ecosystem management adaptive managementonline.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/geog 657/ecosystem... ·...
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Ecosystem ManagementAdaptive Management
Geog/ENVS 657Spring 2007
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
What is an Ecosystem?
a system that has a source of energyincludes living and nonliving components.living components: plants and animals, human beings.nonliving components: soil, rocks, water, air, and other physical features
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Considerations
ScaleConnectionChange (over time and over space)DiversityBalance.
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Scale (Spatial and Temporal)
OrganismsPopulationsCommunitiesEcosystemsBiosphere
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Cycles and change
Water CycleCarbon CycleNitrogen CyclePhosphorus Cycle……
Biosphere
Carboncycle
Phosphoruscycle
Nitrogencycle
Watercycle
Oxygencycle
Heat in the environment
Heat Heat Heat
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Precipitation
Precipitationto ocean
Evaporation
EvaporationFromocean
Surface runoff(rapid)
Ocean storage
Condensation
Transpiration
Rain clouds
Infiltration andPercolation
Transpirationfrom plants
Groundwater movement (slow)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Runoff
Surface runoff (rapid)
Precipitation
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
sedimentation
The Carbon Cycle
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Nitrogen cycle
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
The Phosphorus Cycle
GUANOFERTILIZER
ROCKS
LAND FOOD WEBS
DISSOLVED IN OCEAN
WATER
MARINE FOOD WEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
weatheringagriculture
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
sedimentationsettling
out leaching, runoff
weathering DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
uptake by autotrophs
death, decomposition
uplifting over
geolgic time
mining
excretionexcretion
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
The Biotic Components of Ecosystems
Heat
Heat Heat
Heat
Heat
Abiotic chemicalsAbiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,minerals)minerals)
ProducersProducers(plants)(plants)
DecomposersDecomposers(bacteria, fungus)(bacteria, fungus)
ConsumersConsumers(herbivores, (herbivores, carnivores)carnivores)
Solarenergy
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
ConnectionsHumans
Blue whale
Crabeater seal
Killerwhale Elephant
seal
Leopardseal
Adéliepenguins Petrel
Fish
Squid
Carnivorous plankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Herbivorouszooplankton
Emperorpenguin
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Diversity
The variety of organisms considered at all levels. from genetic variants belonging to the same species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families and still higher taxonomic levels. E. O. Wilson (1992)
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Balance
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Management
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Problems with NRMProduction /extractionResource conservationMultiple useInequitiesSite specificityControlPublic as adversarySingle species focus
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Brief History
Problems encounter in NRMLandscape Ecology (1960s-present)Conservation Biology (1980s - present)Ecosystem Management (1990s-present)Adaptive Management (1990-present)Uncertainty/ Precautionary Principle
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Ecosystem Management
EM is management driven by explicit goals, executed by policies, protocols and practices, and made adaptable by monitoring and research based on our best understanding of the ecological interactions and processes necessary to sustain ecosystem components, structure and function.
Christensen et al, 1996, Ecological Applications
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Main components of EM
Balanced approachEcological integrityHolisticUncertainty/flexibilityStakeholders involvedConsensus buildingWatershed approach
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Consensus building
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Monitoring
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Innovative Management
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What is Adaptive Management?
Adaptive management is an explicit and analytical process for adjusting management and research decisions to better achieve management objectives.
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Adaptive Management (cont.)
Adaptive management recognizes that knowledge about natural resource systems is uncertain. Therefore, some management actions are best conducted as experiments in a continuing attempt to reduce the risk arising from that uncertainty.
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Adaptive management (cont.)
The aim of such experimentation is to find a way to achieve the objectives as quickly as possible while avoiding inadvertent mistakes that could lead to unsatisfactory results.
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Adaptive Management
Adaptive management incorporates research into conservation action.
It is the integration of design, management, and monitoring to systematically test assumptions in order to adapt and learn.
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Adaptive Management
EM plus experimental approachCause and effectMonitoringProactive
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Conditions That Warrant an Adaptive Management Approach
1. Conservation Projects Take Place In Complex Systems2: The World is a Constantly and Unpredictably Changing Place3: Our "Competitors" are Changing and Adapting4: Immediate Action is Required5:There is No Such Thing as Complete Information6: We Can Learn and Improve
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
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For the expressed use of students enrolled in GEOG/ENVS 657 at SFSU
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Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Steps in the Process of Adaptive Management
Establish a Clear and Common PurposeDesign an Explicit Model of Your SystemDevelop a Management Plan that Maximize Results and LearningDevelop a Monitoring Plan to Test Your AssumptionsImplement Your Management and Monitoring Plans
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
Steps in the Process of Adaptive Management (cont.)
Analyze Data and Communicate ResultsITERATE: Use Results to Adapt and Learn
Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU
SUMMARY
ECOLOGYECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT………
GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007
B.A. HolzmanSFSU
For the expressed use of students enrolled in GEOG/ENVS 657 at SFSU