EE 97 / 98 Senior Project Design

“The Introduction”

Wednesday, April 26, 200610:30 AM to 11:45 AM

http://www.eecs.tufts.edu/ee/97new/index.htm

Quote for the Day

“I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdgnieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid

Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny

iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can tisll raed it

wouthit a porbelm.Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef,but the wrod as a wlohe.

Amzanig huh?”  

— The Power of the Human Mind,Cambridge University Study, 2002

Are you satisfied with you Life? Have you looked back to where you were 3 years ago

and where you wanted to be now? Are you on the path that will lead you to where you

want to go? What went wrong? Are you disappointed? Who is the worse student in the room? Why? What about all of you in the middle? Are you content

with mediocrity? And those of you at the top…what do you need to

learn now to continue to be on top? Who will displace you? Where will they come from? Are they younger than you?

Origins of Thinking Outside the Box The nine dot puzzle:

draw four straight lines without lifting a pencil to connect the array of dots

It makes us feel bad about ourselves

No correlation between solving the puzzle and being innovative

Or If You Want to Show Off…

You can do it in using three

straight lines!

What is your goal for success?

Make yourself stinking rich!Make yourself stinking rich!

Are you comfortable with… Ambiguity – too many options

Human beings hate this condition Complexity – walk away from what you

know Do something new Move from the familiar – most people hate to do

this Volatility – what you expect doesn’t

happen Missed the desired grade in a course Trauma Intense change

These undermine ability to innovate and be productive unless you harness them by…

Attributes for Success Curiosity – asking what is next? Or why or

how? Most want to just learn what they need to know

to get by Confidence – ability to use tools, methods,

knowledge, skills, to a reach the desired result

Courage – pursue new ideas Do a small number of large ideas rather than a

large number of small ideas

Design It is about change Used effectively – is now an imperative for

competitiveness and innovation

Don’t be fooled – you are all in competition with each other For example, only one of you will get an A+ in

this course…what are your new rules?

A Time of Fertile Change

You live in a time of excitement…but your actions must meet the intensity if you want be on top

Fertile change but Tremendous Anxiety

Shape depositionmanufacturing

Proteinomics

Market modeling

Bio-computing

Patent licensing

Net services

Quantum computing

Wireless networks

Deal flow

Gene therapyPDAs

Smart drugs

Competitive intelligenceTrend identification

Cellular automata

CRM

Ethnography

Personalization

XML

Genomics

Mobile phones

Memetics

Supply chain leverage

Molecular memory

Optical networks

Secue ID

Optical networks

Bibliometric analysis

Design competition

Simulations

Nanotechnology

RFID

Auction models

Packaging

Biometrics

Natural motion

Collaborative filtering

Platforms

Sensors

Pattern recognition

New materials

Animation

Conductive charging

Cannibalization

Fuel cells

Personal Flight Vehicles

Urgency is Displacing Importance

where

l = life

dldt

Lim0t 8

This is s time of unprecedented transformation and it is increasing the rate of change, the most rapid in

the history of our species

What is the Significance?

>_ 0dSdt

where

dQT

>_ dS

You cannot get out of the game

And Now…

The Art ofEngineering…

Monster

Puzzle

Puzzle Round

a

a

b

b

Early experiments in transportation

www.weather.com Submitted by: Tom Adams Photo Date: 6/9/2004 Photo Location: Marblehead, Massachusetts, United States

Lego

Cad Drawing

Gantt Person

Project Planning 02

Product Sketch

System

Gantt

Engineering Drawings

Project Planning

Project Planning 01

Blueprints

Circuit Board

Project Leader

GUI

Tinker Toy

Product Assembly

Lego Car

Product Result

Mickey

The Art ofEngineering!

IF YOU ARE NOT HAVING FUN…

FIND SOMETHING ELSE TO DO.

Rule #1

What is an Irritation?Ir·ri·ta·tion Noun

1 a : the act of irritating b : something that irritates c : the state of being irritated 2 : a condition of irritability, soreness, roughness, or inflammation of a bodily part

The psychological state of being irritated or annoyed [synonym: annoyance, vexation, botheration] 2: a sudden outburst of anger; "his temper sparked like damp firewood" [synonym : pique, temper] 3: (pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation; "any food produced irritation of the stomach" 4: the neural or electrical arousal of an organ or muscle or gland [syn: excitation, innervation] 5: an uncomfortable feeling in some part of the body [synonym : discomfort, soreness] 6: unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment [synonym : aggravation, provocation] 7: the act of troubling or annoying someone [synonym : annoyance, annoying, vexation]

Source: Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc. and WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University

What is a Problem?Prob·lem Noun

A question to be considered, solved, or answered: math problems; the problem of how to arrange transportation

A situation, matter, or person that presents perplexity or difficulty: was having problems breathing; considered the main problem to be his boss

A misgiving, objection, or complaint: I have a problem with his cynicism

Adjective Difficult to deal with or control: a problem child Dealing with a moral or social problem: a problem

play

Source: Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc. and WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University

What is Design?de·signVerb Transitive To conceive or fashion in the mind;

invent: design a good excuse for not attending the conference.

To formulate a plan for; devise: designed a marketing strategy for the new product.

To plan out in systematic, usually graphic form: design a building; design a computer program.

To create or contrive for a particular purpose or effect: a game designed to appeal to all ages.

To have as a goal or purpose; intend. To create or execute in an artistic or

highly skilled manner. Verb Intransitive To make or execute plans. To have a goal or purpose in mind. To create designs.

Noun A drawing or sketch. A graphic representation, especially a detailed

plan for construction or manufacture. The purposeful or inventive arrangement of

parts or details: the aerodynamic design of an automobile

The art or practice of designing or making designs.

Something designed, especially a decorative or an artistic work.

An ornamental pattern. A basic scheme or pattern that affects and

controls function or development: the overall design of an epic poem.

A plan; a project. A reasoned purpose; an intent: It was her

design to set up practice on her own. Deliberate intention: He became a photographer more by accident than by design.

A secretive plot or scheme. Often used in the plural: He has designs on my job.

Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

What is a Solution?so·lu·tionNoun A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances,

which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these The process of forming such a mixture.

The state of being dissolved The method or process of solving a problem The answer to or disposition of a problem Law.

Payment or satisfaction of a claim or debt The act of separating or breaking up; dissolution

Source: Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc. and WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University

What is a Project?proj·ect Noun A plan or proposal; a scheme. An undertaking requiring concerted effort: a

community cleanup project; a government-funded irrigation project.

An extensive task undertaken by a student or group of students to apply, illustrate, or supplement classroom lessons.

A housing project. Verb pro·ject, pro·ject·ed, pro·ject·ing, Verb Transitive To thrust outward or forward: project one's

jaw in defiance. To throw forward; hurl: project an arrow. To send out into space; cast: project a light

beam. To cause (an image) to appear on a surface:

projected the slide onto a screen. Mathematics. To produce (a projection). To direct (one's voice) so as to be heard

clearly at a distance.

Psychology. To externalize and attribute (an

emotion or motive, for example) unconsciously to someone or something else in order to avoid anxiety.

To convey an impression of to an audience or to others: a posture that projects defeat.

To form a plan or intention for: project a new business enterprise.

To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends: projecting next year's expenses.

Verb Intransitive To extend forward or out; jut out:

beams that project beyond the eaves.

To direct one's voice so as to be heard clearly at a distance.

Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

ConsciousUnconscious

Com

pete

nceIn

com

pete

nc

e

Don’t Know You

Don’t Know

Know You

Know

Know You

Don’t Know

Don’t Know You

Know

Source: Adams, J.L., The Care and Feeding of Ideas: A Guide to Encouraging Creativity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986, p.14.

Problem Solving

What is the Problem?

The Pencil Before the Pencil

Ancient Rome – scribes wrote on papyrus with stylus, leaving a light readable mark

The Birth of the Pencil Borrowdale, England 1564 – discovery of

graphite Graphite left a darker mark than lead, but was

so soft and brittle that it required a holder First, sticks of graphite were wrapped in string,

then wooden sticks hollowed-out by hand Nuremberg, Germany 1662 – first mass

produced pencils

The Pencil in America America

1729 – Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette

1762 – George Washington used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory

1812 – William Monroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils

1850s – Early American pencils were made from Eastern Red Cedar, a strong, splinter-resistant wood that grew in Tennessee and other parts of the southeastern United States

1890s – Many manufacturers were painting their pencils to show off their high quality wood casings and giving them brand names

By the 1900s, new sources of wood – California's Sierra Nevada mountains – Incense-cedar, a species that grew in abundance and made superior pencils – the wood of choice

Why are pencils yellow?

Pencil are Yellow because… In the 1880s…

China supplied the best graphite American pencil manufacturers wanted a

special way to tell people that their pencils contained Chinese graphite.

In China, the color yellow is associated with royalty and respect

American pencil companies painted their pencils yellow starting in the 1890s to show off holders of the graphic sticks so people would buy them

It was important to “market” and communicate this "regal" feeling and association with China

As of 2006 – 75% of the pencils sold in the United States are painted yellow!

How Pencils are Made

1. Incense-cedar logs are cut into "Pencil Blocks“

2. Pencil Blocks are cut into "Pencil Slat”

3. Pencil Slats are treated with wax and stain

4. A machine cuts grooves into the slats to accept the writing core (or "lead").

5. Writing cores -- made from a mixture of graphite and clay -- are placed into the grooves

6. A second grooved slat is glued onto the first -- making a "sandwich”

7. The sandwich is machined into pencil shapes

8. Individual pencils are cut from the sandwich, and are sanded smooth

9. Each pencil is painted. A recess is cut to accept the ferrule (the metal ring that holds the eraser to the pencil)

10. A ferrule and eraser are crimped into place on each pencil

Source: www.pencils.com

What About the Eraser? A lot of erasers are made by pencils manufacturers! The first patent for attaching an eraser to a pencil was

issued in 1858 to a man from Philadelphia named Hyman Lipman

And even today in Europe, most pencils are sold without erasers

Erasers weren't always called erasers! Originally, made from a tree resin Referred to as a "rubber," for rubbing out mistakes (still

referred this way in Great Britain) To eraser manufacturers – they’re called "plugs" Today other materials are used:

“Pink" erasers made from synthetic rubber blended with pumice (a grit that enhances its ability to erase

“White” eraser made from Vinyl, a durable, flexible plastic

Source: www.pencils.com

Pencil Facts A pencil will write in zero

gravity, upside down, and under water

A pencil can write 45,000 words!

More than 2 billion pencils are used in the United States every year Most have erasers In Europe, most pencils do

not have erasers The typical pencil can

draw a line 35 miles long!

The Pencil

References on the Pencil

The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance by Henry Petroski

The Colored Pencil by Bet. Borgeson Spotlight on Timber by Andrew Langley

Tree Products by Irving and Ruth Adler The Wood Users Guide by Pamela

Wellner and Eugene Dickey

Innovation Success Hit Rate

0% 40% 60% 80% 100%20%

The New Norm35% 70%

Innovation can happen…if lead from the top…or energized from the bottom which convinces the top

! 4% – The Average

The Critical Metric

Success – that is it hits – if the return from the innovation exceeds the cost of the capital that it took to launch it

EE 97 Course Info This course will be graded on the following items:

Summer Project – Due first day of class (15%) Weekly Project Status – Due each week prior to class (15%)

Format is task/activity, who is responsible, obstacles, completion date, and recovery plan if required

Senior Project Proposal – Due at the end of October (20 %) A statement of the project’s problem you intend to solve, the

value for solving it, the theoretical basis of authority, a system engineering assessment of the project, a high level schedule, the risks and contingencies, and a bibliography

Senior Project Plan – Due at the end of the semester (25 %) A detailed plan of your project, the schedule, approach to

validation and verification, and updated risks and contingencies

Project Documentation – Critical engineering documentation of your project which accounts for its success

Reading Notes – Due in November (15 %) The gems gleaned from the readings

Senior Project Plan Presentation – Finals week, December (10 %)

EE 98 Course Info This course will be graded on the following items:

Senior Design Project Plan – Updated from last semester Due first week of February 2007 (0%, with the caveat

that if it is not re-submitted the highest grade for the course will be a B+)

Project Design Reviews – Team Presentations, in class on February and March 2007 (15 %)

Senior Project Acceptance Test Plan – Due mid-March 2007 (15 %)

Reading Notes – Due mid-April, 2006 with content questionnaire to be distributed in early April (15 %)

Poster Session – date to be defined for April (15 %) Final Reports – Due Last Day of Class, Spring, 2007 (20

%) Final Presentations – date to be defined for May 2007

(20 %)

Process: Design and Development

• Support the program warranty

• Determine wins and losses during development process

• Identify process improvements

• Test & certify that the solution works in the customer environment

• Introduce product and train sales personnel

• Launch the product

• Design, develop prototypes and internally test product

• Define & agree on customer requirements

• Investigate market needs, potential, and technology

• Assess program viability

• Plan Concept Phase

• Define & agree on solution

• Plan the program

Phase 6Deliver, Services

& Support Phase

Phase 2Concept Phase

Phase 5Deployment

Phase

Phase 3Detailed Analysis

Phase

Phase 4Development

Phase

Phase 1Initiation Phase

Leonardo da Vinci1452 - Leonardo was born on 15th April at Anchiano near Vinci in the Florence area. He was the

illegitimate son of a notary, Ser Piero, and a young woman named Caterina 1457 - At five Leonardo moved to his father's home in Vinci. Meanwhile his father had married

Alberia Amadori 1460 - He moved to Florence with his father 1469 - He began his apprenticeship in Verrocchio's artisan workshop 1482 - He moved to Milan where he carried to the court of Ludovico il Moro a letter in which his

services were recommended as an engineer, architect, sculptor, painter and even musician. Indeed, it was in his capacity as a musician that he was offered a position. During his earliest years in Milan, primarily as a painter, his work included the portrait of Cecilia Gallerani, "Lady with an Ermine", and the first version of the "Virgin of the Rocks"

1495 - He began his best known work, the Last Supper, in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The fresco was completed in 1498

1499 - The duchy of Ludovico il Moro fell under the control of the French armies of Louis XII, whereupon Leonardo abandoned Milan and started wandering from court to court, from Mantua and Venice to Friuli.

1500 - He returned to Florence for a while 1502 - He entered the service of Cesare Borgia 1504 - He was once again in Florence where he began the Mona Lisa 1506 - He divided his time between Milan and Florence 1508 - He returned to Milan where he spent a long period, and took up his studies on anatomy,

town-planning, optics and hydraulic engineering 1513 - Following the return of the Sforzas as rulers of Milan once more, Leonardo moved to

Rome on the invitation of the newly-elected pope, Giuliano dei Medici 1516 - The King of France, François I, invited him to France where, at the Castle of Cloux, near

Amboise, he was given the post of "first painter, engineer and architect to the King" 1519 - He died on 2nd May at Cloux and was buried in the Church of St. Valentine at Amboise.

In his will, dated 23rd April of the same year, he bequeathed all his manuscripts, drawings and various instruments and tools to his favourite pupil, Francesco Melzi; to his other disciple, Salai, he left the paintings still in his studio, including the Mona Lisa, St. Jerome and St. Anne. With the death of Melzi in 1570, Leonardo's inheritance began to be scattered.

Source: www.museoscienza.org

Leonardo da Vinci – A Short BiographyThe illegitimate son of a 25-year-old notary, Ser Piero, and a peasant girl, Caterina, Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, just outside

Florence. His father took custody of the little fellow shortly after his birth, while his mother married someone else and moved to a neighboring town. They kept on having kids, although not with each other, and they eventually supplied him with a total of 17 half sisters and brothers..

Growing up in his father's Vinci home, Leonardo had access to scholarly texts owned by family and friends. He was also exposed to Vinci's longstanding painting tradition, and when he was about 15 his father apprenticed him to the renowned workshop of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence. Even as an apprentice, Leonardo demonstrated his colossal talent. Indeed, his genius seems to have seeped into a number of pieces produced by the Verrocchio's workshop from the period 1470 to 1475. For example, one of Leonardo's first big breaks was to paint an angel in Verrochio's "Baptism of Christ," and Leonardo was so much better than his master's that Verrochio allegedly resolved never to paint again. Leonardo stayed in the Verrocchio workshop until 1477 when he set up a shingle for himself.

In search of new challenges and the big bucks, he entered the service of the Duke of Milan in 1482, abandoning his first commission in Florence, "The Adoration of the Magi". He spent 17 years in Milan, leaving only after Duke Ludovico Sforza's fall from power in 1499. It was during these years that Leonardo hit his stride, reaching new heights of scientific and artistic achievement.

The Duke kept Leonardo busy painting and sculpting and designing elaborate court festivals, but he also put Leonardo to work designing weapons, buildings and machinery. From 1485 to 1490, Leonardo produced a studies on loads of subjects, including nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture (designing everything from churches to fortresses). His studies from this period contain designs for advanced weapons, including a tank and other war vehicles, various combat devices, and submarines. Also during this period, Leonardo produced his first anatomical studies. His Milan workshop was a veritable hive of activity, buzzing with apprentices and students.

Alas, Leonardo's interests were so broad, and he was so often compelled by new subjects, that he usually failed to finish what he started. This lack of "stick-to-it-ness" resulted in his completing only about six works in these 17 years, including "The Last Supper" and "The Virgin on the Rocks," and he left dozens of paintings and projects unfinished or unrealized (see "Big Horse" in sidebar). He spent most of his time studying science, either by going out into nature and observing things or by locking himself away in his workshop cutting up bodies or pondering universal truths.

Between 1490 and 1495 he developed his habit of recording his studies in meticulously illustrated notebooks. His work covered four main themes: painting, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. These studies and sketches were collected into various codices and manuscripts, which are now hungrily collected by museums and individuals (Bill Gates recently plunked down $30 million for the Codex Leicester!).

Back to Milan... after the invasion by the French and Ludovico Sforza's fall from power in 1499, Leonardo was left to search for a new patron. Over the next 16 years, Leonardo worked and traveled throughout Italy for a number of employers, including the dastardly Cesare Borgia. He traveled for a year with Borgia's army as a military engineer and even met Niccolo Machiavelli, author of "The Prince." Leonardo also designed a bridge to span the "golden horn" in Constantinople during this period and received a commission, with the help of Machiavelli, to paint the "Battle of Anghiari."

About 1503, Leonardo reportedly began work on the "Mona Lisa." On July 9, 1504, he received notice of the death of his father, Ser Piero. Through the contrivances of his meddling half brothers and sisters, Leonardo was deprived of any inheritance. The death of a beloved uncle also resulted in a scuffle over inheritance, but this time Leonardo beat out his scheming siblings and wound up with use of the uncle's land and money.

From 1513 to 1516, he worked in Rome, maintaining a workshop and undertaking a variety of projects for the Pope. He continued his studies of human anatomy and physiology, but the Pope forbade him from dissecting cadavers, which truly cramped his style.

Following the death of his patron Giuliano de' Medici in March of 1516, he was offered the title of Premier Painter and Engineer and Architect of the King by Francis I in France. His last and perhaps most generous patron, Francis I provided Leonardo with a cushy job, including a stipend and manor house near the royal chateau at Amboise.

Although suffering from a paralysis of the right hand, Leonardo was still able to draw and teach. He produced studies for the Virgin Mary from "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne", studies of cats, horses, dragons, St. George, anatomical studies, studies on the nature of water, drawings of the Deluge, and of various machines.

Leonardo died on May 2, 1519 in Cloux, France. Legend has it that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardo's head in his arms.

Source: http://www.mos.org/leonardo/bio.html

Leonardo’s Ideas We don’t know how many ideas

Leonardo had for many of his notebooks were destroyed

Source: www.museoscienza.org

Your Summer Project Buy a bound notebook – where the pages are stitched into the

binding Observe irritations and record them in your notebook State exactly what the problem is that is producing the

irritation Propose a “design” or solution to the irritation Identify any risks which may prevent you from accomplishing

the “design” or solution Record at least 20 observations with corresponding statements

for the irritations, problems, and solutions Solutions or “designs” may include written descriptions, drawings

and illustrations, or other items to convey the information Submit you notebooks on the first day of class in September Sign and date each entry Have someone you are not related to, sign and date the entry if

you think it is novel, innovative, and may be a candidate for a patent

IF YOU DO NOT DO THE WORK…

YOU ARE LETTING SOMEONE ELSE BE MORE COMPETITIVE… AND LETTING THEM EAT YOUR LUNCH BEFORE YOU CAN EAT THEIRS!

Rule #2

YOU CAN WHINE AND COMPLAIN…

OR YOU CAN TAKE THE INITIATIVE TO CHANGE IT TO THE WAY YOU WANT IT…

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO?

Rule #3

MAKE A DIFFERENCE

“A LIFE IS NOT IMPORTANT EXCEPT FOR THE IMPACT IT MAKES ON OTHER LIVES”

– JACKIE ROBINSON (THE FIRST AFRO-AMERICAN TO PLAY MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL)

Rule #4

IT IS A SUPREME MISFORTUNE WHEN THEORY OUTSTRIPS PERFORMANCE (COURTESY LEONARDO DA VINCI)

YOU DRIVE YOUR SUCCESS AND YOUR ACCOMPLISJMENTS AND WHERE YOU TAKE YOUR LIFE

Rule #5

“Road Not Taken” by Robert FrostTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fairAnd having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden blackOh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.

"Road at Chantilly" by Paul Cézanne

Have a Really Great Summer!

Be Safe!Be Safe!

See You in September