effect of volcanic pumice powder on the fresh properties of self-compacting concretes with and...

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of volcanic pumice powder on the fresh propertiesof self-compacting concretes with and without silica fume

Erhan Guneyisi • Mehmet Gesoglu •

Saad Al-Rawi • Kasım Mermerdas

Received: 14 January 2013 / Accepted: 23 July 2013

� RILEM 2013

Abstract The current study presents an experimen-

tal study conducted on the effectiveness of volcanic

pumice powder (VP) on the fresh properties of self-

compacting concretes (SCCs) with and without silica

fume (SF). In the first group, SCCs without SF were

produced with 0, 5, 10, and 20 % replacement levels of

VP. However, for the second group, SF incorporation

was achieved by a constant SF replacement level of

8 %. All of the replacement levels assigned were

substitution of cement with the supplementary

cementing materials on the basis of weight of total

binder. Therefore, totally eight different SCCs were

produced. The investigated fresh characteristics of the

concretes were slump flow diameter, T500mm slump

flow time, V-funnel flow time, and L-box height ratio.

The compressive strength of concretes was also

evaluated to indicate the mechanical performance.

Moreover, a statistical study, namely general linear

model analysis of variance, was performed in order to

examine the significance of the critical parameters

such as inclusion of SF and replacement level of VP on

the properties of SCCs. The results have revealed that

increasing the replacement level of VP generally

resulted in the increase of fluidity of SCCs without loss

of uniformity and with no segregation. Moreover,

incorporation of SF provided significant increase in

compressive strength while VP caused a systematic

decrease.

Keywords Fresh properties � Silica fume �Self-compacting concrete � Statistical

evaluation � Volcanic pumice powder

1 Introduction

The construction of concrete structures needs thor-

ough placement and good consolidation of fresh

concrete to achieve high-quality properties and dura-

bility. However, the good placement and consolida-

tion were not always achievable with ordinary

concretes, especially for the structural members

requiring heavily reinforcement. Because of its ability

to consolidate without vibration, self-compacting

concrete (SCC) has been used progressively for more

than two decades, especially in the precast concrete

industry and in heavy reinforced concrete structures.

Ozawa et al. [1] advocated the development of SCC in

1986 and developed the first prototype in 1988 [2, 3].

The introduction of SCC represents a major techno-

logical advance, which leads to a better quality of the

concrete produced. Through the utilization of this

material, faster and more economical concrete con-

struction process can be adopted. The elimination of

E. Guneyisi (&) � M. Gesoglu � S. Al-Rawi

Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University,

27310 Gaziantep, Turkey

e-mail: [email protected]

K. Mermerdas

Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu

University, Gaziantep, Turkey

Materials and Structures

DOI 10.1617/s11527-013-0155-9

the need for compaction may lead to the better quality

of concrete; economic efficiency (increased casting

speed and reduction in labour, energy, and cost of

equipment); improvement towards the automation of

precast products; and substantial improvement of the

working conditions [4–8].

Generally, in order to provide high fluidity and

resistance to segregation and bleeding during the

transportation and placing of SCC, a high amount of

powdered material is used in the production of SCC

[9]. Utilization of viscosity modifying admixtures has

been reported by some researchers [10–14]. Alterna-

tively, it is necessary to use superplasticizers in order

to obtain high mobility as well as the powdered

materials. These powder materials can be natural/

artificial pozzolanic or latent hydraulic mineral

admixtures, or inert fillers such as marble powder or

rock processing dust [15].

Pumice is a natural material of volcanic origin

produced by the release of gases during the solidifi-

cation of lava. The cellular structure of pumice is

created by the formation of bubbles or air voids when

the gases existing in the molten lava coming from

volcanoes become trapped during cooling. The cells

are elongated and parallel to one another and are

sometimes interconnected [16]. Through pulveriza-

tion of this material, an opportunity for utilization of

the material in blended cement manufacture can be

obtained. Volcanic pumice powder is one of the

natural volcanic pozzolanic materials consisting of

mineral materials and consolidated volcanic ash

ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. Due

to frequent volcanic eruption, volcanic pumice is

available in large quantities and has been widely used

in the production of blended cement. The pozzolanic

activity of this material is related to its siliceous

ingredients and to its physical effects [17]. There has

been some researches on volcanic pumice powder

(VP) based cement, mortar and concrete [18–20]. For

example, Hossain [19] suggested the manufacture of

blended Portland volcanic ash cement (PVAC) and

Portland volcanic pumice cement (PVPC) similar to

Portland fly ash cement (PFAC) with maximum

replacement of up to 20 %.

It is well known that silica fume (SF) has several

advantages such as high strength, high resistance to

sulfate attack and low heat of hydration when used in

concrete. These advantages derived from high specific

surface and pozzolanic activity of silica fume particles

[21–25]. The water demand of concrete increases with

increasing the amounts of silica fume used due

primarily to its high specific surface area [26, 27].

Fresh concrete including silica fume is more cohesive

and less liable to segregation than concrete without

silica fume. As the silica-fume content increases, the

concrete might appear to be viscous. Concrete con-

taining silica fume demonstrates considerably reduced

bleeding. This effect is primarily due to the high

surface area of the silica fume to be wetted; there is

very little free water left in the mixture for bleeding.

This study focuses on the investigation of effects of

volcanic pumice powder on the fresh properties of

self-compacting concretes with and without silica

fume. The fresh properties investigated are slump flow

diameter, T500mm slump flow time, V-funnel flow time

and L-box height ratio. The effectiveness of the

mineral admixtures on the compressive strength of the

SCCs were also tested at the end of 28 days of curing.

Moreover, general linear model analysis of variance

(GLM-ANOVA) was also performed in order to

establish statistical significance of the individual

factors and their interactions on the fresh properties

and compressive strength of the concretes.

2 Experimental program

2.1 Materials

Ordinary Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R (PC)

conforming to the Turkish Standard TS EN 197-1

[28] (which is mainly based on the European EN

197-1) was used SCC casting. The granulated volcanic

pumice obtained from the volcanic mountains located

in the south of Turkey (Hatay City, Hassa County)

were ground through a ring mill in the laboratory to

obtain the volcanic pumice powder (VP) with Blaine

fineness of 4,548 cm2/g. Silica fume (SF) obtained

from Norway was also used as a mineral admixture in

SCC casting. SF has a specific surface area of

210,800 cm2/g and a specific gravity of 2.2. Physical

and chemical properties of PC, VP, and SF are given in

Table 1.

The fine sand used for the production of SCCs is the

mixture of crushed and natural river sand having

specific gravities of 2.45 and 2.66, respectively.

Rounded shaped natural river material with a maxi-

mum nominal size of 16 mm and with specific gravity


of 2.72 was utilized as the coarse aggregate. The sieve

analysis and physical properties of the aggregates are

shown in Table 2.

2.2 Concrete mixture

In this study, eight self-compacting concrete mixtures

were designed to cover a range of different mixtures

with a constant water/binder ratio (0.37) and with a

total binder content of (520 kg/m3). In the production

of the first group of SCCs, binary blends of PC and VP

were utilized, while for the second group ternary

blends of PC, VP, and SF were used. The replacement

levels assigned for VP are 0, 5, 10, and 20 % for both

series, while a fixed percentage of 8 % SF was used for

the ternary blending system. Designation of the

mixtures was done based on the replacement level of

the mineral admixture. For example, SF0VP5 stands

for SCC incorporated with 5 % VP and no SF. Details

of the mix proportions as well as 28 day compressive

strength values of SCCs are given in Table 3.

In order to observe the effectiveness of the mineral

admixtures on the fresh properties of the SCCs, a

polycarboxylic-ether type high range water reducing

admixture was used at a fixed amount of 10.4 kg/m3.

This amount of the superplasticiser was determined on

the basis of the adjustment of slump flow diameter of

700 ± 20 mm for SCC without any mineral admix-

ture inclusion (VP0SF0).

2.3 Concrete casting

In the production of SCCs, the mixing sequence and

duration are so important to supply a similar homo-

geneity and uniformity in all mixtures. The batching

sequence consisted of homogenizing the fine and

coarse aggregates for 30 s in a rotary planetary mixer

with capacity about 50 l, then adding about half of the

mixing water into the mixer and continuing to mix for

one more minute. After that the cement and mineral

admixtures were added, the mixing was resumed for

another minute. Finally, the SP with remaining water

was introduced, and the concrete was mixed for 2 min

and then left for 1 min to rest. Eventually, the concrete

was mixed for additional 1 min to complete the

mixing sequence.

2.4 Test methods

Slump flow diameter, T500mm slump flow time,

V-funnel flow time, and L-box height ratio tests were

carried out based on the procedure given by EFNARC

committee [9]. A slump flow value defines the flow

ability of a freshly poured mix in unconfined condi-

tions. It is a delicate test that can usually be tested for

all SCCs, as the primary check that the fresh concrete

satisfies the specification in terms of flowability.

T500mm is the elapsed time during which the concrete

flows up to 500 mm of diameter [9]. In accordance

with to EFNARC specifications, three typical slump

flow classes for the range of applications have been

identified. The upper and lower limits of the classes

specified in EFNARC are shown in Table 4.

Table 1 Chemical composition and physical properties of

cement and mineral admixtures

Chemical

analysis (%)

Portland

cement

Silica

fume

Volcanic pumice

powder

CaO 63.60 0.45 14.1

SiO2 19.49 90.36 49.5

Al2O3 4.54 0.71 16.4

Fe2O3 3.38 1.31 14.7

MgO 2.63 – 1.9

SO3 2.84 0.41 0.2

K2O 0.58 1.52 1.3

Na2O 0.13 0.45 0.1

Loss on ignition 2.99 3.11 1.3

Specific gravity 3.13 2.20 2.84

Specific surface

area (cm2/g)

3,387 210,800 4,548

Table 2 Sieve analysis and physical properties of the fine and

coarse aggregates

Sieve size (mm) Fine aggregate Coarse

aggregateRiver sand Crushed sand

16 100 100 100

8 100 100 31.5

4 86.6 95.4 1.0

2 56.7 63.3 0.5

1 37.7 39.1 0.5

0.5 25.7 28.4 0.5

0.25 6.7 16.4 0.4

Fineness modulus 2.87 2.57 5.66

Specific gravity 2.66 2.45 2.72


Viscosity of the freshly mixed SCCs might be

evaluated together with the V-funnel flow time and

T500mm slump flow time. These values do not directly

indicate the viscosity of SCC, however they are related

to the flow rate. The test procedure of the V-funnel test

can be summarized as follow: a V shaped funnel is filled

with the fresh SCC and the time taken for the concrete

to flow out of the funnel is measured and recorded as the

V-funnel flow time. EFNARC [9] specifies two

viscosity classes based on the measured V-funnel and

T500mm slump flow times. This classification is also

given in Table 4. L-box test indicates the passing ability

of the fresh mix to flow through confined spaces and

narrow openings such as areas of congested reinforce-

ment without segregation, loss of uniformity or causing

blocking. Table 4 demonstrates the passing ability

categories based on the L-box height ratio.

Compressive strength of the SCCs was also mea-

sured at the end of 28 days of the water curing period

at the temperature of 20 ± 1 �C. For this, three cube

specimens having side dimension of 150 mm were

tested by means of a 3,000 kN capacity compression

testing device. Test results reported herein are an

average of three samples for each mixture.

3 Result and discussions

3.1 Fresh properties

The filling ability and stability of self-compacting

concrete in the fresh state can be specified by the

following critical properties: passing ability, viscosity,

flowability, and segregation resistance, each of which

being addressed through one or more test methods [9].

Actually, flowability may be assessed by the slump

flow test while the viscosity is determined via T500mm

slump flow and V-funnel flow times. Figure 1 shows

the measurement of the slump flow diameter. As can

be seen from the figure, a uniform flow of SCC was

observed. In order to specify the flowability, viscosity,

and passing ability of the produced SCCs, slump flow

diameter, T500mm slump flow time, V-funnel flow time,

and L-box height ratio were measured and the

Table 3 Concrete mixture proportions (in kg/m3) and 28 day compressive strength (in MPa) of SCC mixtures

Mix ID Mix description Water Binder PCa SFb VPc Natural

sand

Crushed

sand

Coarse

aggregate

SPd Compressive

strength

VP0S0 0 % VP ? 0 % SF 192.4 520 520 0 0 529.7 198.2 930.9 10.4 65.7

VP5S0 5 % VP ? 0 % SF 192.4 520 494 0 26 529.0 198.0 929.8 10.4 63.6

VP10S0 10 % VP ? 0 % SF 192.4 520 468 0 52 528.4 197.7 928.7 10.4 61.3

VP20S0 20 % VP ? 0 % SF 192.4 520 416 0 104 527.1 197.2 926.5 10.4 57.0

VP0S8 0 % VP ? 8 % SF 192.4 520 478.4 41.6 0 524.9 196.4 922.5 10.4 70.7

VP5S8 5 % VP ? 8 % SF 192.4 520 452.4 41.6 26 524.2 196.2 921.3 10.4 67.9

VP10S8 10 % VP ? 8 % SF 192.4 520 462.4 41.6 52 523.6 195.9 920.2 10.4 66.3

VP20S8 20 % VP ? 8 % SF 192.4 520 374.4 41.6 104 522.3 195.4 918.0 10.4 62.8

a Portland cementb Silica fumec Volcanic pumice powderd Superplasticiser

Table 4 Slump flow, viscosity, and passing ability classes

with respect to EFNARC [9]

Class Slump flow diameter (mm)

Slump flow classes

SF1 550–650

SF2 660–750

SF3 760–850

Class T500mm (s) V-funnel time (s)

Viscosity classes

VS1/VF1 B2 B8

VS2/VF2 [2 9–25

Passing ability classes

PA1 C0.8 with two rebar

PA2 C0.8 with three rebar


corresponding results were graphically depicted in

Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5.

The lowest slump flow diameter was measured for

the control concrete (VP0S0) as 720 mm, while the

mixture with 20 % VP replacement (VP20S0) had the

highest flow as 800 mm. Moreover, introduction of SF

caused a down shift of the slump flow values for the

same replacement levels of VP. The slump flow values

of concretes incorporating SF varied between 710 and

760 mm. The replacement of cement by SF decreased

the slump flow diameter as a result of more viscous

behavior. The slump flow classes for SCCs without SF

were SF2 for VP0SF0, while SF3 for VP0SF5,

VP0SF10, and VP0SF20. On the other hand, SF

incorporated ones were generally SF2 class except

VP20SF8 (SF3). EFNARC [9] specifies that the SCCs

in the SF2 class can be used for vertical applications in

very congested structures, structures with complex

shapes, or for filling under formwork. However, SF3

class SCCs will often provide a better surface finish

than SF2 for normal vertical applications but the

segregation resistance is more challenging to control.

Fig. 1 Measurement of slump flow diameter for SCCs

Fig. 2 Variation of slump flow diameter with respect to VP

replacement level

Fig. 3 Variation of T500mm flow time with respect to VP

replacement level

Fig. 4 Variation of V-funnel flow time with respect to VP

replacement level

Fig. 5 Variation of L-box height ratio with respect to VP

replacement level


The results of T500mm slump flow time showed that

increasing the amount VP generally decreased the

time required for an SCC to reach 500 mm diameter.

Although SF incorporated ones had a systematic

decrease, VP10SF0 concrete showed a slight increase

when compared to VP5SF0. An overall variation of

the T500mm slump flow time was in the range of

2.2–3.72 s. The V-funnel flow time reflects the

viscosity and flowability of SCC. The V-funnel test

results demonstrated that the tendency of V-funnel

flow times were very similar to the slump flow

diameters. However, 5 % replacement level of VP was

not so effective in the reduction of the V-funnel flow

time of SF included SCC. However, increasing the

amount from 5 to 10 % and 20 % resulted in a sharp

decrease. 20 % replacement level of VP resulted in 50

and 52 % decreases in V-funnel flow times for SCCs

with and without SF, respectively. When considering

the interaction of slump flow and V-funnel flow times

(Fig. 6), it was determined that all of the concretes

were in the boundaries of the VS2/VF2 viscosity class

specified by EFNARC. It was also pointed out that

such concretes might be helpful in limiting the

formwork pressure or improving segregation resis-

tance [9].

Moreover, to identify the passing ability of the

produced SCCs, the L-box height ratio was deter-

mined. The test provided H2/H1 ratio as a measure of

the passing ability among the reinforcing bars. The

variation in the three bar L-box height ratio is

presented in Fig. 5. To approve that a self-compacting

concrete has the passing ability, the L-box height ratio

must be equal to or greater than 0.8. It should be noted

when this ratio is 1.0, then a perfect fluid behavior of

the concretes can be attained. Based on the result

shown in Fig. 5, it is found out that all of the mixtures

satisfied the EFNARC limitation given for the L-box

height ratio and that the increase in the replacement

level of VP resulted in increase in the L-box height

ratio to reach to 1. Although the incorporation of SF

inhibited the SCCs to reach the height ratio of 1, the

results presented proved that 8 % SF incorporation

was also yielded satisfactory results in terms of the

passing ability.

In the study of Hossain and Lachemi [29], it was

reported that increasing the amount of volcanic based

pozzolanic material up to 40 % provided higher slump

value than that of control concrete. They also found

that increasing the amount of this mineral admixture

resulted in higher amount of entrapped air which

caused an increase in workability and decrease in

compressive strength of concrete. Based on this

evidence, it may be implied that the increase in the

workability properties resulted from increasing the

amount of VP may be considered due to the rise of the

amount of the entrapped air of such concretes.

3.2 Compressive strength

The compressive strength is one of the most important

mechanical properties of the concrete which may

sometimes reflect the overall performance of the

hardened concrete through the service life of the

structure. Table 3 reveals the variation of the 28 day

compressive strength of SCCs with the increase in the

amount of VP replacement level and inclusion of SF.

There was a gradual decrease in the compressive

strength of SCCs when increasing the level of VP

replacement. However, the utilization of SF resulted in

the increase of compressive strength values for the

same replacement level of VP. For example, consid-

ering 10 % replacement of VP, introduction of SF

provided 8.2 % increase in compressive strength. In

the study of Hossain [20], volcanic pumice (VP) and

volcanic ash (VA) were utilized up to 50 % of the PC

at varying levels. Production of the blended cements

by VA and VP was proposed. He reported that the

incorporation of VP or VA caused significant

decreases in the compressive strength of the concretes

up to 75 % depending on the replacement level of VP

or VA.Fig. 6 Variation of viscosity classes with respect to T500mm

slump flow and V-funnel flow times


4 Statistical analysis

In order to determine statistical significance of

replacement levels of VP and utilization of SF the

GLM-ANOVA test was applied and the results were

given in Table 5. In the analysis, replacement levels of

VP and SF were assigned as the independent variables

while fresh properties and compressive strength were

considered as the dependent variables. The general

linear model analysis of variance was performed and

the effective test parameters on the above mentioned

properties were determined. As it can be seen in

Table 5, the P values of the parameters were less than

0.05, indicating that the variability of experimental

test results can be affected in terms of test parameters.

Therefore, it can be said that, type of VP replacement

and SF are both statistically significant parameters

affecting the variations of the slump flow diameter,

L-box height ratio and 28 day compressive strength.

However, no statistical effectiveness was observed for

the T500mm slump flow time. This may be attributed to

the narrowness of the range of the variation of the

measured times. Table 5 also indicated that, although

incorporation of VP significantly affected the varia-

tion of V-funnel flow times, 8 % inclusion of SF was

seemed to be statistically insignificant.

5 Conclusions

In this study, the binary and ternary effect of volcanic

pumice powder and silica fume as supplementary

cementing materials on the fresh properties and

strength of SCC was investigated. Based on the results

of the experimental study presented above, the

following conclusions may be drawn:

(1) The volcanic pumice powder replacement of

cement was proved to be applicable in self-

Table 5 Statistical evaluation of the test results

Dependent variable Independent variable Sequential sum

of squares

Mean

square

Computed

F

P value Significance

Slump flow diameter Addition of silica fume 33.81 2278.1 17.78 0.024 Yes

Replacement level

of pumice powder

66.19 1486.5 11.60 0.037 Yes

Error 384.4 128.1

Total 7121.9

Slump flow time (T500mm) Addition of silica fume 2.97 0.0648 0.55 0.513 No

Replacement level

of pumice powder

97.03 0.7057 5.96 0.088 No

Error 0.3555 0.1185

Total 2.5376

V-funnel flow time Addition of silica fume 16.80 28.163 9.52 0.054 No

Replacement level

of pumice powder

83.20 46.450 15.70 0.024 Yes

Error 8.877 2.959

Total 176.389

L-box height ratio Addition of silica fume 17.30 0.0032 32.00 0.011 Yes

Replacement level

of pumice powder

82.70 0.0051 51.00 0.005 Yes

Error 0.0003 0.0001

Total 0.0188

Compressive strength at

28 days

Addition of silica fume 40.24 50.652 270.13 0.000 Yes

Replacement level of pumice

powder

59.66 24.987 133.25 0.001 Yes

Error 0.563 0.188

Total 126.175


compacting concrete production without any

segregation and bleeding. Even at the most

extreme level of replacement (20 %), SCC

without loss of uniformity and stability was

produced.

(2) It was observed that increasing the replacement

level of VP resulted in increase in the flowability

of SCC mixtures, even when SF was added the

flowability the level of effectiveness of VP

seemed to have same trend. A similar trend

was also observed in the T500mm and V-funnel

flow times of the SCCs. All mixtures were

observed to be in viscosity class of VS2/VF2

class.

(3) It was pointed out that increasing the replace-

ment ratio of VP resulted in a gradual increase in

the L-box height ratio of SCC mixes. Moreover,

the height ratio reached to 1.0 for the mixtures

with 20 % replacement of VP, revealing the

highest fluid behavior.

(4) As a result of slow pozzolanic reactivity of VP

and its effectiveness on increasing the workabil-

ity of SCC, long consistence retention may be

expected.

(5) The 28 day compressive strengths of SCCs were

observed to decrease as the amount of VP

increased. However, utilization of SF provided

an increase in the compressive strength values of

SCCs. The percentages of the increases were

ranged between 7.6 to 10.2 %, depending mainly

on the level of VP replacement.

(6) Statistical analysis has revealed that incorpora-

tion of VP and SF was observed to be statistically

significant on slump flow diameter, L-box height

ratio and 28 day compressive strength. However,

V-funnel flow time was not affected from the

inclusion of SF. Since the variation of slump flow

time (T500mm) was in narrow range, both of the

mineral admixtures seemed to have statistically

insignificant effects.

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effect of volcanic pumice powder on the fresh properties of self-compacting concretes with and...

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