ee462l, fall 2011 motor drives and other applications

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EE462L, Fall 2011Motor Drives and Other Applications

2(Source: EPRI Adjustable Speed Drives Application Guide)

Three-Phase Induction Motors

• Reliable

• Rugged

• Long lived

• Low maintenance

• Efficient

3

At no load, the motor spins at grid frequency, divided by the number of pole pairs. Usually this is 3600 / 2 = 1800RPM

Slip frequency (about 5% of no load speed), so induction motors are almost constant speed devices

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High slip corresponds to low efficiency

5

It’s much more efficient to reduce operating speed by lowering the frequency of the supply voltage.

But how?

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Adjustable-Speed Motor Drives (ASDs)

(Source: EPRI Adjustable Speed Drives Application Guide)

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Some Prices for Small 3-Phase, 460V Induction Motors and ASDs

$50 - $75 per kW $150 - $200 per kW

Power Motor ASD

10kW $750 $2,000

100kW $5,000 $15,000

For Comparison, Conventional Generation: $500 - $1,000 per kW

Solar: $4,000 - $6,000 per kW (but the fuel is free forever!)

Chapter 14 InductionMotor Drives

14-8

Pump Application: Adjustable Flow rate

• Fixed versus adjustable speed drive

Bad news – inefficient!

Equivalent to reducing the output voltage of a DBR with a series resistor

Payback in energy savings is about 1 year

Source: Ned Mohan’s power electronics book


14-9

Per-Phase Representation(assuming sinusoidal steady state)

Because of the shunt inductance term, we must reduce the applied voltage magnitude in proportion to applied frequency to avoid serious saturation of the iron near the air gap

This is what is called “Constant Volts per Hertz Operation,” which is the standard operating mode for ASDs



14-10

Torque-Speed Characteristics

• The linear part of the characteristic is utilized in adjustable speed drives



14-11

Acceleration Torque at Startup

• Intersection represents the equilibrium point



14-12

Torque Speed Characteristics at various Frequencies of Applied Voltage

• The air gap flux is kept constant

For a constant torque load



14-13

Adjusting Speed of a Centrifugal Load

• The load torque is proportional to speed squared



14-14

Frequency at Startup

• The torque is limited to limit current draw

Zero speed

An important property of ASDs is the ability to “soft start” a motor by reducing the applied frequency to a few Hz



14-15

PWM-VSI System

• Diode rectifier for unidirectional power flow

A three-phase DBR

A three-phase inverter


Chapter 8 Switch-Mode DC-Sinusoidal AC Inverters

8-16

Three-Phase Inverter

• Three inverter legs; capacitor mid-point is fictitious

(called a six-pack)



8-17

Three-Phase PWM

Waveforms



8-18

Three-Phase Inverter Harmonics



8-19

Three-Phase Inverter Output

• Linear and over-modulation ranges


Chapter 16 Residential andIndustrial Applications

16-20

Improving Energy Efficiency of Heat Pumps

• Used in one out of three new homes in the U.S.

How does inserting an ASD save energy in single-phase applications?

Some losses

But a three-phase motor is 95% efficient, compared to 80% efficiency for a single-phase motor



16-21

Loss Associated with ON/OFF Cycling

• The system efficiency is improved by ~30 percent

The big efficiency gain is here

• with conventional air conditioners, the first few minutes after start-up are very inefficient as the mechanical system reaches steady-state

• with ASDs, the air conditioner speed is lowered with demand, so that there are fewer start-ups each day



16-22

Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps

• Lamps operated at ~40 kHz save energy



16-23

Induction Cooking

• Pan is heated directly by circulating currents – increases efficiency



16-24

Industrial Induction Heating


Chapter 17 ElectricUtility Applications

17-25

HVDC Transmission

• There are many such systems all over the world



17-26

HVDC Poles

• Each pole consists of 12-pulse converters



17-27

HVDC Transmission: 12-Pulse Waveforms


Chapter 18 Utility Interface 18-28

Reducing the Input Current Distortion

Like DBR current (high distortion)



Power-Factor-Correction (PFC) Circuit

The boost converter is operated to make the DBR current look sinusoidal on the AC side

To be sold in Europe, this is a necessary feature in high-current single-phase power electronic loads

It also permits more power to be drawn from conventional wall outlets because the harmonic currents are minimal



Power-Factor-Correction (PFC) Circuit

• Operation during each half-cycle

The boost converter is instructed to

“close” when the current is below the sinewave envelope, and

“open” with the current is above the sinewave envelopeclose

open



Power Electronics Has Made Wind Farms Possible

The choices used to be

• Use an efficient induction generator, which has very poor power factor, or

• Use a synchronous generator, but constantly fight to synchronize the turbine speed with the grid.

Now,

• Either use a DC bus and inverter to decouple the generator and grid AC busses, or

• Use a doubly-fed induction motor, operate the wind turbine at the max power speed, and use power electronics to “trick” the wind generator into producing grid-frequency output. This is what you see in West Texas.

ee462l, fall 2011 motor drives and other applications

Documents

load speed

operating speed

torquespeed characteristics

torque speed characteristics

speed squaredsource

adjustable speed drivessource

phase invertersource

phase dbra