education ,stress

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Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind,characteror physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process bywhich society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge,skills and values from onegeneration to another.

Etymologically, the word education is derived from educare (Latin) "bring up", which is relatedto educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead".[1]

Teachersin educational institutions direct the education ofstudentsand might draw on manysubjects, including reading, writing, mathematics,science and history. This process is sometimescalled schoolingwhen referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually asprofessors at institutions ofhigher learning. There is also education in fields for those who wantspecific vocationalskills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array ofeducation possible at the informal level, such as in museums and libraries, with the Internet andin life experience. Many non-traditional education options are now available and continue

to evolve.

A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: since 1952, Article 2of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rightsobliges all signatory parties toguarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

Contents

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1 Systems of formal educationo 1.1 Preschool education

o 1.2 Primary education

o 1.3 Secondary education

o 1.4 Higher education

o 1.5 Adult education

o 1.6 Alternative education

o 1.7 Indigenous education

2 Processo 2.1 Curriculum

o 2.2 Learning modalities

o 2.3 Teaching

o 2.4 Technology

3 Educational theory 4 Economics 5 History 6 Philosophy 7 Psychology
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8 Sociology 9 Education in the Developing World

o 9.1 Internationalization

10 See also 11 References

12 External links

[edit] Systems of formal education

Education is the process by which people learn:

Instruction refers to the facilitating of learning, usually by a teacher. Teaching refers to the actions of a real live instructor to impart learning to the student. Learning refers to learning with a view toward preparing learners with specific

knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately upon completion.

[edit] Preschool education

Main article:Preschool education

[edit] Primary education

Main article:Primary education

Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts ofBucharest, around1842.

Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 57 years of formal, structured education.In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of fiveor six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of

primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[2]

Under theEducation for All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achievinguniversal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory forchildren to receive primary education. The division between primary andsecondary education issomewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Someeducation systems have separatemiddle schools, with the transition to the final stage ofsecondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary
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education, are mostly referred to asprimary schools. Primary schools in these countries are oftensubdivided intoinfant schools andjunior school.

[edit] Secondary education

Main article: Secondary education

Students in a classroom at Samdach Euv High School, Cambodia

In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises theformal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from thetypically compulsory, comprehensiveprimary education forminors, to the optional, selectivetertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g.,university, vocational school foradults.Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary orhighschools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exactmeaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary betweenprimary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, butis generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs

mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada andAustralia primary andsecondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New ZealandYear 1-13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, toprepare forhigher educationor to train directly in aprofession.

The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused bythe rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence ofelectrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schoolswere created and the curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare studentsforwhite collaror skilledblue collarwork. This proved to be beneficial for both the employerand the employee, because this improvement in human capital caused employees to become

more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higherwage than employees with just primary educational attainment.

In Europe, the grammar school or academy existed from as early as the 16th century;publicschools orfee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations have an even longer history.

[edit] Higher education
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Main article:Higher education

The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning.

Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondaryeducation, such as a high school,secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken toinclude undergraduate andpostgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively,these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in thereceipt ofcertificates,diplomas, oracademic degrees.

Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, andwithin the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to astertiary education) and thegraduate (orpostgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduateschool). Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level orfoundation degreequalification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) nowenter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important tonational economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained andeducated personnel for the rest of the economy.

[edit] Adult education

Main article:Adult education

Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging fromformal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specificcourses such as veterinary assisting, medical billing and coding, real estate license,bookkeepingand many more are now available to students through the Internet.

[edit] Alternative education

Main article:Alternative education

Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education oreducational alternative, is abroad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education(for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of educationdesigned for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual
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disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employingalternative educational philosophies and methods.

Alternatives of the latter type are often the result ofeducation reform and are rooted in variousphilosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory

education. While some have strongpolitical,scholarly, orphilosophical orientations, others aremore informal associations of teachers andstudents dissatisfied with certain aspects oftraditionaleducation. These alternatives, which include charter schools,alternative schools,independentschools, andhome-based learning vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size,close relationships between students and teachers, and asense of community.

[edit] Indigenous education

Main article:Indigenous education

Increasingly, the inclusion of indigenous models of education (methods and content) as an

alternative within the scope of formal andnon-formal educationsystems, has come to represent asignificant factor contributing to the success of those members of indigenous communities whochoose to access these systems, both as students/learners and as teachers/instructors.

[edit] Process

[edit] Curriculum

Main articles: CurriculumandList of academic disciplines

An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at theuniversity, or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines orbranches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broadareas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences,mathematics,computer science, socialsciences, humanities and applied sciences.[3]

[edit] Learning modalities

There has been work on learning styles over the last two decades. Dunn and Dunn[4]focused onidentifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the schoolenvironment, at about the same time asJoseph Renzulli[5] recommended varying teachingstrategies. Howard Gardner[6] identified individual talents or aptitudes in his MultipleIntelligencestheories. Based on the works ofJung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicatorand KeirseyTemperament Sorter[7] focused on understanding how people's personality affects the way theyinteract personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within thelearning environment. The work ofDavid Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator[8]

follows a similar but more simplified approach.
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It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning "modes". The learningmodalities[9] are probably the most common:

Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned. Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information.

Kinesthetic: learning based on hands-on work and engaging in activities.

Although it is claimed that, depending on their preferred learning modality, different teachingtechniques have different levels of effectiveness,[10] recent research has argued "there is noadequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into generaleducational practice."[11]

A consequence of this theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teachingmethods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equalopportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them.[12] Guy Claxton has questioned theextent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to

label children and therefore restrict learning.

[13]

[edit] Teaching

Teachers need to understand a subject enough to convey its essence to students. Whiletraditionally this has involved lecturing on the part of the teacher, new instructional strategies putthe teacher more into the role of course designer, discussion facilitator, and coach and the studentmore into the role of active learner, discovering the subject of the course. In any case, the goal isto establish a sound knowledge base and skill set on which students will be able to build as theyare exposed to different life experiences. Good teachers can translate information, goodjudgment, experience and wisdom into relevant knowledge that a student can understand, retain

and pass to others. Studies from the US suggest that the quality of teachers is the single mostimportant factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly oninternational tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are aseffective as possible.[14] With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind),teachers must be highly qualified.

[edit] Technology

Main article:Educational technology

Technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are

used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and developnew ways of learning such as online education (a type ofdistance education). This gives studentsthe opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computersalso means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learningtools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and providesnew ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. One such tool are virtualmanipulatives, which are an "interactive, Web-based visual representation of a dynamic objectthat presents opportunities for constructing mathematical knowledge" (Moyer, Bolyard, &
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Spikell, 2002). In short, virtual manipulatives are dynamic visual/pictorial replicas of physicalmathematical manipulatives, which have long been used to demonstrate and teach variousmathematical concepts. Virtual manipulatives can be easily accessed on the Internet as stand-alone applets, allowing for easy access and use in a variety of educational settings. Emergingresearch into the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives as a teaching tool have yielded promising

results, suggesting comparable, and in many cases superior overall concept-teachingeffectiveness compared to standard teaching methods.[citation needed] Technology is being used morenot only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use oftechnologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of studentsin the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example isthe Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroomdiscussions.[15]

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a diverse set of tools and resourcesused to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. [16] These technologiesinclude computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony.

There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at alllevels, in both formal and non-formal settings.[17]Older ICT technologies, such as radio andtelevision, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although printremains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in bothdeveloped and developing countries.[18] In addition to classroom application and growth of e-learning opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student affairsprogramming have recognized the increasing importance of computer usage with data generationfor and about students. Motivation and retention counselors, along with faculty andadministrators, can impact the potential academic success of students by provision of technologybased experiences in the University setting.[19]

The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are usedat all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, varioustechnologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example,the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internettechnologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in arural community in Sri Lanka.[20]The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU),established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open anddistance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, televisionand, in recent years, online programming.[21]Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio andtelevision, and audio conferencing technologies.[22]

The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use oftechnology in teaching.

[edit] Educational theory

Main article:Education theory
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Education theoryis the theory of the purpose, application and interpretation of education andlearning. Its history begins with classical Greek educationalists and sophists and includes, sincethe 18th century,pedagogy and andragogy. In the 20th century, "theory" has become an umbrellaterm for a variety of scholarly approaches to teaching, assessment and education law, most ofwhich are informed by various academic fields, which can be seen in the below sections.

[edit] Economics

Main article:Economics of education

It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achievehigh levels ofeconomic growth.[23] Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical predictionthat poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edgetechnologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transferrequiresknowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or productionpractices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a

country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital".[24] Recentstudy of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance offundamental economic institutions[25] and the role of cognitive skills.[26]

At the individual level, there is a large literature, generally related back to the work ofJacobMincer,[27]on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital of theindividual. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. Thechief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling.[28]

Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was afundamental conflict in American schooling between theegalitariangoal of democratic

participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist productionon the other.[29]

[edit] History

This section needs additionalcitations for verification.Please helpimprove this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challengedandremoved.(November 2010)

Main article:History of education
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A depiction of the University of Bologna, Italy

The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universitt Berlin1994, "began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". Education as a science cannotbe separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the young of theirsociety in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The

evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmittingknowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-tellingcontinued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols andletters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increasedexponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills ofcommunicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc., formal education, andschooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between3000 and 500BC.The history of education is the history of man as since its the main occupationof man to pass knowledge, skills and attitude from one generation to the other so is education.

Nowadays some kind of education is compulsory to all people in most countries. Due to

population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education,UNESCO has calculated thatin the next 30 years more people will receive formal education than in all of human history thusfar.[30]

[edit] Philosophy

Main article:Philosophy of education
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John Locke's workSome Thoughts Concerning Education was written in 1693 and still reflectstraditional education priorities in the Western world.

As an academic field, philosophy of education is a "the philosophical study of education and its

problems...its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those ofphilosophy".

[31]

"The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or thephilosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense ofbeing concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or beingeducated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims,and methods of the discipline."[32] As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field ofapplied philosophy, drawing from fields ofmetaphysics,epistemology, axiology and thephilosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/oranalytic) to address questions in andaboutpedagogy,education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process oflearning, to name afew.[33] For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values andnorms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of

education as an academic discipline, and the relation betweeneducational theory and practice.

[edit] Psychology

Main article:Educational psychology
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A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or moreyears in the early grades increased high schoolgraduation rates of students from low incomefamilies.[34]

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, theeffectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychologyofschools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "schoolpsychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identifiedas educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings areidentified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes ofeducational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted childrenand those with specific disabilities.

Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines.It is informed primarily bypsychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the

relationship between medicine andbiology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide rangeof specialities within educational studies, including instructional design,educational technology,curriculum development, organizational learning,special education and classroom management.Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learningsciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed withinfaculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educationalpsychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).

[edit] Sociology

Main article: Sociology of education

The sociology of education is the study of how social institutions and forces affect educationalprocesses and outcomes, and vice versa. By many, education is understood to be a means ofovercoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and acquiring wealth and status for all(Sargent 1994). Learners may be motivated by aspirations for progress and betterment.Education is perceived as a place where children can develop according to their unique needsand potentialities.[35] The purpose of education can be to develop every individual to their full
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potential. The understanding of the goals and means of educational socialization processesdiffers according to the sociological paradigm used.

[edit] Education in the Developing World

This article needs additionalcitations for verification.Please helpimprove this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challengedandremoved.(April 2010)

World map indicating Education Index(according to 2007/2008 Human Development Report)

Universal primary educationis one of the eight Millennium Development Goals and greatimprovements have been achieved in the past decade, yet a great deal remains to be done.[36]

Researchers at the Overseas Development Instituteindicate the main obstacles to greater fundingfrom donors include: donor priorities, aid architecture, and the lack of evidence and advocacy.[36]

Additionally, Transparency Internationalhas identified corruption in the education sector as amajor stumbling block to achieving Universal primary education in Africa.[37] Furthermore,

demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as one wouldexpect as governments avoid the recurrent costs involved and there is economic pressure onthose parents who prefer their children making money in the short term over any long-termbenefits of education. Recent studies on child labor and poverty have suggested that when poorfamilies reach a certain economic threshold where families are able to provide for their basicneeds, parents return their children to school. This has been found to be true, once the thresholdhas been breached, even if the potential economic value of the children's work has increasedsince their return to school.
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School kids in Tanzania

But without capacity, there is no development. A study conducted by the UNESCO InternationalInstitute for Educational Planningindicates that stronger capacities in educational planning and

management may have an important spill-over effect on the system as a whole.

[38]

Sustainablecapacity development requires complex interventions at the institutional, organizational andindividual levels that could be based on some foundational principles:

national leadership and ownership should be the touchstone of any intervention; strategies must be context relevant and context specific; they should embrace an integrated set of complementary interventions, though

implementation may need to proceed in steps; partners should commit to a long-term investment in capacity development, while

working towards some short-term achievements; outside intervention should be conditional on an impact assessment of national capacities

at various levels.

Russia has more academic graduates than any other country inEurope.

A lack of good universities, and a low acceptance rate for good universities, is evident incountries with a high population density. In some countries, there are uniform, over structured,inflexible centralized programs from a central agency that regulates all aspects of education.

Due toglobalization, increased pressure on students in curricular activities Removal of a certain percentage of students for improvisation of academics (usually

practised in schools, after 10th grade)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graduates_in_tertiary_education-thousands.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graduates_in_tertiary_education-thousands.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_kids_in_Tanzania.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_kids_in_Tanzania.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_International_Institute_for_Educational_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization


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India is now developing technologies that will skip land basedphoneand internet lines. Instead,India launched EDUSAT, an education satellite that can reach more of the country at a greatlyreduced cost. There is also an initiative started by the OLPC foundation, a group out ofMITMedia Laband supported by several major corporations to develop a$100 laptop to delivereducational software. The laptops are widely available as of 2008. The laptops are sold at cost or

given away based on donations. These will enable developing countries to give their children adigital education, and help close thedigital divideacross the world.

In Africa,NEPAD has launched an "e-school programme" to provide all 600,000 primary andhigh schools with computer equipment, learning materials and internet access within 10 years.Private groups, like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, are working to give moreindividuals opportunities to receive education in developing countries through such programs asthe Perpetual Education Fund. An International Development Agencyproject called nabuur.com,started with the support of former American PresidentBill Clinton, uses the Internetto allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development.

[edit] Internationalization

Education is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials becoming moreinfluenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among students at all levels arealso playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example, the Socrates-ErasmusProgramme[39] stimulates exchanges across European universities. Also, the Soros Foundation[40]

provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programmessuch as the International Baccalaureatehave contributed to the internationalisation of education.Some scholars argue that, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse thananother, experiencing a different way of education can often be considered to be the mostimportant, enriching element of an international learning experience.[41]

[edit] See also

For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of education.Education

portal

Schools

portal

University

portal

Book: Education

Wikipedia Booksare collections of articles that can bedownloaded or ordered in print.

Academic dishonesty

Behavior modificationWhat Is Stress?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_satellite&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$100_laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$100_laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_dividehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_dividehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_dividehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEPADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEPAD_e-school_programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.nabuur.com/http://www.nabuur.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platopainting.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_satellite&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Labhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$100_laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_dividehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEPADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEPAD_e-school_programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.nabuur.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonestyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification


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Stress is a feeling that's created when we react to particular events. It's the body's way of rising to a

challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened

alertness.

The events that provoke stress are called stressors, and they cover a whole range of situations

everything from outright physical danger to making a class presentation or taking a semester's worth

of your toughest subject.

The human body responds to stressors by activating the nervous system and specific hormones. The

hypothalamus signals the adrenal glands to produce more of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol

and release them into the bloodstream. These hormones speed up heart rate, breathing rate, blood

pressure, and metabolism. Blood vessels open wider to let more blood flow to large muscle groups

putting our muscles on alert. Pupils dilate to improve vision. The liver releases some of its stored

glucose to increase the body's energy. And sweat is produced to cool the body. All of these physical

changes prepare a person to react quickly and effectively to handle the pressure of the moment.

This natural reaction is known as the stress response. Working properly, the body's stress response

enhances a person's ability to perform well under pressure. But the stress response can also cause

problems when it overreacts or fails to turn off and reset itself properly.

Good Stress and Bad Stress

The stress response (also called the fight or flight response) is critical during emergency situations,

such as when a driver has to slam on the brakes to avoid an accident. It can also be activated in a

milder form at a time when the pressure's on but there's no actual danger like stepping up to take

the foul shot that could win the game, getting ready to go to a big dance, or sitting down for a final

exam. A little of this stress can help keep you on your toes, ready to rise to a challenge. And the

nervous system quickly returns to its normal state, standing by to respond again when needed.

But stress doesn't always happen in response to things that are immediate or that are over quickly.

Ongoing or long-term events, like coping with a divorce or moving to a new neighborhood or school,

can cause stress, too.

Long-term stressful situations can produce a lasting, low-level stress that's hard on people. The

nervous system senses continued pressure and may remain slightly activated and continue to pump

out extra stress hormones over an extended period. This can wear out the body's reserves, leave a
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person feeling depleted or overwhelmed, weaken the body's immune system, and cause other

problems.

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Workplace stress is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a

poor match between job demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker.[1]

Stress-related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, includingpsychologicaldisorders (e.g., depression, anxiety,post-traumatic stress disorder) and other types of emotionalstrain (e.g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension, etc.), maladaptive behaviors (e.g., aggression,substance abuse), and cognitive impairment (e.g., concentration and memory problems). In turn,these conditions may lead to poor work performance or eveninjury. Job stress is also associatedwith various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such ascardiovascular disease,[2] or in extreme cases, death.

Contents[hide]

1 Prevalence 2 Health and Healthcare Utilization 3 Causes of Workplace Stress 4 Signs of Workplace Stress
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5 Prevention 6 See also 7 References

8 External links

[edit] Prevalence

Stress is a prevalent and costly problem in today's workplace. About one-third of workers reporthigh levels of stress.[1] One-quarter of employees view their jobs as the number one stressor intheir lives.[3] Three-quarters of employees believe the worker has more on-the-job stress than ageneration ago.[4] Evidence also suggests that stress is the major cause ofturnoverinorganizations.[1]

[edit] Health and Healthcare Utilization

Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other lifestressor-more so than even financial problems or family problems.[5] Many studies suggest thatpsychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work processincrease the risk ofcardiovascular disease.[6] On the basis of research by theNational Institute forOccupational Safety and Health and many other organizations, it is widely believed that jobstress increases the risk for development of back and upper-extremitymusculoskeletal disorders.[6] High levels of stress are associated with substantial increases in health service utilization.[1]

Workers who report experiencing stress at work also show excessive health care utilization. In a1998 study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were nearly 50% greater for workers reportinghigh levels of stress in comparison to low risk workers. The increment rose to nearly 150%, an

increase of more than $1,700 per person annually, for workers reporting high levels of bothstress and depression.[7] Additionally, periods ofdisability due to job stress tend to be muchlonger than disability periods for other occupational injuries and illnesses.[8]

Physiological reactions to stress can have consequences for health over time. Researchers havebeen studying how stress affects the cardiovascular system, as well as how work stress can leadto hypertension and coronary artery disease. These diseases, along with other stress-inducedillnesses tend to be quite common in American work-places. [9]

There are four Main physiological reactions to stress:

Blood is shunted to the brain and large muscle groups, and away from extremities, skin,and organs that are not currently serving the body. An area near the brain stem, known as the reticular activating system, goes to work,

causing a state of keen alertness as well as sharpening of hearing and vision. Energy-providing compounds of glucose and fatty acids are released into the

bloodstream. The immune and digestive systems are temporarily shut down.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workplace_stress&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workplace_stress&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-Encyc_OSH-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-Encyc_OSH-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-Encyc_OSH-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workplace_stress&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workplace_stress&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-Encyc_OSH-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-Encyc_OSH-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-NIOSH_Stressatwork-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress#cite_note-8


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[edit] Causes of Workp

education ,stress

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