ee w03.1 m_ 1. the system (transmission) part 1
Post on 19-Oct-2014
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TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 1
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Energy Economics
Intro
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• The unbundling regime for electricity utilities in the EU: A case of legislative and regulatory capture?
• Bidding behavior when one bidder and the auctioneer are vertically integrated: Implications for the partial deregulation of EU electricity markets– (Merchant interconnector projects by generators in the EU:
Profitability and allocation of capacity)
• Legal unbundling and auctions in vertically integrated (utilities) markets
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Experimental papers
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Energy Economics
Intro
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1. Electricity markets
2. Fossil fuels: Oil, Gas & Coal
3. Climate Policy
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Interest-drivenExtrapolation /
Speculation
Highest standards research
Core science
Policy papers
Oil price predictions
Propaganda
Misleading
Plainly wrong/ Rotten lies
Literature indication
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I-D E/S
HS
0.01 TWy/year
. Solar energy production end 2012
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• Syllabus
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One short presentation on a topic within the field of energy economics.• Length 10-15 minutes long. • For example:
– Challenges or chances for energy companies, energy regulators or energy traders
– The electrical system (capacity, production, consumption) and its challenges (eg lack of transmission, abundance of intermittent renewables, falling short of fulfilling the 20-20-20 target, etc) for region or country X
– Outlook for (and maybe historical development of) generating technology Y (in region or country X).
– … many other topics…
A short feedback presentation.• Length: 2-4 minutes long• singles out
– 1 or 2 points that were very good, astute and clear – 2 points that could be improved upon.
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The electrical system 1
Transmission
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Literature for today
Shively Ch.1, 2, 5, 6, 7.
I-D E/S
HS
I-D E/S
HS
MIT: Appendix B
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Transmission
Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network
1. Line limits2. Principles of dispatch3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability
requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market
and the 2050 carbon targets
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Power plants
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Distributors
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Transmission
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Power Plants
Transmission
Industrial consumers
Distributors
Residential consumers: Households
Other countries
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2. Transmission lines
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September 28th, 2003
Huge blackout cripples Italy!
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Rome’s “white night”
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Rome’s “white night”110 trains stopped
Thousands of people stuck
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Huge blackout cripples Italy!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
“Cross-border transmission lines”
“Interconnectors”
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:0103:01-03.16
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03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
TSO= Transmission System Operator
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:25
Tree flashover!
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03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. Transmission shortage in the EU
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
Transmission lines limits
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flashover
Transmission lines limits
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High voltage
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High voltage
Dramatically lowers losses to resistance
1 KV-> 10KV
Loss falls to 1%
Factor 100
Transmission lines limits
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1 KV-> 100KV
Loss falls to 0.01%
Factor 10.000
Transmission lines limits
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Transmission lines limits
Sagging of the line
High load
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Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough
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• Limit of a line varies…– The line itself- Maximum allowed sagging– Air temperature & wind
- For example, Increase in temperature from 30C to 40C can lower the limit with 10%
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VIDEO
“1. Tree Flashover 10.03.09 (hq)”
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Line flashover
3 risk factors for line flashover
Factor 1: High voltage
Factor 2: High load
Factor 3: proximity to other objects (trees)
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Dispatch
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2 node network
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?
A B
Injection: 100MW Injection:
20MW
Withdrawal: 50MW
Withdrawal: 70MW
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
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Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
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Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW ∆ -10MW
40MW
∆-10MW
40MW
∆ -10MW
40MW
Dispatch
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Physical flow: 40MW
A B
Net Injection: 40MW
Net Withdrawal:
40MW
Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere
Any flow is the RESULT of the injection and withdrawals
Dispatch
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40MW
A B
40MW
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
Italy
Switzerland
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A B
40MWNet Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
Italy
Switzerland
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A B
40MW80MWLimit: 50MW
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
Italy
Switzerland
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A B
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
25MW
25MWNet Withdrawal: 50MW
Net Injection:50MW
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
Italy
Switzerland
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Net Withdrawal: 50MW
Net Injection:50MW
25MW
A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
40MW
40MW
Both lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW
available(within 15 min)
Decrease in injection of 30MW
is possible
(within 15 min) 80MW
80MW
Fulfills N-1 security standards
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A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
40MW
Both lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Net Withdrawal:
80MW
Net Injection:
80MW
Fulfills N-1 security standards
Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW
available(within 15 min)
Decrease in injection of 30MW
is possible
(within 15 min)
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A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
80MW
Both lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Net Withdrawal:
80MW
Net Injection:
80MW50MW
50MW
50MW
Fulfills N-1 security standards
Decrease in withdrawal of 30MW
available(within 15 min)
Decrease in injection of 30MW
is possible
(within 15 min)
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03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
Dispatch is done by national TSOs
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Dispatch
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
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Frequency and Synchronicity
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
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Frequency and Synchronicity
AlternatingCurrent (AC)
50 Hertz
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Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking?
Frequency and Synchronicity
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•VID• Wednesday 1_ light bulb.divx
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Alternating Current lines
(AC)
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Frequency and Synchronicity
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
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Easy & cheap transformation
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Direct Current lines (DC or HVDC)
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50 Herz is the frequency in Europe
Frequency and Synchronicity
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A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall
Slight shortage
Frequency and Synchronicity
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A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise
Slight surplus
Frequency and Synchronicity
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Lost of a nuclear unit (1300 MW) within the UCTE system
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• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
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• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
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Russian frequency
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All generators are synchronized
UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
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