EDU 528 NotesEDU 528 Notes

Information collection of materialsInformation collection of materials

Introduction to ComputersIntroduction to Computers

►What is a computer?What is a computer?►A computer is an electronic machine, A computer is an electronic machine,

operating under the control of operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results produce results, and store the results for future use.for future use.

Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers

Data and InformationData and Information GOOGLEGOOGLE Data is a collection of raw unprocessed Data is a collection of raw unprocessed

facts, figures, and symbols. Computers facts, figures, and symbols. Computers process data to create information.process data to create information.

Information is data that is organized, Information is data that is organized, meaningful and useful.meaningful and useful.

Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers Inside a ComputerInside a Computer Two main components on the mother Two main components on the mother

board are the central processing unit and board are the central processing unit and memory. The CPU also called a processor memory. The CPU also called a processor is the electronic device that interprets and is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer.operate the computer.

During processing, the processor places During processing, the processor places instructions to be executed and data instructions to be executed and data needed by those instructions into memory. needed by those instructions into memory. MemoryMemory is a temporary holding place for is a temporary holding place for data and instructions. data and instructions.

Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers

Hard DriveHard Drive – consists of several – consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called inflexible, circular disks, called platters. A platter in a hard disk platters. A platter in a hard disk is made of aluminum, glass or is made of aluminum, glass or ceramic and is coated with a ceramic and is coated with a material that allows data to be material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on its magnetically recorded on its surface.surface.

Intro to Computers• Operating System – Contains

instructions that coordinate all of the activities of the hardware devised in a computer. The operating system must be loaded from the hard disk into the computer’s memory. Each time you start your computer the operating system is loaded or copied into memory from the computer’s hard disk.

DIGITAL STUDENTS: WHO THEY ARE AND HOW THEY LEARNDIGITAL STUDENTS: WHO THEY ARE AND HOW THEY LEARN

Today’s youth are media centric. It is Today’s youth are media centric. It is believed that the brains of today’s youths believed that the brains of today’s youths have actually become rewired to have actually become rewired to accommodate the thousands of hours they accommodate the thousands of hours they spend in front of a computer screen spend in front of a computer screen watching and creating video, listening to watching and creating video, listening to music and playing computer games.music and playing computer games.

Communications NetworksCommunications NetworksDigital vs. analog signalsDigital vs. analog signals– ModemModem

ExternalExternal

InternalInternal

– Network Interface CardsNetwork Interface Cards

Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)– Covers limited geographical areaCovers limited geographical area– Server manages resourcesServer manages resources

Wide Area Networks (WAN)Wide Area Networks (WAN)– Covers large geographical areaCovers large geographical area– Can consist of several LANsCan consist of several LANs

• Home networks– Connects multiple computers in home– Share internet access

• School network server• Example Classroom

– 3 Macintosh computers– 1 printer

• Example school network– Classrooms– Administration– Computer Lab

• High speed or Broadband Access– Gov’t works to provide high speed Internet access to

classrooms– Broadband technology transmits signals at much faster

speeds

What is the Internet?

Worldwide group of connected networks that allow public access to information and services

No single organization owns or controls Estimated over one billion users Variety of users The world’s largest network is the Internet, which is a

worldwide collection of networks that link together millions of businesses, governments, educational institutions, and individuals.

History of the Internet

Started as a network of four computers at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) – ARPANET

More than 200 million computers today Backbone first provided by National

Science Foundation (NSF) – NSFnet In the case of nuclear holocaust,

government wanted a way to communicate if need of nuclear war occurred

Backbone now provided by a variety of corporations

Various organizations help define standards

Internet2 (I2) Extremely high-speech network Develop and test latest Internet technologies Members include over 190 universities in the

United States, along with 60 companies and the United States government

How the Internet WorksHow the Internet Works• Data is divided into packetsData is divided into packets• Routers send packets across the InternetRouters send packets across the Internet• Packet switchingPacket switching• Transmission control protocol/Internet Transmission control protocol/Internet

protocol (protocol (TCP/IPTCP/IP) is the communications ) is the communications protocol used by the Internetprotocol used by the Internet

• Internet AddressesInternet Addresses– Numeric addressesNumeric addresses– Domain nameDomain name

•Domain type abbreviationsDomain type abbreviations•Country code abbreviationsCountry code abbreviations

The World Wide WebThe World Wide WebStarted in the early 1990sStarted in the early 1990sHyperlinksHyperlinksUniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Hypertext transfer protocolHypertext transfer protocolHow a Web Page WorksHow a Web Page Works

HypertextHypertextHyperlinksHyperlinks

TargetTargetRelativeRelativeAbsoluteAbsolute

Information Overload

The amount of information available to people is growing every day – as scientists uncover new facts; physicians develop improved treatments; technology firms design unprecedented products; and journalists record history in the making. Technologies such as digital media CDs, DVDs, and digital media on the World Wide Web make this vast – some say overwhelming – amount of information easily available to teachers and students. As a result of this potential information overload, experts worry that students might be spending more time sifting through information than actually applying and utilizing information. What do you think? Can there ever be too much information? Why or why not? How could too much information adversely affect teachers and students? What can be done about information overload? How can teachers help students avoid this?

What is Curriculum?The knowledge, skills, and

performance standards students are expected to acquire in particular grade levels

The Learning Curve plagues the teacher consistentlyLearn a lot of information in a small amount of time

Plan or written document

What is Curriculum?

Curriculum Standards and BenchmarksCurriculum standard

Defines what a student is expected to know at certain stages of education

BenchmarkSpecific, measurable learning objective

What is Technology Integration?

Combining of all technology parts, such as hardware and software, together with each subject-related area of curriculum to enhance learning

Establish connections between subject matter and the real world

What is Technology Integration? Curriculum drives technology Classroom integration versus Traditional

Computer Labs Computer Labs

A designated classroom filled with computers

Teachers schedule time to use the labs for many purposes

Point of InstructionTeachable moments

The Classroom in Action

Introduction to Mr. Balado’s classroom Five student computers networked to the

school’s local area network and the World Wide Web

Instructional computer with access to the Web and connected to a large television set

Allows Mr. Balado to access vast amounts of information

Integrating Technology Integrating Technology into the Classroominto the Classroom

• Technology can motivate students and increase class attendance

• Technology must be integrated into the curriculum– Identify goals– Develop innovative ways to teach a

diverse population of learners with different learning styles

Changing Instructional Changing Instructional StrategiesStrategies

• Teachers are shifting from being the dispenser of knowledge to being the facilitator of learning– Students can accomplish learning with

the teachers’ assistance– Learning is not just storage of

knowledge, but includes problem solving

Wellivers Instructional Wellivers Instructional Transformation ModelTransformation Model

• Familiarization – Teachers become aware of technology and its potential uses.

• Utilization – Teachers use technology, but minor problems will cause teachers to discontinue its use.

• Integration – Technology becomes essential for the educational process and teachers are constantly thinking of ways to use technology in their classrooms.

Reorientation – Teachers begin to rethink the educational goals of the classroom with the use of technology.Revolution – The evolving classroom becomes completely integrated with technology in all subject areas. Technology becomes an invisible tool that is seamlessly woven into the teaching and learning process.

Barriers to Technology Barriers to Technology IntegrationIntegration

• Lack of teacher training

• Lack of administration support

• Limited time for teacher planning

• Placement of computers in remote locations

• Budget constraints

With Proper Technology Training, With Proper Technology Training, Teachers:Teachers:

• Create relationships between active learning and active teaching.

• Develop an appreciation and an understanding of the potential of technology.

• Learn to be creators of digital media.• Develop leadership skills and become role models for

successful integration.• Understand the power of technology integration.• Design integrated curriculum activities.• Learn the benefits of technology in the classroom.• Develop ownership of the technology through authentic

experiences.• Learn to motivate students with technology.• Achieve success by becoming informed and reflective

decision makers.• Become advocates for technology integration.

Technology Integration Technology Integration and the Learning Processand the Learning Process

• The Learning Process– Authentic Learning

• Instructional activities that demonstrate real-life connections by associating the concept being taught with a real-life activity or event

– Active Learning• Students become active in the learning process

– Anchored instruction• Providing a knowledge base on which students can build

– Problem-based instruction• Students use the background (anchor) information to solve

complex problems

– Discovery Learning• Inquire-based method for teaching and learning

Learning Theories and Educational Research

LearningThe process of gaining knowledge or skills acquired through instruction or study, or to modify behavior through exposure

to a type of conditioning or form of gaining experienceTheory

A scientific set of principles presented to clarify or explain a phenomenon

Learning TheoriesProvide frameworks for interpreting the conditions and

observations of teaching and learning and provide the bridge between education and research

Behaviorism

Learning as it relates to behavior Teachers cannot communicate

information well if they cannot control student behavior

Positive and negative rewards

Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov

Famous for behavioral experiments with dogs

Classic conditioning B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning Learning is controlled and

results in shaping behavior through the reinforcement of stimulus response patterns

Reinforcement

Behaviorism Albert Bandura

Focuses on motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that contribute to a person’s behavior

Social Cognitive Theory

People acquire behaviors through the observation of others

"People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it."Albert Bandura

Cognitivist

Cognitive theory Activities like

thinking and remembering seem like a behavior

Thinking plays a role

Cognitivist Alan Paivio

Dual coding theory assumes that people process information in two distinctly different ways

Processing for images Processing for language

Three sub processes Representational

Verbal or nonverbal representations are directly influenced Referential

Deals with when verbal system is activated by nonverbal communication and vise versa

Associative When both text based and graphic representations involved

Cognitivist

Robert Gagne Psychologist and educator Three principles for successful instruction

Providing instruction on the set of component tasks that build toward a final task

Ensuring that each component task is mastered Sequencing the component tasks to ensure

optimal transfer to the final task

Cognitivist continued… Five Categories of Learning

Categories of Learning Outcomes Verbal information Intellectual skills; composed of concrete and defined concepts Cognitive strategies Motor skills Attitudes

Examples of Outcomes Learner can state what has been learned Learner can discriminate between facts, can identify colors,

and can follow directions Learner reads books Learner can use a mouse or joystick Learner prefers reading to watching T.V.

Cognitivist continues… Nine events of instruction

Gain attention of the learners Inform learners of the objective Stimulate recall of prior learning Present the stimulus or lesson Provide learning guidance and instruction Elicit performance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention and transfer

Connecting with Today’s Kids Through Game-Based Learning Learning games have been the

center of considerable controversy and discussion in recent years

Thirty-six learning principles can be found in all successful video games, regardless of content

Connecting with Today’s Kids Through Game-Based Learning

Learning Principles Found in Successful Video Games

How players form an identity to buy into the content

How players learn to connect different symbol systems (words, symbols, artifacts)

How players choose between various methods to solve a problem

How players identify, filter, and utilize different nonverbal cues

How players leverage their knowledge to reapply solutions learned from one situation to newly discovered ones

How players identify and develop a sense for story