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R. Colin Johnson 4/29/2015 05:00 AM EDT 21 comments Tweet 75 15 News & Analysis IBM Solves Quantum Computing Google architecture obstacle to commercialization PORTLAND, Ore.—Quantum computers are being pursued by all the major research labs worldwide, including even newcomers like Google. However, IBM claims its 30 years of experience in quantum computing research shows Google is all wrong in its "linear" design, because IBM's "square tiled" design can solve both of the most important problems in quantum computing plus can scale to any size needed in the future. IBM's search for the right architecture for quantum computers began in 1981 when it attended Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman's first workshop on the "physics of information" where he laid out the concept of a quantum computer. Over the subsequent 34 years IBM has developed Feynman's theory, invented its own architecture and conducted experiments that today have led to the devices that can reliably scale to any number of qubits—extending Moore's law indefinitely since it would on take only 50 qubits to outperform the fastest supercomputer on the Top500.org supercomputer list. "We are reporting on a fourqubit system today, and already experimenting with an eight qubit system," Jerry Chow, manager of experimental quantum computing group at IBM Research Center (Yorktown Heights, N.Y.) told EE Times. "But unlike other designs, the series of problems we have just solved can scale to a superconducting quantum computer with any number of qubits." The current prototype (see photos) is supercooled to 15 milliKelvin, using a commercially available superrefrigerator, and has solved the two most important problems in quantum computing today, according to IBM, that is—simultaneously correcting for bitflip and phaseflip errors as well as being completely scalable to any size. Share 138

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  • R.ColinJohnson4/29/201505:00AMEDT21comments

    Tweet 75 15

    News&Analysis

    IBMSolvesQuantumComputing

    GooglearchitectureobstacletocommercializationPORTLAND,Ore.Quantumcomputersarebeingpursuedbyallthemajorresearchlabsworldwide,includingevennewcomerslikeGoogle.However,IBMclaimsits30yearsofexperienceinquantumcomputingresearchshowsGoogleisallwronginits"linear"design,becauseIBM's"squaretiled"designcansolvebothofthemostimportantproblemsinquantumcomputingpluscanscaletoanysizeneededinthefuture.

    IBM'ssearchfortherightarchitectureforquantumcomputersbeganin1981whenitattendedNobelPrizewinnerRichardFeynman'sfirstworkshoponthe"physicsofinformation"wherehelaidouttheconceptofaquantumcomputer.

    Overthesubsequent34yearsIBMhasdevelopedFeynman'stheory,inventeditsownarchitectureandconductedexperimentsthattodayhaveledtothedevicesthatcanreliablyscaletoanynumberofqubitsextendingMoore'slawindefinitelysinceitwouldontakeonly50qubitstooutperformthefastestsupercomputerontheTop500.orgsupercomputerlist.

    "Wearereportingonafourqubitsystemtoday,andalreadyexperimentingwithaneightqubitsystem,"JerryChow,managerofexperimentalquantumcomputinggroupatIBMResearchCenter(YorktownHeights,N.Y.)toldEETimes."Butunlikeotherdesigns,theseriesofproblemswehavejustsolvedcanscaletoasuperconductingquantumcomputerwithanynumberofqubits."

    Thecurrentprototype(seephotos)issupercooledto15milliKelvin,usingacommerciallyavailablesuperrefrigerator,andhassolvedthetwomostimportantproblemsinquantumcomputingtoday,accordingtoIBM,thatissimultaneouslycorrectingforbitflipandphasefliperrorsaswellasbeingcompletelyscalabletoanysize.

    Share 138

  • IBM'sfoursuperconductingquantumbitsuseasquarelatticetodetectbothtypesofquantumerrorsbiterrorsandphaseerrorsforthefirsttime.

    (Credit:IBMResearch)

    "Onthemarchtowardquantumcomputerserrorcorrectionisthemostimportantproblem,becausequbitsarenotasrobustasnormalcomputerbits,"Chowtoldus."Qubitsareveryfragileandcanbespoiledbyallsortsofnoiseintheenvironmentandintherestofthesystem."

    Therearetwomaintypesoferrorsthatmustbecorrectedinquantumcomputersbiterrors(flippinga1toa0ora0toa1)andphasefliperrors(whichcausesignalstosubtractfromeachotherinsteadofadd).Unfortunately,itisverydifficulttosolveboththeseerrorsatonce.Todoso,IBMhadtogotoasquarearchitectureinsteadofalineararrayarchitecturelikeGoogle's,whichaccordingtoIBMcanonlysolveoneoftheproblemsortheotherbutnotboth.Asaresult,IBM'ssquarearrayoffourqubitsisquadrupleredundant,butitmakesanerrorfreescalablequantumcomputerpossible.

  • IBM'ssquarelayoutisthebestconfigurationtoaddmorequbitsandscaletolargersystems.(Credit:IBMResearch)

    "Youneednearlyperfectqubitstodomeaningfulcalculationswithaquantumcomputer,soyouhavetodedicatesomequbitstoerrorcorrection,"Chowtoldus."Infact,weareworkingonaneightqubitarchitecturenowtocorrectotherpossibilitiesoferrorinasinglequbitandbelievethatitmaytake13to17qubitsormaybeevenmoretomakeasinglequbitperfectlyreliable."

    Thereasonisthatqubitsdonotjustholdasingle0or1likeregularbits,butholdasuperpositionofvalues,"theyarepart0andpart1,whichiswhyitissohardtoperfectlypreservethenduringquantumcalculations,"Chowtoldus.

    Inthecurrentfourqubitarchitecture,twoqubitsholdthevaluetobepreserved,whiletheothertwoqubitstellyouwhethertherehavebeenanybitfliporphasefliperrors,respectively.

  • IBM'sJerryChowinspectingaqubitinthequantumcomputinglabatIBM'sT.J.WatsonResearchCenter.(Credit:JonSimon/FeaturePhotoServiceforIBM)

    NextIBMisshootingfortheHolyGrailofquantumcomputingtheperfectincorruptiblequbitthatcouldformthebasisofarealquantumcomputerscalabletoanysize.Toachievethatgoal,IBMplanstoextendthecurrentarchitecturebyaddingmorequbitsinan8bitsurfacecodelatticefornowthatwillofferevenbetterprotectionandcorrectionofquantumerrorsontheroadtotheperfectiontheyneedtostartmarketingrealquantumcomputers.

    "Itmaytake8,13,17oreven49qubitsinascalablelatticetorealizetheHolyGrailofperfection,andthearchitecturemayhavetochangetorectangularorhexagonalorsomeothersymmetricalconfiguration,butwenowbelieveitisdefinitelyanachievablegoal."

  • IBM'squantumcomputingarchitectureusesscalablebuildingblocks,detectsandcorrectsquantumerrors,andwillbeablesolveproblemsconventionalcomputerscannot.

    (Source:IBM)

    Onceaquantumcomputerisperfecteditwillnotonlybeabletocrackanyencryptioncodetodayandmakenewuncrackablecodes,butwillalsoallowresearcherstounderstandphysicalprocessesthatareimpossibletosimulateoftraditionalcomputersForinstanceallthemolecularinteractionsthatmakecommonprocessesworkallowingdesignerstocreatematerialsimpossibletoimaginetoday,deriveinsightsfromunstructuredBigDatainaninstant,andtrulyunderstandusefulchemicalreactionsthattodaywereonlyfoundbytrialanderror.

    "Quantumcomputerswillspawnaneweraofinnovationacrossallindustries,"Chowconcluded.

    IBM'sworkwaspartiallyfundedtheU.S.IARPA(IntelligenceAdvancedResearchProjectsActivity)multiqubitcoherentoperationsprogram.

    R.ColinJohnson,AdvancedTechnologyEditor,EETimes

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    PassesfortheESCBoston2015TechnicalConferenceareavailableattheconferencesofficialsitewithdiscountedadvancepricinguntilMay1,2015.TheEmbeddedSystemsConferenceandEETimesareownedbyUBMCanon.


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