Ecosystems• Read pgs. 365-369• Vocab

– 22 Primary productivity

– 23 Producer– 24 Consumer– 25 Trophic level– 26 Food chain– 27 Food web– 28 Herbivore– 29 Carnivore

Pred/Prey LabKiller Bee Video Aliens of the Deep Video

– 30 Omnivore– 31Detritivore– 32 Decomposer– 33 Energy pyramid– 34 Biomass pyramid

Why do organisms live where they do? (a.k.a.habitat/physical area)

• 2 Questions to ask:A. How did they get there?

B. Why do they stay?

A. How did they get there?

• Evolved in that location

• Migrated as conditions changed

• Just passing through

• Accidental introduction

B. Why do they stay?

• Available food or energy (probably most important)

• Competition for resources is low (there is always a limited supply)

• Mates and nesting sites are available, along with suitable environment (important to survival of that species)

• Resources available to support offspring (water, building materials, oxygen, soil, prey, sunlight, etc.)

Classification by Niche (role)

A. Trophic Level: (“feeding level”)– The relationship

between what an organism eats and what eats it.

– Where it fits into the food chain/web

B. Producer• Organisms that can manufacture (make) their

own food =(energy rich organic materials)• Examples: green plants and bacteria

• Autotrophs: photosynthetic, chemosynthetic

C. Consumer• Organisms that cannot manufacture their

own food and must get it from an external source.1. Primary consumer-

2. Secondary consumer-

3. Tertiary, quaternary, etc.

4. Omnivore

5. Detritivore-

6. Parasite/host-

7. Decomposer-

C. Consumer• Organisms that cannot manufacture their

own food and must get it from an external source.1. Primary consumer- herbivore

2. Secondary consumer- carnivore

3. Tertiary, quaternary, etc.

4. Omnivore

5. Detritivore, scavenger- break down wastes and dead bodies earth worm, dermestid beetle

6. Parasite/host tapeworm, mosquito

7. Decomposer- fungi, bacteria: return nutrients to the soil for absorption

Food Chain

• Food Chain: Specific feeding sequence in which organisms obtain food (energy/materials) in an ecosystem

Grass Caterpillar Sparrow Snake Coyote

**Diagram in notes

Food Web

• Food Web: Interrelated food chains in an ecosystem

**Diagram in notes

Antarctic Food Web

DIATOMS

KRILL

SKUA

LEOPARD SEAL

ORCA

EMPEROR PENGUIN

SQUID

BLUE WHALE

Important Quarter 2 Dates:• CP #1 – 12/8• CP #2 – 1/6• Bonus #1 – 12/15• Bonus #2 – 1/10• CP Article Presentation – 1/23-1/27• CP People – Don’t forget…your article

summaries are due Nov 4 (that’s this Monday)…make sure that you follow the directions that I gave you or you will have to redo it!!!

How do we keep track of energy in ecosystems?

• Ecological Pyramids (3 types)– Numbers: counts individuals (does not

discriminate by size) – can be an inaccurate indicator of energy at that level• Ex. Caterpillars outnumber the trees that

they feed on – Biomass: measures amount of living tissue

(dry weight) grams– Energy: measures amount of energy stored in

tissues (ex. fats = 9 Cal/gram carbohydrates/proteins = 4 Cal/gram)

Producers

Herbivores

Carnivores

Top carnivores

Numbers Pyramid

Energy Transfer – most lost as heat

• Amount of energy available to do work decreases as energy passes through a system

• 10% transfer of energy (90% energy lost) after each trophic level

Label the producersAnd consumers…

10,000 kg

Biomass Pyramid

**The # of trophic levels that can be maintained in an ecosystem is

limited by a loss of potential energy

10kg grain

1 loaf of bread

1 person

1000 kg grain

1 cow

Beef

1 person

OR

** 10% transfer of energy

Energy Pyramid

Grass Caterpillar Sparrow Snake Hawk

Cat

Rabbit

Berries

A practice food web:

Accidental Introductions

• Zebra Mussel – from Caspian Sea to Great Lakes (1986) from a ship– Now they are everywhere!!!– Problem: clogs water pipes, smoothers native clams,

consumes plankton, no natural predators

• Killer Bees – genetically altered to make more honey– Africanized bees escaped and took over Brazilian

honeybees– Problems arose: they are more aggressive, can travel

longer distances, swarm, attack people– The real threat? Agriculture

Ecosystems Test Topics:Test on Friday 10/27

• Food Web, Food Chain, Eco Pyramids

• Evaluation of Food Webs (identification of members, predict consequences of additions or deletions of members)

• Vocab 22-34

• Text 365-369

• Videos “Aliens” and “Killer Bees”

• Ecology Homework pg 47 and 48

Jeopardy easy

• 1. Killer bees are native to• 2. Food chains always begin with a • 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain• 4. Synonym for trophic level• 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community?• 6. Which organism is probably least abundant?• Grass caterpillar sparrow snake

coyote• 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what unit

Easy answers

• 1. Killer bees are native to Africa• 2. Food chains always begin with a

producer• 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food chain?

SPARROW• 4. Synonym for trophic level FEEDING LEVEL• 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent community?

BACTERIA• 6. Which organism is probably least abundant?

COYOTE• 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what units?

Calories•Grass caterpillar sparrow snake coyote

medium

• 1. List 3 requirements of seeds to germinate • 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in

calories • 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of

killer bees (not death)• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the

caterpillars on the snake.• Grass caterpillar sparrow snake

coyote• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from

food digestion • 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?

Medium answers

• 1. List 3 requirements for seeds to germinate WATER, HEAT, OXYGEN

• 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in calories 9 PER GRAM 4

• 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction of

killer bees (not death)• AGRICULTURAL

HARM• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the caterpillars

on the snake SNAKE UP b/c more sparrows to eat• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes from

food digestion HEAT MOTION• 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?

RETURN NUTRIENTS TO SOIL FOR PLANTS

difficult

1. Name 3 differences between European and African Bees.

2. Draw and label the parts of a flower3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY

ECOSYSTEM4. How many producers? How many carnivores?

Which level has the most energy?5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are

their needs? (3)6. How did they get where they are? (3)

1. Name 3 differences between European and African Bees.

• Aggression, pollination, honey production2. Draw and label the parts of a flower3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN ANY

ECOSYSTEM4. How many producers? 1,500,000 How many

carnivores? 90,001 Which level has the most energy? producer

5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are their needs? (3)

• FOOD, SHELTER, MATES (LOW COMPETITION)6. How did they get where they are? (3) EVOLVED

THERE, MIGRATION, PASSING THROUGH, ACCIDENTAL OR DELIBERATE INTRODUCTIONS

Difficult answers