EDUCATION PROFILE AND ISSUES OF ASEAN COUNTRIES

Prepared and Presented by

M. YAHYA AHMADDoctoral Degree Student

Philippine Chistian University

On the fulfillment of subject :

Comparative EducationM. Yahya Ahmad

TOPIC OF INTEREST

• Compulsory Education• Basic Education

Definition• Country Profile• Issues and Challenges

M. Yahya Ahmad

COMPULSORY EDUCATION

Definition and its mandate

Education Law Basis of each country

Right to Education

M. Yahya Ahmad

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): "Everyone has the right to education. Education

shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. …" (Article 26)

European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 1 (1952): No person shall be denied the right to education.M. Yahya Ahmad

UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960): The States Parties to this Convention

undertake to formulate, develop and apply a national policy which, ... will tend to promote equality of opportunity and of treatment ... and in particular: (a) To make primary education free and compulsory.

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966): Primary education shall be compulsory and

available free for all. Protocol of San Salvador to the American

Convention on Human Rights (1988) The States Parties to this Protocol recognize that

in order to achieve the full exercise of the right to education: a. Primary education should be compulsory and

accessible to all without cost.

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

Convention on the Rights of the Child: (1989): States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular: (a) Make primary education compulsory and available free for all.

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the African Child (1990): States Parties to the present Charter shall take all appropriate measures with a view to achieving the full realization of [the right to education] and shall in particular: a) provide free and compulsory basic education;

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

(Revised) European Social Charter (1996): With a view to ensuring the effective exercise of

the right of children and young persons to grow up in an environment which encourages the full development of their personality and of their physical and mental capacities, the Parties undertake, either directly or in co-operation with public and private organizations, to take all appropriate and necessary measures designed: 2. to provide to children and young persons a free

primary and secondary education as well as to encourage regular attendance at schools.

Key treaty provisions on free and compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

Content of the Right to Education and State Obligations

Equal enjoyment of, and equal access to, educational opportunities and facilities

Compulsory and free primary education Generally available and accessible

secondary education, and equally accessible higher education

Freedom of choice in education, and freedom to establish private institutions

M. Yahya Ahmad

Definition of Basic Education (Jomtiem Conference, 1990)

The definition of basic education must be in terms of levels to be attained, and knowledge and skills to be acquired along the lines of the Jomtien 'enlarged vision', not in terms of a period of compulsory school education

Basic education allows personal development, intellectual autonomy, integration into professional life and participation in the development of the society in the context of democracy.

M. Yahya Ahmad

FOUR As EDUCATION

Availability that education is free and government-funded and that there is

adequate infrastructure and trained teachers able to support education delivery.

Accessibility `that the system is non- discriminatory and accessible to all, and

that positive steps are taken to include the most marginalised. Acceptability

that the content of education is relevant, non-discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and of quality; that the school itself is safe and teachers are professional.

Adaptability  that education can evolve with the changing needs of society

and contribute to challenging inequalities, such as gender discrimination, and that it can be adapted locally to suit specific contexts.

M. Yahya Ahmad

COUNTRY CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION

Brunei Darussalam (mandate is not clear)

Cambodia

(1) The State shall protect and upgrade citizens' rights to quality education at all levels(2) The state shall establish a comprehensive and standardized educational system

(3) The State shall provide free primary and secondary education to all citizens in public schools

East Timor

(1) The State shall recognise and guarantee that every citizen has the right to education

(2) Everyone has the right to equal opportunities for education and vocational training

(3) The State should ensure the access of every citizen, in accordance to their abilities, to the highest levels of education

Lao-PDR

(1) Lao citizens have the right to receive education

(2) The State pays attention to developing education in combination with the building of a new generation to be good citizens

(3) The State implement the compulsory education system at primary levels. M. Yahya Ahmad

COUNTRY CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION

(1) Every citizen has the right to education

(2) The government shall establish and conduct a national educational system

(3) Every person shall have the right to better him/herself through the fulfilment of his/her basic needs, the right to education

Malaysia(1) In providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution

(1) Every citizen have the right to education

(2) Every citizen shall be given basic education prescribed by the law as compulsory

(3) The State shall earnestly strive to improve education (4) The State shall implement free compulsory primary education system(5) The State shall implement a modern education system (1) The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels(2) The State will establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and (3) The state will establish and maintain, a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels(4) Elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;(5) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning

Indonesia

Myanmar

Philippines

M. Yahya Ahmad

COUNTRY CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION

(1) Rights in respect of education ..... There shall be no discrimination against any citizens of Singapore

(2) ... providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution

(1) A person shall enjoy an equal right to receive education for the duration of not less than twelve years which shall be provided by State thoroughly

(2) The indigent, disabled or handicapped, or destitute person shall enjoy an equal right and shall be supported by State to receive equal education (3) A person shall enjoy an academic freedom(4) Children and youth with no guardian shall have the right to receive appropriate care and education from the State

(1) The citizen has both the right and the duty to receive training and instruction.

(2) Primary education is compulsory and dispensed free of charge.(3) The citizen has the right to get general education and vocational training in various ways.

(4) The State and society shall create the necessary conditions for, handicapped children to acquire general knowledge and appropriate job training

Thailand

Vietnam

Singapore

M. Yahya Ahmad

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education

The Education (Brunei Board of Examinations ) Act of 1976

Education Order 2003

Child Care Centre Order 2006

Compulsory Education Order 2007

Administration and management of the education systemThe Ministry of Education (MOE)

Curriculum Development Department (CDD)

Schools Inspectorate under MOE

National Education Council

National Accreditation Council

Technical and Vocational Education CouncilM. Yahya Ahmad

CAMBODIA

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution of 1993

The Education Law 2007

Administration and management of the education system Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS)

Curriculum Development Department Supreme National Council for Education,Cambodian National Council for ChildrenNational Training BoardAccreditation Committee of Cambodia (ACC)M. Yahya Ahmad

INDONESIA

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution of 1945 and its ammendment

National Education System Law No. 20/2003National Guidelines of the State Policy of 1993 Presidential Decree of 1994Decision of the People's Consultative Assembly No. IV of 1999 Law No. 22 on Local Governance of 1999Teacher and Lecturer Law No. 14 of 2005

Administration and management of the education system Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC)Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORAMinistry of Women Empowerment and Child ProtectionMinistry of Social Affairs

National Accreditation Board for Higher EducationBoard of National Education Standards National Board of School Accreditation School/Madrasah Committee

M. Yahya Ahmad

LAO-PDR

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution, promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003

Decree on Compulsory Primary Education No.138/PMO/96

Decrees No. 0922, 0923 and 0924 dated 17 July 2001

Education Law No. 03/AN was enacted on 8 April 2000

Administration and management of the education system Ministry of Education (MOE)

Provincial Education Services (PES)District Education Bureaus (DEB)

Village Education Development Committees

Research Institute for the Educational Sciences (RIES),

Educational Standards and Quality Assurance Center (ESQAC) Inclusive Education Center,

Strategic Research and Educational Analysis CenterMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW)

National Training Council M. Yahya Ahmad

MALAYSIA

Laws and other basic regulations concerning educationEducation Amendment Act 2002 (Act A1152),Childcare Centres (Amendment) Act 2007.Universities and University Colleges Act (Amendment) 1996 Private Higher Education Institutions Act (1996)National Council on Higher Education Act (1996)National Skills Development Act 2006 (Act 652)

Administration and management of the education system Ministry of Education (MOE)

School Inspectorate , a MOE divisionCurriculum Development Centre (CDC)Educational Planning Committee (EPC) Educational Planning and Research Division (EPRD

Ministry of Higher EducationMalaysian Qualifications Agency

Ministry of Women, Family and Community DevelopmentMinistry of Rural and Regional DevelopmentNational Unity Department

M. Yahya Ahmad

Republic of the Union of MYANMAR (BURMA)

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution of 1974

Basic Education Law 1973University Education Law 1973 and amended in 1998Technical, Agricultural and Vocational Education Law 1974 and amended in 1989. The Child Law 1993

Administration and management of the education systemMinistry of Education

Basic Education I, II and IIIEducational Planning and TrainingHigher EducationMyanmar Board of Examinations; Myanmar Language CommissionMyanmar Education Research Bureau (MERB)

M. Yahya Ahmad

PHILIPPINES

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution (1987)

Education Act of 1982Republic Act No. 6655 (Free Secondary Education Act)Republic Act No. 6728 deals with private education,Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Law, 2000Republic Act 6972: Total Protection of Children ActRepublic Act No. 7722: Commission on Higher EducationRepublic Act No. 7836: Philippine Teachers Professionalization ActRepublic Act No. 7165: State policy to eradicate illiteracyRepublic Act No. 7796: Technical Education and Skills Development ActRepublic Act No. 9155: Governance Basic Educaion Act,

Administration and management of the education system Department of Education (DepEd)Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)Commission on Higher Education (CHED)Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the PhilippinesAccrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the PhilippinesDepartment of Social Welfare and DevelopmentM. Yahya Ahmad

SINGAPORE

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Education Act (1985 Ed) and the School Regulations (1990 Ed). Childcare Centres Act of 1988, amended in 2001Private Education Act No. 21, 2009Compulsory Education Act (Cap 51), 2000

Administration and management of the education system Ministry of Education

Curriculum Planning and Development DivisionSingapore Examinations and Assessment Board.Council for Private Education

M. Yahya Ahmad

THAILAND

Laws and other basic regulations concerning education Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 1997.National Education Act B.E. 2542 1999 and ammended 2002Compulsory Education Act, 2003According to the Promotion of Non-Formal and Informal Education Act 2008Vocational Education Act of 2008

Administration and management of the education systemMinistry of Education (MOE)

Office of the Higher Education CommissionOffice of the Private EducationCommissionOffice of the Education CouncilOffice of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC)Office of the Vocational Education Commission (OVEC)Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education (ONIE)

Ministry of the InteriorNational Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB)The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology

M. Yahya Ahmad

TIMOR LESTE

Upppsss .....I am Sorry......Data Not Available

M. Yahya Ahmad

Socialist Republic of

VIETNAMLaws and other basic regulations concerning education

Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1992)Law on Universal Primary Education (UPE) 1991Education Law 2005

Administration and management of the education systemMinistry of Education and Training (MOET)

Departments of Education and TrainingDistrict Bureaus of Education and Training

National Institute for Educational ScienceCentre for Curriculum Dev. and Method of General Education

National AssemblyNational Council of EducationCenter for Education and Quality Assurance and Research Development Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) M. Yahya Ahmad

COUNTRY PROFILE

Implementation of Compulsory Education

Humand Development Index

M. Yahya Ahmad

CountryScore of mandate

Compulsory Education

Human Development Index (World

rank)

HDI ScoreHDI_Education

Score

Brunei 1 12 years 33/187 0.838/0.671 0.733Cambodia 4 6 years 139/187 0.523/0.671 0.523East Timor 2 n/a 147/187 0.495/0.671 0.371Lao-PDR 4 n/a 138/187 0.524/0.671 0.432Indonesia 4 9 years 124/187 0.617/0.671 0.584Malaysia 4 9 years 61/187 0.761/0.671 0.730Myanmar 4 5/6 years 149/187 0.483/0.671 0.404Philippines 4 7 years 112/187 0.644 /0.671 0.684Singapore 2 n/a 26/187 0.866/0.671 0.751Thailand 3 9 years 103/187 0.682/0.671 0.597Vietnam 4 5/6 years 128/187 0.593/0.671 0.503

M. Yahya Ahmad

Implementation of compulsory education

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

ABOVE AVERAGE

BELOW AVERAGE

M. Yahya Ahmad

Primary Teacher Age Proportion Under 30

M. Yahya Ahmad

Number of children of primary school age who were out of school in 2008, selected

countrie

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

Pupil/Teacher Ratio

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

M. Yahya Ahmad

OVER STANDARD

BELOW STANDARD

M. Yahya Ahmad

EDUCATIONAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Equity Problems

Quality Problems

M. Yahya Ahmad

Problem of Equity in Education

Lack of available school building and classroom with all required facilities

Shortage of teachers, especially in remote areas; That is one of the reason in countries like Thailand and Indonesia there are multi grade teachers where one teacher teaches more than one grades of primary school

Uneven spread of population, which also creates serious disparities in educational opportunity; especially in a big country like Indonesia.

M. Yahya Ahmad

Lack of good textbooks and other learning materials. Due to financial and geographical reason this problem can easily be found in remote schools.

Geographical location Student’s and parent’s low appreciation toward

education Level of socio-economic condition of the family Lack of budget for building more schools,

classrooms, learning facilities

Problem of Equity in Education

M. Yahya Ahmad

Problem of Quality Education

Dakar’s Framework of Action: A good quality education requires:

Healthy, well nourished and motivated students,

Well motivated and professionally competent teacher,

Active learning techniques,A relevant curriculum

M. Yahya Ahmad

Adequate, environmentally friendly and easily accessible facilities,

Healthy, safe and protective learning environments,

A clear definition and accurate assessment of learning outcomes, including knowledge, skills, attitude and values

Participatory governance and management, and

Respect for and engagement with local communities and cultures

Problem of Quality Education

M. Yahya Ahmad

THANK YOU

M. Yahya Ahmad