Vinayadatt V Kohir.

From the Head’s Desk....

Unnati ke path par badhna hai ab

Anchue bulandiyo ko chuna hai ab

Lagaana hai Chiraag jo roshan kare duniya,

failake uska ujala jagmag kare sadiya

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INS↵DE YOU FIND

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1. Sixth Sense Technology: Life beyond the Five Senses

- Pritish Nilangi 1

2. Ambisonics Surround by Sound not just by Speakers

- Praveen Katti 2

3. OFDM for Multipath Wireless Communication

- Shweta Reddy 4

4. Mechatronics - Engineering Automation

- Gururaj Kulkarni 5

5. Artificial Reality in your Eyes 6

- Sachin S Uplaonkar

6. Life 7

7. Null and Void: Introspections on an intriguing Universe. 8

- Vinay Biradar 9

8. Stock Markets - A Bird’s Eye View 10

- Praveen E. D & Ambresh V. P10. Space for the Soul 16

- Sneha

"aUÀÄgÀÄ’11. ²PÀët PÉëÃvÀæzÀ°è ¥ÉÆÃμÀPÀgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ s̈ÉÆÃzsÀPÀgÀ ¥ÁvÀæ 18

- gÀªÉÄñÀ UÀÄvÉÛÃzÁgÀ

12. «zÁåyð fêÀ£ÀzÀ ¸ÁzsÀ£É 19

- gÀfAiÀiÁ¸ÀįÁÛ£À

13. PÀ£ÀßqÀ s̈ÁμÉAiÀÄ ¥ÁæaãÀvÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ 20

- vÁAiÀÄ¥Àà ̈ sÉÆë

£ÀqÉzÀ ¤£Àß ºÁ¢ 22

- ̧ ÀAUÀªÉÄñÀégÀ Dgï. Dgï.14 E- Resources for Engineering Community - Indest Consortia 23

- Dr. Mallikarjun Vaddankeri

15. Department News 25

16. Abracadabra 26

17. Advertisements 27

5

Sixth Sense Technology:Life beyond the Five Senses Pritish Nilangi

IV Semester ‘A’

(Mistry’s brainchild Sixth Sense technologyinstantly has occupied the prime space in all scientific

journals. The response to his invention has been so

overwhelming for this IIT-Bombay pass out that his mailboxis flooded every single hour of the day. He has grandiose

visions for his baby; he feels that his invention caneffectively be utilised for noble causes. This is only re-

affirmed by the award bestowed upon Sixth Sense by

Popular Science, naming it as the ‘Invention of the year,2009’. Pranav Mistry and his mentor Dr. Maes of MIT and

the whole unit behind this project; take a bow!)

The Wonder:

The world has shrunk. Distances have dissolved.Communication lines and interaction with countless systems

have been rendered feasible. However this technological

overhaul has been peripheral and not so much related tothe human body; researchers and innovators have

constantly grappled with the issue of bridging the gapswhich limit the human-environment contact. Well, looks

like we finally may have stumbled upon an answer to that

quagmire.

Pranav Mistry, a student at the Media Lab of Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a gesturalinterface device which enables enrichment of the physical

world with knowledge that is digital and allows a personto use natural motions to act together with this information

so received. This device, tentatively named as the Sixth

Sense, is a wearable machine that assists unexploredinteractions between the real and the virtual sphere of

data. It consists of certain commonly available components,which are intrinsic to its functioning. These include a

camera, a portable battery-powered projection system

coupled with a mirror and a cell phone. All thesecomponents communicate to the cell phone, which acts

as the communication and computation device. The entirehardware apparatus is encompassed in a pendant-shaped

mobile wearable device. Basically the camera recognizesindividuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes with

their hands and the projector assists in projecting anyinformation on whatever type of surface is present in front

of the person. Sixth Sense symbolises that aspect oftechnology and innovation which is so personal that it ends

up negating the lines which demarcate the domains of

man and machine. It is basically a connection to somethinggreater than what our physical senses are able to perceive.

The Possibilities:

The Sixth Sense archetype puts to use numerous

applications that enable the user to comprehend thesystem’s effectiveness, feasibility and usefulness. The

application meant for drawing assists the user in drawing

on any surface by tracking the fingertip movements of hisindex finger. There are various other things which this

amazing discovery possesses in its arsenal. Some of themare the ability to check one’s email on a blank wall by

simply drawing a ‘@’ sign in the air with one’s finger, one

look at one’s airplane boarding pass lets the passengerknow whether his flight is on time or is it delayed and if its

delayed then by how many hours or minutes, being ableto check the time by using the fingers to draw a circle on

the wrist which produces the image of an analogue watchon the wrist, clicking a digital photograph simply by holding

one’s fingers at arm’s length and forming a square. The

Tech - Trek

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I always remember the prophetic statement ofHelen Keller: “Life is either a daring adventure or nothing atall.” When team e-gnite looks back, it has all been, nothingshort of an adventurous journey. The time when I last penneddown my editorial for the 3rd issue and the time I write it forthe 4th one, it has been a rough journey of various highs andlows. It has taught us the art of becoming mature day byday. Of course it reflects in our struggle number 4.

The days which have passed by since the last issue, havebeen hectic, demanding deadlines. The college witnessedone of the biggest celebrations in its history- The GoldenJubilee Alumni meet. With over 5000 alumni placed indifferent parts of the globe coming together to relive theirbygone past, to become young once again, it was an arduoustask to make them feel comfortable in all respects. We havegiven the prime space to cover the event and help thememories become stronger. The final year students hadthe trip of their life. Mumbai Calling is the special sectiondedicated to it. Mahesh has artistically captured the tour inhis poem written in Hindi. No, we have no intentions inmaking e-gnite a trilingual magazine. That is published for itssheer sense of artistic brilliance. As always, the project andseminar articles get highlighted. We hope it will benefitspecially the pre-final year students and everyone in general.We have also learnt the art of diversifying. There are many

Editorial other articles written on various issues of importance. Thecover again is catchy. What strikes the most is when you getto know, Vikas has done it with only his left hand functioning.His right hand had gone with the wind when he clashedonto a motorcycle coming upright, 117KMPH. Well, he gotwell sooner than expected. God is great, definitely. Pritishdeserves a pat on his back for his efforts to woe the sponsors,get money and add more colour to the magazine. He joinsthe Sub-Editors’ group from this issue.

When the deadlines seemed so scary that I almosthad lost hopes of completing the magazine in time, an smsby Chotu (Mahesh) put me out of the pressure. I reproducethat to you:

The pressure is increasing, And the hard work tobe done is more.

I dint even help a little, But surely I ll do some more.The pressure is raising high, But don’t worry mere bhai.Together we will mess the mess, But first lets have chai...

The chai was so very refreshing, that it took usthrough to the end of the tunnel. Some moments are sovery special...

The future looks all the more promising. With thealumni assuring their support and with the constantencouragement of our teachers we will go a long way in ourendeavour. The next issue will be the highlight, specialanniversary edition, e-gnite on its first birthday. Await...e-gnite has many surprises in its belly.

- Vinay Biradar(ViMaViTa)

TEAM E-GNITE

Managing Editor: Dr Vinayadatt V Kohir, HOD ECE

Staff Editor: Prof G. S Biradar

Silicon Association Advisor: Prof Ravindra Kanta

Student Editor: Vinay Biradar, 8th semester B

Sub-Editors : Mahesh Deshpande, 6th semester A

Vikas B.M, 6th semester A

Preetesh Nilangi - 4rd semester.

Members: Praveen Katti, Sachin Uplaonkar,

Sagar Harkude,-8th semester - Shilpa Ibrahimpur,

Vidya Belamgi, Ejaz Rahi,

Shashank Patil - 6th semester - Preeti Toshniwal - 4th semester

7

AmbisonicsSurround by Soundnot just by Speakers

Sound’ can be described as an entity that describes

the position, pattern, physical existence of any object.

Ambisonics is actually an encode method that is

independent of the number of output channels and a decode

method that is adaptable to reproduction with an arbitrary

number of loudspeakers. If we go in search of the heading

of the article, the etymology of the word Ambiosonics lies

here. The word Ambi –means “on both sides” in Latin and

sonic has a meaning of using sound or sound waves.

Ambisonics is a series of recording and replay

techniques using multi-channel mixing technology that can

be used live or in the studio. By encoding and decoding

sound information on a number of channels, a 2-

dimensional (“planar”, or horizontal-only) or 3-dimensional

sound field can be presented.

What is surround sound?

Surround sound attempts to improve the realism

of the perceived sound by providing information from all

directions, not just from in front of the listener. Stereo,

creating the illusion of musicians playing in your living room

- a “they are here” illusion.

When this illusion is successful, surround sound

is as big an improvement over stereo as stereo was over

mono

What is Ambiosonic Surround Sound?

Ambisonic Surround Sound is a set of techniques

for the recording, studio processing and reproduction of

the complete sound field experienced during the original

performance. Ambisonic technology does this by

decomposing the directionality of the sound field into

spherical harmonic components, termed W, X, Y and Z.

The Ambiosonic approach is to use all speakers

to cooperatively recreate these directional components.

Praveen Katti

8th Semester B

system will click whatever is enclosed within the boundariescreated by your fingers. Pictures so clicked can be re-

arranged, resized or played with by projection on the walland by dragging them around. The gadget can also

recognise articles in newspapers, magazines and retrieve

the latest data and information in the form of articles andvideos and present it to the user on pages.

The Future:

The world seems to have lapped up with huge expectations

and one of them being developing a sign languageapplication that would speak out a translation while

someone is communicating through signs and symbols. If

ambitions have sky as their limit, then even Dr.Maes visioncan be a reality someday when she says that soon the

team at MIT may come up with a sixth sense brain implant!However as has been the case with every discovery, this

piece of device is also not beyond its faults. It still is arough prototype, very ambiguous on the fact that how

many of the features shown in the demo video are just

mere stimulations and in Maes’ own words, it is still verymuch a work in progress and much needs to be done

before it can be marketed to the world at large. Perhapsthat could be another reason why even after 6 to 7 months

of its exposition, it still hasn’t been formally launched in

the market. Of course a lot of work still needs to be doneso that it becomes near to perfect. But the aim with which

it was devised in the first place cannot in the least bedoubted. If all works out well for Sixth Sense and if all its

shortcomings are corrected with as much precision andthought as has gone into its inception in the first place,

then it can’t be disputed that environment-human

interactions would occur on a much larger level and theconstant disparity between both these elements would be

covered and cemented, for posterity. The world is gapingin awe at this revelation of the human brain and

expectations are, vey obviously skyrocketing.

Reference :1) www.Ted.com

2) www.en.wikipidia/org/wiki/sixthsense

8

That is to say, speakers to the rear of the listener help

localise sounds in front of the listener, and vice versa.

Ambisonic technology is based on a meta-theory

(a theory of theories) of sound localization developed by

the late Michael A Gerzon, University of Oxford. Ambisonic

decoder design aims to satisfy simultaneously and

consistently as many as possible of the mechanisms used

by the ear/brain to localise sounds.

In an Ambisonic decoder the spherical harmonic

direction signals, W, X, Y and Z, are passed through a set

of filters which have different gains at low and high

frequencies, designed to match different ways the ear/

Seminar Article

brain localizes sounds. (The different localization

mechanisms operate below and above about 700 Hz.).

The speaker feeds are then derived by passing

the outputs from the shelf filters through a simple amplitude

matrix. An important aspect of Ambisonic decoder

technology is that it is only at this final stage of processing

that the number and layout of speakers is considered.

The listening area for Ambisonic Surround Sound

is comparable with that for conventional stereo, but larger.

Ambisonics offers a number of advantages over

other surround sound systems:

• It is isotropic in that sounds arriving from all

directions are treated equally (as opposed to most

other surround systems that assume that the main

sources of sound are frontal and that rear

channels are only for ambience or special effects).

• All speakers are generally used to localize a sound

in any direction. This gives better localisation,

particularly to the sides and rear.

• The stability and imaging of the reproduced

soundfield vary less with listener position. The

soundfield can even be appreciated by listeners

outside the speaker array.

• The loudspeakers do not have to be positioned in

a rigid setting (regular polygons or irregular

figures). This allows the speaker configuration to

be matched more closely to real listening

environments, such as domestic living rooms.

• The Ambisonic signal is independent of the replay-

system: the same signal can be decoded for

varying numbers of loudspeakers (in general, the

more speakers, the higher the accuracy of the

reconstructed soundfield). This allows flexibility

for composers, performers and production teams

to produce a “final” mix without worrying about

how the mix will later be released and decoded.

Conclusion

Ambisonics has been shown to be a, viable

technology for projection of sounds in three dimensions to

concert size audiences. As with all technologies, there are

problems to overcome, but they are no more significant

than in any other systems and the underlying simplicity of

the system conveys advantages which more than outweigh

them.

Reference :

1) Michael A Curzon - Ambisonics Part - II

2) Michael A Curzon - Sound reproduction System

3) Peter Fellgett - Ambisonics Part I,General System

discription

9

Introduction

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) has developed into a popular scheme for

wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over

copper wires, used in applications such as digital television

and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and

broadband internet access.

The primary advantage of OFDM over single-

carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel

conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies

in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and

frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without

complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is

simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many

slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one

rapidly-modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate

makes the use of a guard interval between symbols

affordable, making it possible to handle time-spreading

and eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI). This

mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency

networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters

send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency,

as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be

combined constructively, rather than interfering as would

typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system. This

results in optimal usage of bandwidth.

Although OFDM in theory has been in existence

for a long time, recent developments in DSP and VLSI

technologies have made it a feasible option. Many wired

and wireless standards like DVBT, DAB, xDSL and 802.11a

have adopted OFDM.

How does it work?

OFDM is a multi-carrier system where data bits

are encoded to multiple sub-carriers. Unlike single carrier

OFDM for MultipathOFDM for MultipathOFDM for MultipathOFDM for MultipathOFDM for MultipathWireless Communication.Wireless Communication.Wireless Communication.Wireless Communication.Wireless Communication.

Project Article

Shweta Reddy8th Semester ‘B’

systems, all the frequencies are sent simultaneously in

time. The frequencies used in OFDM system are

orthogonal. Neighbouring frequencies with overlapping

spectrum can therefore be used. The figure explains shows

the block diagram representation of the OFDM transceiver.

This property is shown in the figure where f1, f2 and f3

orthogonal. This results in efficient usage of BW. The OFDM

is therefore able to provide higher data rate for the same

Band Width.

OFDM transceiver

Each sub-carrier in an OFDM system is modulated

in amplitude and phase by the data bits. Depending on the

kind of modulation technique that is being used, one or

more bits are used to modulate each sub-carrier. Modulation

techniques typically used are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

etc. The process of combining different sub-carriers to

form a composite time-domain signal is achieved using

Fast Fourier transform. Different coding schemes like block

coding, convolutional coding or both are used to achieve

better performance in low SNR conditions. Interleaving is

done which involves assigning adjacent data bits to non-

adjacent bits to avoid burst errors under highly selective

fading. Block diagram of an OFDM transceiver is shown

below.

Figure: Block diagram of the 802.11a OFDM transceiver

F1 F2 F3

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Different implementation techniques

The above figure shows an OFDM transciever. They

are many choices available for implementing an OFDM

system. The following are some of them:

• DSP based implementation

• DSP based implementation with

hardware accelerators

• VLSI implementation

The discussion of all these implementations is

beyond the scope of this article.

Reference :

• Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for

OFDM, Timothy M. Schmidt and Donald C. Cox,

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS,

VOL. 45, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997

• “OFDM for multimedia wireless communications”

by Van Nee, Richard and Ramjee Prasad

• OFDM communication has gained wide spread

acceptance in the recent times. In particular, it

has been a boon to wireless communication.

Mechatronics, a relatively new concept that

combines mechanics, electronics and software

technologies, which is now expected to revolutionise the

automotive industry. The purpose of this interdisciplinary

engineering field is the study of automata from an

engineering perspective and serves the purposes of

controlling advanced hybrid systems. And in the recent

years due to advancement in these fields, there has been

an abundant transformation in the field and the scopes

are increasing exponentially.

With the ever-changing needs and wants of a

complex and sophisticated world, innovations and

technologies will have to improve and develop with the

rapidly changing times. The mechatronic approach to the

system design compounded with the quality and quantity

surveillance has made the sequential sorting out of the

problems easier than before. High accuracy and comfort

being high end advantage of it. Thus this Industry now

needs a skilled engineer who can manage all three

disciplines simultaneously, especially at the design stage

to create “intelligent machines”.

Mechatronics -Engineering Automation

Gururaj Kulkarni6th Semester Mech.

Motion sensors, actuators and sensors,

microdevices and optoelectronics, robotics and many more

are the basic dwelling parameters for a mechatronic device.

One of the very much advanced and latest from the field is

‘Sojourner’. For all those who have heard the word now,

sojourner is the rover used for mars exploration. Thanks

to this field, we are very close to find another safe living

planet in our milkyway!

With the advancement in the GPS positioning system,

mechatronics is laying its grip in almost all fields of life. Its

hard to imagine living on earth without mechatronics and

with the speed this field is travelling its really hard to imagine

whats in store up next!

11

Artificial Reality in your Eyes

- Sachin S Uplaonkar8th Semester ‘B’.

Let your imagination run wild and think that youare getting all the information about the things you wantedto know just before your eyes and accessing the internetwithout any conventional methods and you are alsoknowing about your health on a daily basis, all this justwith the help of a simple contact lens which is semi-transparent so that you don’t go and bump on to an obstacleif it were opaque, just as one might have seen the film“Terminator”, where Arnold gets information about thesurrounding before his eyes. Well this novel idea(imagination!!) has come true and is being atits infancy has generated great interest inmany people and in many organizations too..This idea was developed by Prof. Babak A.Parviz of University of Washington along withhis students, and named it as AugmentedReality in a Contact Lens.

Augment means: To add, i.e. addingan artificial circuitry to ordinary lenses to

transform them into extraordinary lenses. Conventionalcontact lenses are polymers formed in specific shapes tocorrect faulty vision. To turn such a lens into a functionalsystem, we integrate control circuits, communicationcircuits, and miniature antennas into the lens using custom-built optoelectronic components. These components willeventually include hundreds of LEDs, which will formimages in front of the eye (bionic eye-sight), such as words,charts, and photographs. Much of the hardware issemitransparent so that wearers can navigate theirsurroundings without crashing into them or becomingdisoriented. In all likelihood, a separate, portable devicewill relay displayable information to the lens’s controlcircuit, which will operate the optoelectronics in the lens.

In near future we can rely on electronic contactlenses, rather than Smartphone’s or brain implants forseamless access of information that appears right beforeour eyes. These can be powered by using wireless RF orthrough solar energy. With more colors and resolution thelens could be expanded to include display of text, translating

speech into captions in real time or offering visual cuesfrom a navigation system. Beside the external world, theinternal world (within the human body) information canalso be used and these can act as biomarkers and healthindicators. Several simple sensors are built that can detectthe concentration of a molecule, such as glucose. Sensorsbuilt onto lenses would let diabetic wearers keep tabs onblood-sugar levels without needing to prick a finger. Anappropriately configured contact lens could monitorcholesterol, sodium, and potassium levels, to name a few

potential targets. Coupled with a wireless datatransmitter, the lens could relay informationto medics or nurses instantly, without needlesor laboratory chemistry, and with a muchlower chance of mix-ups.

Three fundamental challengesstand in the way of building a multipurposecontact lens. First, the processes for makingmany of the lens’s parts and subsystems areincompatible with one another and with the

fragile polymer of the lens. That leads to the secondchallenge, which is that all the key components of the lensneed to be miniaturized and integrated onto about 1.5square centimeters of a flexible, transparent polymer. Lastbut the most significant, the whole contraption needs tobe completely safe for the eye. For example most redLEDs are made of aluminum gallium arsenide, which istoxic. So before an LED can go into the eye, it must beenveloped in a biocompatible substance. Researchers atthe University of Washington, in Seattle under theleadership of Prof. Babak A. Parviz are working in thisregard. They have fabricated prototype lenses with anLED, a small radio chip, and an antenna, and are successfulin transmitting the energy to the lens wirelessly, lightingthe LED. To demonstrate that the lenses can be safe, theyhave encapsulated them in a biocompatible polymer andsuccessfully tested them in trials with live rabbits.

One would probably wonder a person wearingone of these contact lenses would be able to focus on animage generated on the surface of the eye. After all, a

12

normal and healthy eye cannot focus on objects that arefewer than 10 centimeters from the corneal surface. TheLEDs by themselves merely produce a fuzzy splotch ofcolor in the wearer’s field of vision. Somehow the imagemust be pushed away from the cornea. One way to dothat is to employ an array of even smaller lenses placedon the surface of the contact lens. Arrays of suchmicrolenses have been used in the past to focus lasersand, in photolithography, to draw patterns of light on aphotoresist. On a contact lens, each pixel or small groupof pixels would be assigned to a microlens placed betweenthe eye and the pixels. Spacing a pixel and a microlens360 micrometers apart would be enough to push back thevirtual image and let the eye focus on it easily. To thewearer, the image would seem to hang in space abouthalf a meter away, depending on the microlens.

Another way to make sharp images is to use a scanningmicrolaser or an array of microlasers. Laser beams divergemuch less than LED light does, so they would produce asharper image. A kind of actuated mirror would scan thebeams from a red, a green, and a blue laser to generatean image. The resolution of the image would be limitedprimarily by the narrowness of the beams, and the laserswould obviously have to be extremely small, which wouldbe a substantial challenge. However, using lasers wouldensure that the image is in focus at all times and eliminatethe need for microlenses. One difficulty in putting a displayon the eye is keeping it from moving around relative to thepupil. Normal contact lenses that correct for astigmatismare weighted on the bottom to maintain a specificorientation, give or take a few degrees.The same techniquecould keep a display from tilting (unless the wearer blinkedtoo often!).

The world already sees a future in which the humblecontact lens becomes a real platform, like the iPhone istoday, with lots of developers contributing their ideas andinventions. As far as the curious onlookers are concerned,the possibilities extend as far as the eye can see, andbeyond.

References :

1) www.augmentedreality.in2) www.spectrum.ieee.org3) www.darpa.com

Life is a challenge - Meet it

Life is a gift - accept it

Life is an adventure - Dare it

Life is a sorrow - Overcome it

Life is a tragedy - Face it

Life is a duty - Perform it

Life is a game - Play it

Life is a mystery - Unfold it

Life is a song - Sing it

Life is an opportunity - Take it

Life is a journey - Complete it

Life is a promise - Fulfill it

Life is a beauty - Praise it

Life is a spirit - Realize it

Life is a struggle - fight it

Life is a puzzle - Solve it

Life is a goal - Achieve it...

- Contributed by Arpitha Kadganchi

4th semester B

Life

13

Part II: “God, Decoded”

(Continued from the previous issue...)

...By far the greatest obstacle in reconciling science

and spirituality has been the personification of God. Is

anthropomorphism the answer? Can science restore God

to those starry skies? Thus ended your last read, with

questions unanswered and had left enough room for

contemplating further. After a brief pit stop if we start

Null and Void: Introspections onan intriguing Universe. Vinay Biradar

8th Semester ‘B’

racing our brains again towards that

infinitum, there unveils a vast sea and

unexplored islands of knowledge. Our

inner truth seeking device will ultimately

have to turn toward this code called:

God. For the licence to explore further

lies here. We will have to first

encounter with this universally revered

and at the same time, one of the most

feared words. In calling this enigma a

code, I have my own set of reasons and reservations. Not

the Christian God or the Hindu God or the Jewish God, but

the Nature’s God. I am strongly inclined to believe that a

clear eyed appraisal of the warp and weft of physical reality

reveals that woven throughout the universe is an abstract

intelligence, which we may, without offence to either

science or religion be permitted to call divine.

The prophets and the priests of all global religions

have historically offered a multi-latitude view of the

almighty, whether that depiction is of a stern patriarch

with a white beard, or a serpent tongued she-demon. They

have found out that we have tremendous difficulties

conceptualising, let alone believing in things beyond the

pale of our own senses. This is the definition of

Anthropomorphism, the inability to conceptualise something

without giving it a form. Swami Vivekananda thus explains

the holistic view of the living and the non-living: “Now,

when we study meta-physics we come to know that the

world is one, not that the spiritual, the material, the mental,and the world of energies are separate. It is all one, but

seen from the different planes of vision. Whatever is, isone. Let us say, it is a sort of tapering existence; thethickest part is here, it tapers and becomes finer and finer.

The finest is what we call spirit; the grossest, the body.

The end aim of all science is to find the unity, the one outof which the manifold is being manufactured, that one

existing as many.”

Perfectly cogent with what

Vivekananda said more than a century

ago, scientists of the present age have

had a glimpse of the existence of the

unification of all the forces and fields.

If at all there is anything, that thing

should be the interplay of these forces

and fields. That is exactly why, great

minds like Albert Einstein, Stephen

Hawking, Maxwell ran behind the: “The Theory of

Everything” (TOI). What strikes us most was, all of them

missed out. So near, yet so far. The theory is defined as

everything we know plus everything we do not know. To

understand the unification of forces, we must first

understand nature’s symmetries. A golf ball for example,

looks the same regardless of how you turn it. It has

rotational symmetry. Talking of nature’s symmetries

however, we are not looking for things that appear the

same, but about the elemental forces and particles giving

up their distinguishing “marks” and behaving as if they

were characterised by the same natural laws. The forces

and the fields that we know are the result of broken

symmetries of nature. So, the restoration of symmetries

appears to be the magic key to unification, and unification

is the key to understand the common source. The question

that now pops up is- “what could the world of science tell

14

about the nature of God?”

What gives physicists such confidence is the fact

that the strength of interaction of the diverse forces

appears to become equal at nature’s own dimensions,

called the Planck’s dimensions, named after the genius

who conceived it back in 1899. Planck’s length is as small

as the universe is large. He derived a set of units of

measurements that are same throughout the universe.

Planck’s dimensions are the coordinates we use to navigate

the deepest subatomic realm. It merely represents the

fact that all the fields in the universe are now believed to

arise from the common source, which may be appropriately

called as the primary field. Could this primary field be

embedded in space itself even though we cannot see it?

How can the source be encoded there? The very idea seems

absurd and bizarre, defying common sense. Remember

Einstein revolutionised the idea of space itself. He showed

us that space and time are not absolute, but malleable.

Space which appears to be formless is actually curved

around a heavy mass like galaxy that literally acts as a

giant optical lens. The Hubble space telescope gives a

testimony to this enigmatic finding. When we think of

space we tend to think of it as a black empty region. It is

important to keep in mind that this black empty space

resides in us, as well, for we are made of atoms, and

inside an atom is mostly space. The source is not only

with us, it’s within us.

Have we found the address of the architect of the

universe? One has to wonder, however at what point we

are, in the words of the Zen philosopher, Alan Watts, “trying

to taste our own tongues.” After all, we exist. Somehow,

most likely by sheer serendipity, things are clumped

together in our favour. Beyond all reasonable doubt we

may, perhaps have got a very faint glimmering of the nature

of God and of how the abundant majesty of the cosmos

arises from the Void, from an address numbered zero

and its superimposing symmetry. But what do we call this

larger something we sense when our minds are perfectly

coherent? Could it be the timeless mystical experience of

oneness with the source, an experience which transcends

all faiths and cultures, the closest, we humans can ever

come to perceiving.

It is the power of one source, the order that

underlies and enfolds all orders, that unifies all fields and

forms, which encompasses everything there is and

everything there is not. Men have disguised this very own

energy by its code name: GOD. In the words of Meister

Eckhart: “Get out of the way and let God be God in

you.”

CONCLUSION : If we give creation to God and the rest to

Science, what need is there now of God?

References :

• Code Name God by Mani Bhaumik.

• The Recovery of faith by S Radhakrishnan.

• Life, Mind and Consciousness, a compilation by

Sri Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata.

In nature’s belly life my unguided fallacies,

unspoken amitions,unseen dangers,

Peeping,

the cosmos transforms into a distant voidthis sphere of life.

Still ...

I liveth and my God liveth!- V B.

15

Introduction

There are different kinds of investment in thecapital markets. Each of the investment has specific benefitsalong with certain features. The investments are used fora specific purpose. The most common way of making aninvestment is through purchase of shares in a company.Shares are a mode of holding ownership in a company.Holding shares means becoming a part owner of acompany and at the same time enjoy all the benefits alongwith the consequent risks.

Stock Markets -A Bird’s Eye View

There are different ways inwhich investment activities arereferred in their normal parlance. Asfar as the common terminology isconcerned in India this will be calledas buying shares and those who holdthe shares are known asshareholders. People who buy sharesare also said to be buying equity ina company and they are also known

as equity holders or equity shareholders. Shares are alsoknown as scrips traded on the stock exchange and in manycases people who buy shares are often referred to ashaving bought scrips. This is another term that is used forthe same investment and is quite common in the Indiancontext.

Dealing in shares

The term shares are used in conjunction with acompany and there are two ways in which the shares areusually purchased and sold. Few companies are tradedon a stock exchange, which means that the shares of thatcompany can be bought and sold through the exchange.The second way of dealing in shares arises when theshares of a company are not traded on a stock exchange.In this case, the shares are bought either from some otherinvestor or the company newly issues them. The issue ofshares to the public for the first time is called an InitialPublic Offer (IPO). When this is done the second time, it iscalled follow on public offer.

There is a benefit of buying shares especially inlisted companies known as public limited companies. Inpublic limited companies, the number of members aremore than 50 and there is no restriction on the selling ofthe shares. The investor can thus enter and exit wheneverthey wish.

Shares enables a person to earn a dividend froma company but with a risk tagged that if the company goesout of business, shareholders are the last ones to get theirmoney. The money too would only be given to shareholders

once all the outside people havebeen paid their dues. So a possibilityalso runs that there might not beanything left for the equityshareholders after the distributionof assets have taken place. Thecompany, too, if it goes into lossescannot ask its shareholders to payanything more than the value ofshares. This is the concept oflimited liability that is applicable toshares.

The Indian scenario

In India, investors have a choice between twotypes of shares, and hence one will get commensuratebenefits for the kind of shares that one holds. The firsttype of share is equity share. These are the shares thateveryone is familiar with. These shares are traded in themarket for companies that are listed on the stockexchanges.

On these shares there is a dividend declared eachyear depending upon the performance of the company. Infact, if there is a loss then for several years there is nodividend.

There is another type of share called preferenceshares where the dividend is fixed and the holders of theseshares are paid the dividend as well the payout even beforethe equity shareholders are given. Preference shares haveto redeemed within a specified period of time accordingto the law in India.

Praveen E. D & Ambresh V. P8th Semester ‘B’

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Within preference shares there are shares thatdiffer with their features. The first is redeemablepreference shares, which means that they have to beredeemed after a certain time period. The next is to seewhether they are cumulative or non-cumulative preferenceshares. Investors if they have cumulative preferenceshares, then the dividend payout which is not possible inyear is carried forward to the next year they are paid at alater date when the required sum is available for payment.Then there are convertible preference shares which areconverted after a specific point of time into some otherinstrument.

Trading in shares

Trading in shares is one of the fundamental factorsthat attract investors toward this instrument. Theexperience of investing in the stock markets and thechanges that occur and the excitement generated is a goodenough reason for a lot of people to be attracted to thismode of investment. Many believe that trading producesreturns as well as a certain level of pleasure for theinvestors too for being a part of the process.

Stock exchanges

One of the first things that have to be recorded isthe idea of a stock exchange. A stock exchange is a mediumthrough which there is trading in shares and securities.Earlier, the stock exchange was a physical space wherethe brokers used to gather and then deal in the sharesface to face. There was a trading ring where thetransactions used to take place.

Now with the advent of information technology,the stock exchange is a virtual place. Each member whowishes to trade on the exchange is connected by the tradingterminal to a central place where all the buy and sell ordersare matched and the transactions are effected. This meansthat a person sitting in Punjab can trade with a personsitting in Chennai by dealing through the terminals thatare connected by satellite and other means ofcommunication.

In the stock exchange, we now have anautomated system of putting in order, so that all that aninvestor does goes through a broker, who places their

respective order at a given price or the available marketprice and then the system matches the best buy and thesell orders and the transaction is executed. Thus, forexample, an investor can go through his brokers terminaland have an order of buying 100 Reliance shares at Rs2090. The system will look for the best quote that matchesthis requirement and will then execute the order.

There are two main exchanges in the country,the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National StockExchange, on which a large majority of the trading in thecash segment of the market takes place. The cash segmentof the market is where there is dealing in actual sharesand not in the derivatives.

Market terminology

Bulls :

This is one of the common terms used in themarket to denote a person who is looking at the price of ashare to rise. This person undertakes the activity of buyingthe shares at a lower price level and then selling them toothers after the price rises.

Bears :

The bears believe that the share prices will fall and hencethey will sell off the shares at the current level and thenbuy them back at a lower level so that their aim is achieved.

Arbitrage :

Arbitrage refers to an opportunity between twoinvestments that can be executed in a virtual risk freemanner.

Penny stocks :

These are an essential part of any stock marketacross the world. Penny stocks are stocks that quote at avery low value, which is below their face value and areusually a few rupees.

All play and no work makes Jack an investorin the stock market.

References :

1. www.sharekhan.com2. www.geojitbnpparisbas.com

21

Space for the SoulSneha

6th Semester ‘B’

MESMERISING MOSAIC

LOVE REDIFINED

BEWITCHING BEAUTY

BLESSINGS : HOLY SEER SHIVAKUMAR SWAMIJI

Sneha6th Semester ‘B’

22

E-gnite Brain Jam - 02

1 3

7

9 4

10

5

6

8

ACROSS :

1 Atmosphere of a place (8)

2 Left hand page of an open book (4)

3 Extensible Markup languages abbreviation (6)

4 Spell 12th ? (7)

6 Pin no. 20 of 8051 (8)

7 Largest gland of human body (9)

DOWN8 Group of Islands (1)

9 Time between two eventh

Appeal to the Alumni :

E-gnite appeals to the alumni of the college to

actively contribute articles on various issues of importance.

For qurries please write to : egnitemagazine@gmail.com

or call : 9008147666.

The next issue will be a highlight specialanniversary edition. To advertise your firm contact :

9611464041 or write to egnitemagazine@gmail.com

Shilpa Ibrahimpur6th Semester ‘A’

23

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Course outline and objectives

This workshop addresses the standard accepted

by the most publishers included IEEE publications. At the

workshop we introduce LATEX – the IEEE and other referred

journals’ recommended standard for documentation

preparation.

Course Overview

1. Documents and document classes

2. Document structure

3. Environments- text, Table, Figure

4. Math Equations

5. Bibliography and Citation

6. Sample LATEX document generation

Eligibility :

Course is meant for teachers from Universities/

Engineering Colleges of all Departments, research Scholars

and Post Graduate students.

Background required:

Minimal computer operating skills.

Contact :Dr. Vinayadutt V. Kohir

HOD ECE

Dr. Siddaram Patil

Prof. G.S. BiradarConvenors

Workshop on Document Preparationfor Research Publications

From 2nd April to 4th April 2010Organised by Dept. of ECE, PDACEG.

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With the information revolution brought about by

development of internet and World Wide Web, libraries at

all levels graduated themselves from traditional storehouse

of information to information providers. Users were

beginning to expect speedy delivery of their requests in

full-text. User expectations rose with the enhancement of

technological changes that occurred. Libraries had to meet

these user requirements with advanced capabilities or fall

by the wayside. The budgetary limitations forced libraries

to provide the scholarly publications collectively through

national consortia.

Dissemination of research is a key value of the

academy. Indeed, academic freedom encompasses the

rights of faculty members and researchers to communicate

freely and broadly the conclusions of their scholarly

endeavors. Faculty research and scholarship represent

invaluable intellectual capital, but the value of that capital

lies in its effective dissemination to present and future

audiences. Academic and research communities

particularly engineering fraternity need to capture the full

value of the growing investments in research and

scholarship by maximizing the dissemination of their

products. Emergence of information and communication

technology has given a new dimension for accessing full

text e-journals and databases for use in advancing

research, teaching, and in advancing the public good. In

this direction, the Ministry of Human Resource Development

(MHRD) has set-up the Indian National Digital Library in

Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium

on the recommendation made by the Expert Group

appointed by the Ministry. The Ministry provides funds

required for subscription to electronic resources for (38)

institutions including IISc, IITs, NITs, IIMs and a few other

centrally-funded Government institutions through the

consortium headquarters set-up at the IIT Delhi. Besides,

(60) Government or Government-aided engineering

E- Resources for Engineering Community -Indest Consortia

colleges and technical departments in universities have

joined the Consortium with financial support from the

AICTE. Moreover, the INDEST-AICTE Consortium, as an

open-ended proposition, welcomes other institutions to

join it on their own for sharing benefits it offers in terms

of highly discounted rates of subscription and better terms

of agreement with the publishers. 502 Institution have

joined the Consortium, under its self-supported category.

Total number of member institutions in the Consortium

has grown to more than 600.

PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga is one of

the active members of this INDEST consortia. But the major

issue to be addressed is its utilization, for which user

sensitization and workshops are inevitable to explore the

goldmine of e-resources available under this national

consortia to act as a gateway of access to research

information of nascent value.

Full text e-journals and e-databases available

under INDEST - AICTE Consortia are as under:

Full – Text E-Resources

• ABI / Inform Complete

• ACM Digital Library

• ASCE Journals

• ASME Journals (+ A M R)

• ASTM Standards and Journals

- Dr. Mallikarjun VaddankeriLibrarian, PDACEG

Guest Article

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• Capitaline

• CRIS INFAC Ind. Information

• Digital Engineering Library (DEL)

• EBSCO Databases

• Elsevier’s Science Direct

• Emerald Full-text

• Emerald Management Xtra

• Engineering Science Data Unit (ESDU)

• Euromonitor (GMID)

• IEEE / IEEE Electronic Library Online (IEL)

• Indian Standards

• INSIGHT

• Nature

• Proquest Science (formerly ASTP)

• Springer Link

Bibliographic Databases

• COMPENDEX on EI Village

• INSPEC on EI Village

• J-Gate Custom Content for Consortia (JCCC)

• MathSciNet

• SciFinder Scholar

• Web of Science

Open Access Resourses• About Open Access

• Open Access E-Journals

• Open Access Directories

• IRs @ member Institutions

Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken winged birdThat cannot fly

Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow

To fling my arms wideIn the face of the SunDance ! whirl ! whirl !Till the quick day is done

Rest at pale eveningA tall, Slim treeNight coming tenderlyBlack like coal

- Manjunath Patil6th Semester ‘A’

Live Your Dream

30

Veena Kalburgi, scoring 695/900, with an

aggregate of 77.22% tops the charts for

the 7th semester exams this time. She thinks

“Hard work will yield success but smart work

yields better result”. For friends, she has to say, “Trust

yourself, you know more than you think you do”.

Some of her worth mentioning achievements are she

scored, 102 on 125 in DSPAA, and 70 on 75 in Power

Electronics lab.

Siddagundappa Ingale, once again

topped the charts of 5th semester by scoring

‘S’ grade in Linear Control Systems, Digital

Signal Processing and Advanced

Gangabai Biradar, did what was

expected from her and stood first for third

consecutive time (i.e., for 3rd semester).She

scored a perfect 10 in Engineering Maths-3

Microprocessor Lab. He has scored a CGPA of 9.45 and

SGPA of 9.32.

He believes strongly in saying, “The path that leads

to happiness is too narrow on which two cannot walk”.

And his line for friends is that, “There is a spark at the nick

of heart which beats for friends”.

and ‘A’grade in all other subjects. Her CGPA stands at 9.58

and SGPA at 9.16. Her quote for success is, “They con-

quer who believe, they can”. And for friends she has to

say, “Common sense is an uncommon degree, which the

world calls Wisdom”.

Department News

Toppers this time.... Association NewsSilicon Association Cricket Tournament

Schedule

• March 27th : 4

th 'A' V/s 8

th 'B' (1.30 PM)

• March 28th : 4

th 'B' V/s 8

th 'A' (6.00 AM)

6th 'A' V/s 8

th 'B' (9.00 AM)

• April 03rd : 4

th 'B' V/s 6

th 'B' (1.30 PM)

• April 04th : 4

th 'A' V/s 6

th 'A' (6.00 AM)

6th 'B' V/s 8

th 'A' (9.00 AM)

Finals on 11th April, 2010

Venue :

PDACE College Ground

All are Wel - Come

II Internals

II Internals scheduled for 4th, 6

th, 8

th Semesters

on 26th, 27

th, 28

th April 2010.

Team E-gnite wishes you all the best

Team E-gnite also congratulates Anand R. L,Anand S. Patil & Shivanand of 8

th semester for getting

GATE 2010 eligibility.

The Association also conducts Farewell party & indoor

games. To participate register your names with the

Silicon assocations advisor.

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Jawali Complex, Super Market, GULBARGAN-T

el M

obiles

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