EÐL620M / Life in the Universe

Astrophysics – chemistry – Biology – earth-/planetary sciences

•Atoms - chemical bond•Carbon chemical bond•Atoms and molecules in space;

Informations derived from spectroscopy•Molecules in the universe;

Existance and formation•Interactions between light and matter ;

photochemistry, photoionization, photofragmentation

•Thermochemistry in the Universe•Biochemistry

2x

::

2x

2xn = 1

n = 2

n = 3

::

E ::

::

::

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

::

Es

Molecular energies(orbitals) also quantized

?

- -

--+ +

Attractionforces, F-

Repulsionforces, F+

Net force = F = F+ + F-

drdUF

NB

-

F:.

F:F:F:

F = - dUdr

r

Ur

0

-

**

*

*

- -

--+ +

Attractionforces, F-

Repulsionforces, F+

Net force = F = F+ + F-

e.g. energy depends on the distancebetween atomsPotential curve

drdUF

U

r

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

::

E

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

::

E

A A - B

A(n=1) +B

A(n=2) + B

A(n=3) + B

A(n=1)

A(n=2)

A(n=3)

rAB

A - B rAB

A(n) + B

A - B

A(n) + B

rABv = 0

v = 1v = 2

v = 3

E(v)

A - B

A(n) + B

rAB

E(v) =Etotal

Upot

EkinEkin

Upot

Ekinmax = Evib

Evib increases with v

A B

A - B

A(n) + B

rAB

E(v) =Etotal Evib increases with v

A B

EvibC(v+1/2)

J=0J=1

J=2

J=3

J=4

J=5

E(J)

E(J) increases with J

E(J) = BJ(J+1)

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE 2)(

nRE

A-B

E(n)

::

E(v) E(J)

::

::

)21( vCE

)1( JJBE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE 2)(

nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

)21( vCE

)1( JJBE

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE 2)(

nRE

A-B

E(n)

::

E(v) E(J)

::

::

)21( vCE

)1( JJBE

AR ABR AB ABC ABB

...or emission:

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html

Orion nebula

H atom

prism

Wave-length

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A=H

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A=H

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

H2

Databases:• molecules:

– http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/form-ser.html.en-us.en – http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/41f558ea2dcc24a0ead3ab58afde0

443,0/Spectra/Catalogue_Spectra_5p4.html

• atoms:– http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/asd.cfm – http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/amdata/ampdata/kurucz23/sekur.html

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

Glycinemethanol

carbonmonoxide

Microwave spectra /Rotational spectra

Glycinebut:

Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H

AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN

AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H

C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N

CH CH22005

C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO

CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2

CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O

CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH

CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H

–

2006

CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO

SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N

HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)

KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N

NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006

NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006

NS MgNC H3O+ H2COH+

OH N2O CH3*

PN NaCN

SO OCS

SO+ SO2

SiN c-SiC2

SiO CO2*

SiS NH2

CS H3+*

HF H2D+, HD

2+

SH* SiCN

HD AlNC

FeO (?) SiNC

O2 (?)2005

CF+2006

SiH (?)

8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms

CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006

HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N

HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006

C2H5OCH3 (?)2005

CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005

C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO

H2C6 HC7N

CH2OHCHO2006

C8H

l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006

CH2CHCHO (?)

CH2CCHCN2006

Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells:

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H

AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN

AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H

C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N

CH CH22005

C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO

CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2

CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O

CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH

CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H

–

2006

CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO

SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N

HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)

KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N

NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006

NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms

NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3

OH N2O CH3*

PN NaCN

SO OCS

SO+ SO2

SiN c-SiC2

SiO CO2*

SiS NH2

CS H3+*

HF H2D+, HD

2+

SH* SiCN

HD AlNC

FeO (?) SiNC

O2 (?)2005

CF+2006

SiH (?)

8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms

CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006

HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N

HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006

C2H5OCH3 (?)2005

CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005

C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO

H2C6 HC7N

CH2OHCHO2006

C8H

l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006

CH2CHCHO (?)

CH2CCHCN2006

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H

AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN

AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H

C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N

CH CH22005

C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO

CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2

CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O

CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH

CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H

–

2006

CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO

SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N

HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)

KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N

NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006

NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms

NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3

OH N2O CH3*

PN NaCN

SO OCS

SO+ SO2

SiN c-SiC2

SiO CO2*

SiS NH2

CS H3+*

HF H2D+, HD

2+

SH* SiCN

2 atoms 3 atoms

FeO (?) SiNC

O2 (?)2005

CF+2006

SiH (?)

8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms

CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006

HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N

HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006

C2H5OCH3 (?)2005

CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005

C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO

H2C6 HC7N

CH2OHCHO2006

C8H

l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006

CH2CHCHO (?)

CH2CCHCN2006

:Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells:

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H

AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN

AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H

C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N

CH CH22005

C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO

CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2

CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O

CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH

CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H

–

2006

CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO

SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N

HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)

KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N

NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006

NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006

2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms

NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3

OH N2O CH3*

PN NaCN

SO OCS

SO+ SO2

SiN c-SiC2

SiO CO2*

SiS NH2

CS H3+*

HF H2D+, HD

2+

SH* SiCN

HD AlNC

FeO (?) SiNC

O2 (?)2005

CF+2006

SiH (?)

8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms

CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006

HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N

HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005

CH3C6H2006

C2H5OCH3 (?)2005

CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005

C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO

H2C6 HC7N

CH2OHCHO2006

C8H

l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006

CH2CHCHO (?)

CH2CCHCN2006

:Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10542.html:

Formed in the vicinity of young stars (?)

12

3

S1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

%

% þungavægi frumefna

Hydrogen(H)

other(C,O,N,Si..)

75%

25%

1%

Helium(He)

% elements by weight

+-

+

+-

AB = h

AB

h

+-

+

AB = h

AB

h

+-

H – detection?:

Earth

-Absorption in the vacuum UV region / affected by the atmosphere- H nonpolar => no absorption due to rotational or vibrational excitations

Earth

H – detection?:

-Absorption in the vacuum UV region / affected by the atmosphere- H nonpolar => no absorption due to rotational or vibrational excitations

Lifetime: ..........106 ár (0)

Effective lifetime...500 ár ()

= 21 cm = 1420.4 MHz

http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html

Orion nebula

H atom

Qualitative and quantitative analysispossible

MORE?

Peak heights for the same compound differ (?)

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

E(n)

n=1

n=2

n=3

n :

A

E(n)

2nRE

A-B

E(n) E(v) E(J)

2)(1n

E vE 2JE

)2()1( kinkin EE

(1) (2)

)2()1( TT

TEkin

“Thermometer”:

Calc.

measured

KT 40

Large temperature variation in space:

... giant molecular clouds / GMC

Hot molecular clouds:

..in the vicinity of stars / light energy

Cold molecular clouds:

Far away from stars / light energy

Cold molecular clouds:

Cold molecular clouds:

12

3

S1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

%

% þungavægi frumefna

75%

25%

1%H2Hydrogen(H)

other(C,O,N,Si..)Helium(He)

% elements by weight