University of Southern California

Viterbi School of Engineering

Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering

Tidal and Wind Power Plant Proposal

EE 526 – Renewable Energy in Power Systems

Spring 2015

Prepared for Prof. Mohammed Beshir

Prepared by:

Michael Bernas Dae Hyun Kang

Jahyun KooAkshay Nerurkar

IntroductionThe project goal is to supply electricity 100,000 customers in Southern California region. Since the Southern California does not have the ocean energy type power plant, therefore, we decide to install the wave and tidal power plant to supply the demand.

TechnologyOur team decided to use the tidal and wave power generation for this project.

I. Tidal PowerTidal power generation has two main generation types which is the kinetic energy from current stream and potential energy of height difference of tidal ranges. Following technologies are listed below.

i. Tidal Stream GeneratorTidal Stream generator is using kinetic energy of current movement to power turbines. This technology is similar to wind turbine, where a fluid horizontally passes through and rotates a propeller, but tidal stream generators use water instead of air as its driving fluid. The calculation of tidal stream generator power equals to equation below.

P= ρ A V3

2Cp

P = power generates (Watts)C p = the turbine power coefficientV = the velocity of flowρ = the density of the waterA = the sweep area of the turbine (m2)Some devices already has been commercialized, however, the power generating condition is very limited which requires high flow velocities.

ii. Tidal BarrageTidal Barrage is using potential energy of flood and ebb tide. It is similar to a hydroelectric power dam. Constructing the large dam on estuary basin, bay or river with sluices that has a turbine on dammed area. When the tides are high, sluices are closed. When the highest point reached, it opens the gate to move the turbines. The tidal barrage can be generate the power of one-way or two-way generation for each tide period. The tidal barrage's generating power is predictable, however, it has a very high capital cost to build. The equation for potential energy is:

E=12A ρgh2

E = Potential energy

A = the horizontal area of the barrage basing = acceleration due to the Earth's gravityρ = the density of the waterh = vertical tide range. Some places operate the tidal barrage, however, it has a limitation of plating location on worldwide. Because the location should have a great tidal range difference.

iii. Tidal LagoonTidal lagoon is very similar to the tidal barrage, but it is a harbor type structure closing off a tidal sea area. Tidal Lagoon has not been commercialized, yet. The Swansea city Tidal Lagoon project is in progress.

iv. Dynamic Tidal PowerDynamic tidal power is a new and untested method. It would build a large dam-like structure extending from the coast straight to the ocean, with a perpendicular barrier at the far end, forming a large 'T' Shape. A DTP dam is long enough to exert an influence on the horizontal tidal movement, which generates a water level differential (head) over both sides of the dam. The low-head turbines are installed in the dam to generate the power. DTP's turbine technologies are friendly to fish, because its propeller is rotating vertically.

Table 1. Tidal Power Generation DevicesALSTOM OCEADE18-1.4MW1

Deep Green2 Siwha Tidal Barrage3

La Rance Tidal Barrage

Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon4

DTP5

Rated Power

1.4MW(per device)

0.12~0.85MW(per device)

254MW 240MW 320MW 8000MW

Capital Cost

Undefined 42 million US dollars for 10 kites

293 million US dollars

622 million US dollars (2009)

1.4 billion US Dollars

40 billion US Dollars

DesignatedCondition

2.7 m/s 1.2~2.5m/s 5.82 m head of seawate

Tidal range up to 8

Tidal range up to 10.5

Undefined

1 Tidal Stream Turbine, ALSTOM, http://www.alstom.com/products-services/product-catalogue/power-generation/renewable-energy/ocean-energy/tidal-energy/tidal-power/2 Seeing Deep Green with Low-velocity Tidal Power, David Appleyard, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/08/seeing-deep-green-with-low-velocity-tidal-power3 Sihwa Tidal barrage, Kwater, http://tlight.kwater.or.kr/4 Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay, Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay, http://www.tidallagoonswanseabay.com/the-project/what-is-a-tidal-lagoon%3F/52/5 Dynamic Tidal Power Planned For the China Coast, http://renewableenergydev.com/dynamic-tidal-power-planned-for-the-china-coast/

r m mLocation Scotland United

KingdomSouth Korea

France United Kingdom

China, South Korea

II. Wave PowerWave power is using the kinetic energy of the ocean surface wave that is caused by wind blow to generate electricity. Wave power has a lot of potential, but it is hard to harness to convert to the electricity. A lot of experimental projects are still going on to get better efficiency.6

i. Point absorber buoyThis technology is using the rise and fall of swells to drive hydraulic pump to generate the electricity. The device is placed on sea surface, and held in places by cables which connected to the seabed. Each devices has different calculations and different methods of generating electricity. Here is the one equation to calculate the floating body dynamics:

𝑚∙�̈�(𝑡)=𝐹𝐻(𝑡)+𝐹𝑅(𝑡)

m : total mass of the system�̈�(𝑡) : vertical acceleration(𝑡) : hydrodynamic force(𝑡) : resistance force

ii. Surface attenuator This technology is using the rise and fall of swells that creates the flexing motion on multiple devices on sea surface. It usually use the hydraulic pump to generate the electricity.

iii. Oscillating Water Colum This device is placed on shore or in deeper waters offshore. This device has an integrated air chamber which is compressing the air by swell to force the air to air turbine to generate the electricity.

iv. Over Topping DeviceThis technology is constructing long structure which is a reservoir, using the wave velocity to fill a reservoir to a great water level than the surrounding ocean. The potential energy in the reservoir height is then captured with low-head turbines. This device can be placed on shore or floating offshore.

v. Oscillating Wave Surge Converter.This device is fixed one end to a structure or seabed while the other end is free to move. Energy is collected from the relative motion of the body compared to the fixed point.

6 Wave Power, http://www.greenfuelonline.com/wave-power

Examples of wave power generation devices are shown below in Table 2.

Table 2. Wave Power Generation DevicesAPB-3507 WaveNet Crestwing8 OWC WaveDragon9 Oyster

Wave Power10

Rated Power

7.2 kW(per device)

7.5~750 kW(per device)

Max 0.38 MW

300 kW 20 kW~7MW 40MW (40~50 devices)

Capital Cost

Undefined 5.2 million US dollars

Undefined 7 million US dollars

1.4 billion US Dollars

40 billion US Dollars

DesignatedCondition

Sea States 1-5

0.3~ 6m wave heights

Sea stated 1-5

N/A Wave Climate 24 kW/m

N/A

Location Undefined Scotland South Korea

Spain Denmark Scotland

Type Buoy Buoy Surface Attenuator

Oscillating Water Column

Over Topping Device

Oscillating Wave Surge Converter

III. Plant Configuration for ProjectWest coast of United States of America has limited tidal and wave power

potential capacity with commercialized technologies. Most of the wave and tidal power plants are installed on several location world-wide. Therefore, our team decide to use more advanced technologies that still in development. We choose the Deep Green Technology for tidal power generation and WaveNet. These devices has very lower operation and maintenance cost than other technologies. It is much easier to change the parts, because it is light-weight and easy to access.

Deep Green Technology which is developed by Minesto, Sweden. It is a tidal stream generator which is placed on 60 to 120 meters depth. The desired tidal velocities are between 1.2 to 2.5 m/s, and it has rated power at 120 to 850 kW per device. We choose the DG-12 (Deep Green 12) that has desired velocity at 1.4 to 2.2 m/s and 500 kW at 1.6 m/s. Twenty five devices can be installed per km2 area. It has

7 APB-350, Ocean Power Technology, http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/apb-350/8 The Crest Wing Wave Energy Device, Kofoed, Jens Peter; Antonishen, Michael Patrick, http://vbn.aau.dk/files/19168819/The_Crest_Wing_Wave_Energy_Device9 Wave Dragon - From 20 kW to the 7 MW prototype device, Hans Christian Soerensen, http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/gp/gp_events/ocean_energy/1010_wave_dragon_en.pdf10 Lewis Wave Power Limited, Aquamarine Power, http://www.aquamarinepower.com/sites/resources/Reports/3174/Lewis%20Wave%20Power%2040MW%20Oyster%20Wave%20Array%20Non%20Technical%20Summary%20in%20English.pdf

advantages of weight. The devices is only 7 tons which is much lighter than other devices. It consists of wing, turbine, nacelle, rudder, struts and tether. It moves like a kite in the ocean, therefore, it is more fish-friendly than other tidal stream turbine devices that use propeller. Since the device is lighter than other devices, the transportation cost is cheaper.

WaveNet, which looks like squid, is developed by Albatern, United Kingdom. WaveNet is an offshore array-based wave energy converter that uses the motion of waves to generate the electricity. It has 7.5 to 750 kW rated power, and installation depth is 20 to 40 meters. It requires 0.3 to 6 meters of wave heights to operate. The advantages of WaveNet are high efficiency using smaller area than other technologies, and non-linear yield. Depend on theory, it can be generate 300 MW per km2. We choose the WaveNet Series 24 which has 750 kW rated power per device.

As we discovered area available on the west coast of United States of America, we decide to use 30 devices of DG-12 and 141 devices of WaveNet Series 24. The DG-12 array configuration's installed capacity is 15 MW, and the WaveNet Series 24 array configuration's installed capacity is 100 MW. Therefore, total installed capacity is expecting up to 115 MW with full operation. The devices are probably not going to operate 100%, however, the desired conditions are mostly meet the requirement conditions of locations. Therefore, we expect this configuration works to meet the electricity demand.

Plant size calculationIn order to determine the minimal plant size that is needed to serve 100,000 costumers the amount of power consumed per costumer must first be identified. If the term costumer is assumed to be a single power user and the average annual power consumption of a person in LA is 6,400 kWh/person11, the total power of the plant can be calculated with the equations below.

6,400∗100,000 costimers=640GWhanual power

Power=640GWk anual power8760hours

73.1MW

In order to meet this value, the proposed power plant will be well above 73.1MW.

LocationThe location of the power plant is one of the major challenges in construction a tidal power plant. The resources are small along the California coast, making possible locations difficult. The tidal and Wind farm locations were chosen to be inside the entrance of the San Francisco Bay and just offshore from San Francisco, respectively.

11 Lecture 1 EE 526 Slide #11 M.J. Beshir 1/14/2014

The key factors affecting the location decision will be further explained in the next two sections.

I. Tidal location The location of the tidal plant was the primary challenge facing the proposal of a tidal power plant of this magnitude. Tidal resources are small in California because head heights are only around 2 meters. Ideal tidal locations are places like Alaska or Scotland, which have a tidal height variation of several feet over the matter of a few hours. With this being known. The location of the tidal plant would need to be treated with more precedence over the location of the wave power plant. Ideally the tidal location would have strong wave resources close bye, but that would need to be determined after some possible tidal locations were found.

Another option that is better suited to the tidal resources in California is using tidal streams. Tidal steams are favorable because they will not close off areas that are used for shipping and recreation and they can be implemented completely under the surface in some cases. But tidal steams do have some usability issues. The Electric Power Research Institute’s report analyzing tidal resources claimed up to 15%12 of the total tidal steam can be used, any more than that can cause environmental disturbances through slowing and shifting natural tidal streams. To find the best tidal location for this project, all of California was considered because PG&E, SCE, SDG&E are on the same transmission system. This means a power plant in San Francisco can serve residents in the southern part of San Diego without any unnecessary buying and selling between private utilities. A list of the top five tidal resources can be found in Table 3 as provided by Georgia Tech Research Corporation. Based on the info in table 3, the best tidal resource is San Francisco Bay by a large margin. To gain a visual appreciation in difference in resources, refer to figure 1.

Table 3 California Tidal ResourcesLocation PotentialSan Diego Bay 3 MWTamales Bay 3 MWHeckman Island 6 MWHumboldt Bay 14 MWSan Francisco Bay 178 MW

12 EPRI, (2006). North America Tidal InStream Energy Conversion Feasibility Study. EPRITP008NA

Figure 1 Tidal Resources (left) San Francisco Bay (middle) Humboldt Bay (right) San Diego Bay

Based on the info in table 1, San Francisco Bay was chosen for the tidal power plant. But there is still more to the choice in location. San Francisco bay has the best tidal stream at the entrance of the bay. But there is also a high quality region of resources at the Carquinez Strait. The issue with the Carquinez Strait is the water depth is less than 20 m, where as the technology being used needs a water depth more than 70m, which is only available at the entrance of the bay.

The entrance of the bay still isn’t a consistent bottom nor is it a perfect square making it difficult to access the amount of usable land. A horizontal view of the bathymetry can be seen in figure 2. A Matlab analysis was used to find the max number of power plants that could be placed in the entrance of the San Francisco Bay based on the barometry and technology specifications. Usable land must be deeper than 70 meters and the footprint of the tidal power plant needing to be 240m by 240m. Using raw data from the United States Geological Survey, an image of the under water bathymetry can be analyzed with each pixel being 20m by 20m13. The image processing can be seen in figure 3. The initial image is on the left, showing the entrance to the central bay. The center image shows the bay in green and all the usable land for power plants in dark blue. The right image is a zoomed in version of the center image showing the usable land.

13 "San Francisco Bay Bathymetry." San Francisco Bay Bathymetry. U.s. Geological Survey, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Figure 2 San Francisco Bay Bathymitry

Figure 3 Bathymetry analysis (left) Initial water depth image (center) targeted water depth (right) targeted water depth location zoomed in

The usable land in figure 3 shows spots and curves at the edges that will be considered unusable. The total number of plants if all the land is considered usable is 37. After edge informalities and curves are taken into consideration, the total number of plants is chosen to be 30.

The Tidal Power quality at this location can also be analyses through Matlab. Using the tidal resource information provided for Georgia Tech, the tidal current speed over the course of a week can be matched to the power generated by a Deep Green generator at corresponding speed. The analysis done assumes there is no additional power losses between power generation to power transmission. A linear approximation for the cut in region is used instead of the nonlinear curve. This approximation will moderately affect the total power generated especially given that the current speed operates mostly in the non-linear cut-in region. Although it is not completely accurate the linear version still provided quality insight into the approximate power the region can produce with a given technology. The average power per plant was 100 kW, which is about a 20% capacity factor. Given a 30 generator far. The average power generated by the tidal power farm will be 3MW. The Tidal power generated over the course of five and a half days can be seen in figure 4.

II. Wave locationAlthough the primary location has been chosen for the tidal power plant, the wave power plant must still be chosen at in a spot that is relatively close to the tidal power plant. The primary issue with the wave power plant is marine sanctuaries off the coast of the San Francisco. Another thing to consider is wave energy resource. The San Francisco region has a high potential for wave energy but as the power plant moves closer to the shoreline, the waves decrease in size and strength. Another factor is the land that’s extends west just above San Francisco out to Rocky Point. This section of land decreases swell energy moving in from the north, which is common in the winter, so a proposed wave power plant should be far enough south that it is outside of the shadow of that land mass. An image of the San Francisco coast can be seen in figure 5. The image also shows the proposed wave plant location. This location is ideal because it is due west of a PG&E substation, far enough south that it is outside of the Rocky Point land mass shadow (show in the top of the image), and far enough at sea to optimize wave strength and transmission line length.

Figure 4 Tidal Power generated by a single plant over a 5.5-day period.

Figure 5 Proposed Wave Power Plant Location

Wave power can be considered to be more predictable compared to solar and wind because swell are slower moving and have greater inertia. The wave power quality can be calculated using the same style of Matlab analysis. The max power of a single unit is 750kW, cut in is .3 m, and normal operation is between .3m and 1m. Figure 4 shows amount of power produced from a single wave power plant can be graphed over a 46-day period using wave height data provided from the National Data Buoy Center14. The graph uses a linear assumption for the cut-in region for the wave power plant. This assumption should have little effect on the approximation for the power produced by the wave power generator because the generator is mostly operation in its desired region. Although not show, the is also an issue with cut-out power during large winter swells greater than 6m in height.

14 "Station 46026 (LLNR 357) - SAN FRANCISCO - 18NM West of San Francisco, CA." NDBC. National Data Buoy Center, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2015.

Figure 6 Power generated by a single plant based on time dependent wave height

Procurement

I. Land Since the land is out at see the land will not need to be procured from any private parties. The primary issue faced with land procurement is the need to lease the land from the Minerals Management Service. The MMS has jurisdiction over sea floor that is outside of a three-mile radius of land. This will not be an issue for the tidal power plant because it is inside the San Francisco Bay entrance. The wave power plant however is 20 km at sea, and will have its transmission lines and substations directly below it on the sea flow, so the land will need to be lease from the MMS. Since substations for the power plants will be at the base of the generators for both the tidal and the wave power plants, there is no need to lease any land for a above see substation. Land will however need to be leased for the transmission lines to connect the plant to the substation of choice. This land procurement will need to be done with the city and counties of San Francisco.

II. Generation Equipment Generation equipment will be directly purchased from the manufactures. 30 DG-12 tidal power plants will be bought from Manesto. Manesto is currently the only company building the kite style tidal power plant that is being implemented, and they are currently gaining experience by implementing them in Ireland15. 141 WaveNet Series 2 generators will be purchased directly from the WaveNet

15 "DECC Awards over £500,000 for the Continued Development of the Deep Green Tidal Power Plant." Power from Tidal and Ocean Currents. Manesto, 25 Feb. 2014. Web.

manufactures. Much like Manesto, WaveNet is the only company that is producing their system of power plant.

III. Electrical FacilityIn order to transmit power from the power plants out at sea to PG&E substations a Cornwall Wave Hub substation will be used to collect power and step up voltage. The Wave Hub is able to handle up to 25 MW of power so one unit will be used for the tidal power plant and four units will be used with the wave power plant. To transmit the power 82km of 21 kV submarine transmission line will need to be purchases, 2 km for the tidal power plant and 4x20km for the wave power plant. 6km of underground transmission line will then be needed to connect to the local substations. The wave power plant will also need a large bus to collect the power from the 4 submarine power lines and transfer it to a single underground transmission line.

Environmental IssuesLittle is known about the potential environmental impacts from ocean energy devices and systems16. Tidal & wave power technologies are building on lessons learned from conventional hydropower and the wind industry. However, only a limited number of devices have been tested at sea, and the industry has yet to settle on a clear preferred technology. Assessments have identified a number of potential environmental impacts from tidal & wave energy development.

I. Presence of devices: static effectsCaused by the presence of the device and foundation, including new structures in the water column and disturbances during installation or removal or both.

II. Presence of devices: dynamic effectsCaused by the operation of the device, including blade strike, entrainment, impingement, and the device wake.

III. Chemical effectsDue to contaminations from lubricants, paints, or coatings.

IV. Acoustic effectsFrom noise due to device operation or installation or both.

V. Electromagnetic effectsFrom EMFs associated with the generator and power electronics on a device or power cable or both.

VI. Energy removal

16 DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies: Prepared in Response to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Section 633(B). Wind & Power Program, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. December 2009.

Primarily on the far-field environment, which are a consequence of energy removal from tidal systems.

Interconnection Points & TransmissionThe power plants are located in San Francisco bay area, and PG&E is a major utility service provider in the area, which has a large grid network with a lot of substations indicated as red squares in Figure 7 below. Therefore, two of the PG&E substations were chosen as interconnection points for each power plants sending the power to southern California area.

Figure 7 Two selected substations (highlighted) as interconnection points.

I. TidalSausalito meter PG&E substation is the closest interconnection point to the tidal power plant located right under Golden Gate Bridge. According to PG&E’s wholesale distribution fast track, the new 21 kV transmission line can be tapped onto an existing PG&E 21 kV distribution bus, as shown in Figure 8. Unfortunately exact

specifications of devices including the collecting hub, but a proper transformers will step down the voltage to 21 kV for submarine & underground transmission from the collecting hubs to the substation.

II. WaveDaly City PG&E substation is the closest interconnection point to the wave power plant located on the sea 20 km far from San Francisco coast. In the same manner as mentioned above, the wave power plant will be connected to Daly City substation.

Figure 8 Simplified single line for tap interconnection

III. LimitationSince there is 3MW limitation on the 21 kV transmission regulated by PG&E, multiples of transmission line might be needed17.

17 PG&E Generation Interconnection Services. 2012. Distribution Wholesale Fast Track.

Construction

I. TidalConstruction of tidal generation devices is quite a simple process. 30 Deep Green devices’ foundation part, which holds a string tethered to the kite, will be fixed on the seabed, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Deep Green tidal generators are moored on the seabed.

One 25 MW unit of Cornwall Wave Hub will be connected to all single devices and collect the generated power. The collecting hub also will be fixed on the seabed middle of the devices as shown in Figure 10.

The power collected by Wave Hub will be go through a transformer and be delivered to Sausalito meter substation using 2 km-long 21 kV submarine transmission lines and 2 km-long 21 kV underground transmission line.

II. Wave Six single generating units are road transportable, so they can be easily carried to the coast and to the installation spot on the sea using a relatively small ship. Once the units arrive at the location, they are assembled into an array in the water, and the array is moored on the seabed.

Figure 10 Wave Hub collects all the generated power from single devices.

Figure 11 Small unit size helps minimize the costs of deploying WaveNET arrays.

Due to the bigger capacity of the generation system compared to the tidal system, four 25 MW Cornwall Wave Hub units will be connected to the array for collection and fixed on the seabed too.

The power collected by the Wave Hubs will be go through a transformer and be delivered to Daly City substation using 20 km-long 21 kV submarine transmission lines and 3 km-long 21 kV underground transmission line.

Cost AnalysisThe project costs are estimated.18

• Deep Green: Current Project Cost: GBP 40 mil for 5 devices Total Cost Estimation: GBP 8 mil X 30 devices = $ 263 million• WaveNet: Current Project Cost: $ 2 mil for 6 devices of 7.5 KW Total Cost Estimation: $2 mil / 6 devices x 141 devices x 4 (four times bigger than 7.5 kW) x 4(Development, mooring, and others) = $752 million• Total Estimation of Cost: $ 1.015 Billion• Fuel cost is zero as there is no fuel used in the project.

18 AWS Ocean

Figure 12 Levelized cost of electricity breakdown for a commercial scale WEC power plant

LCOE: Levelized cost of Energy [c$/kWh]Period of year: 120 yearsDiscount rate: 3%Capital Cost ($/kW): $8826/kWCapacity Factor: 40%Fixed O&M ($/kW-yr.): $441.3/ kW-yr.Electricity price (cents/kWh): 15.2 cents/kWhCost Escalation Rate (%): 3.12%The economic analysis shows an LCOE in the range of 60.7¢/kWhFigure shows a breakdown of the LCOE by cost element for our case. Nearly 50% of the LCOE is associated with the annual O&M and the 10 year refit. As technology ‐matures and reliability increases, it is expected that these costs will decrease.19

19 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/prices.html

Operations and Maintenance Operating and maintenance costs make up 17% of lifetime costs for a wave array and 19% of lifetime costs for a tidal array. Reliability is a very important factor, as off-shore maintenance is very costly by nature. A significant proportion of the total cost for maintenance is the cost to access the devices, so any decreases in planned or unplanned maintenance can achieve material cost reductions

Future Cost of ElectricityConversely, it can be expected that if wave power is successfully commercialized and deployed more broadly, learning curve effects will help to drive down the cost of electricity below the levels shown here. Applying learning curves to the above costs provides an indication of the long term economics of a particular technology. ‐Cost reduction goes hand in hand with cumulative production experience and ‐ ‐follows a logarithmic relationship such that for each doubling of the cumulative production volume, there is a corresponding percentage drop in cost.20

Figure 13 Projected cost reduction of wave energy compared to wind equivalent

FINANCIAL BACKGROUND• Commercial bank loans are the most important source for project financing. Depending on a project, commercial bank loans may include a single lender, several lenders or be syndicated.• Four alternative types of bank credit facilities might be arranged to finance a project and can be classified as; revolving credit, term loan, standby letter of credit or performance bond, bridge loan.

20 Carbon Trust. (2005). Future marine energy - results of the marine energy challenge: Cost competiveness and growth of wave and tidal stream Energy. Retrieved from http://www.oceanrenewable.com/wp

• There is Capital market is a market where people, we can raise long-term funds and it consists of stocks and bonds.• There is Government grants for the project and this is the most important source for an upcoming project• There are private and public sponsors as well as special investment institution which help raise money for the project.• Production Incentive, referred to as supplemental energy payments (SEPs), will be awarded to eligible renewable energy facilities to cover the above market costs of renewable resources selected by retail sellers to fulfill their obligations. Retail sellers are California's three largest investor-owned utilities: PG&E, SDG&E, and SCE. These payments are required by law, with funding of approximately $69.5 million.• There is California state incentive for reduced carbon emission

POSSIBLE RISKS OF FINANCE• Tidal/ Wave power: Small scale and long leads, technology risks and survivability, in harsh marine environments are the types of risks that tidal/wave power projects contain.• Unlike all other renewable energy sources, wave and tidal energy projects are not eligible for renewable production tax credits.• Except than the risks that are numbered above, another problem is to finance the renewable energy projects as they are high-priced and investors are reluctant to finance it.

Project ManagementIn virtually every project management literature source, it is clearly and loudly proclaimed that the project management discipline is essential to the very survival of many businesses. It is through this discipline’s methodologies and tools which assist firms to become or retain a globally competitive edge.

Project Management Aspect1. Schedule Challenges2. Product and Quality Challenges3. Research and Development4. Production and Operations5. Marketing6. Personnel Challenges7. Technology Issues

Timeline• Project Schedule: 4 ½ years

Figure 14 Estimated timeline for our project

Project Milestones1) Land Agreement Completion – End of year 22) Device development Completion –End of year 23) Acquire funds- End of First quarter of year 3 4) Finish Construction - End of First quarter of year 35) Begin operation – Start of 2nd quarter of 4th year

Permitting IssuesThe environmental permitting process for projects located offshore California is complex, involving a variety of federal, State and local resource management agencies. This section of the report will outline the jurisdictional and permitting framework as it applies to wave energy projects operating offshore California.

Figure 75 Primary Maritime boundaries

I. Federal Regulations

There are over forty principle statutes addressing potential environmental impacts at the federal level,18 but only a handful are directly relevant to wave power jurisdictions.19 A description of the most important and relevant statutes, and a more extensive table of applicable federal regulations, is presented below. The primary federal regulations applicable.

1. California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)River and Harbors Act2. Clean Water Act3. Clean Air Act4. Navigation and Navigable Waters5. Coastal Zone Management Act6. Endangered Species Act/Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act7. State and Local Authorities8. California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)9. Submerged Lands Act/California State Lands Act10. Clean Water Act/California Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act11. The California Endangered Species Act (CA ESA)

ConclusionThis report outlines a proposed Tidal/ Wave power plant. The tidal power plant is rated for 15MW and the wave power plant is rates for 1000 MW. The location was chosen to be San Francisco because of its high quality tidal resources. Although the coast of energy is high the plant offers high quality renewable power that has little environmental impact. Overall the proposed power plant is a decent option for power production in a modern power system.