ecosystem connections: who, what, where, when remember...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystem
Connections:
who, what, where, when
Remember biomes?
What’s the connection?
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Population = one species in a given
area and time
Community = different species
within a given area
Ecosystem = communities together
with their environment
First, some definitions:
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Population = individuals of same species
who tend to mate with each other in a limited
geographic area
http://community.webshots.com
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Some individuals of the same species(Canada geese, Branta canadensis) atSpring Valley Wildlife Preserve
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Community = interacting populations of
different species within a given area
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A few spp. in Spring Valley Wildlife Preserve
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Ecosystem = communities together withtheir environment, functioning as a unit
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And one more:
Biome = the world's major communities, classified
according to predominant vegetation and
characterized by adaptations of organisms to that
particular environment (Campbell)
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Dr. Myers
Dr. Cummins
Some biomes we’ll consider this year … from deserts to
oceans, and temperate forests to freshwater streams …
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from tropical forests to grasslands to the dirt beneath them
…
Grassland pic
Dr. Cummins
(in the mangroves!)
Dr. McCollum
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So what determines where
biomes, ecosystems,
communities and
populations occur?
Geologic processes --> habitatcharacteristics
Water, dirt, rock, ice or deep sea vent?
Earth’s position in space --> solar insolationClimate, seasons, latitudinal and elevationgradients
Evolution / adaptive radiation --> speciesand their adaptations
Who got there first and what selective pressureshave they faced?
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And today’s
BIG question …
how are these very
different biomes,
ecosystems,
communities and
populations connected?
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First task:
Write down as many
ways as you can that
connections could exist
from one “level” to
another
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Also consider different
definitions of connection
(or connectivity)
Migratory connectivity
How “in touch” are populations on their annual winter
versus summer habitats?
Landscape connectivity
How close together are habitat patches, and what
habitats lie in the matrix between them?
Fisheries connectivity ?
Where do larval fish move to, and when/where do
they return for breeding? (2 rounds of migration?)
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So how many of these
did you come up with?“Process” connections - flow of:
Individuals and/or populations of individuals
Genes
Nutrients
Energy
“Geographic” connections
Moving water
Estuaries, mangroves, lagoons, etc.
Atmosphere
All kinds of “edges”!
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So how many more did
you come up with???
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So, let’s take a closer look
at connections
Individuals …
Migrate (seasonal)
Find new territories
Take advantage of
newly formed habitat
Spread randomly - on
the wind, with storms,
with floods, carried by
dispersers
!They carry with them
… genetic diversity
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Populations, also …
Migrate (seasonal)
Find new territories
Take advantage of
newly formed habitat
Serious implications
for genetic diversity
How do populations
keep from becoming
“inbred”?
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Key population ecology
concepts
Population structure
Survivorship
Reproductive rate
Genetic variability
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Research questions about
individuals/populationsWhat’s the survivorship for migrating birds?
What affects them in their winter andsummer habitats?
How does their ability to find suitable habitatalong the way affect survivorship?
How do they find their way?
Are they temperate species adapted to thetropics or vice versa?
What is the age structure of the population?
How do they cope with predation?
And many more ….!!
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Communities …
Most connections
are within the
community, not all
Move nutrients
among community
members
Serve as sources or
sinks for other
populationsSource = reproduction
high enough to supply
individuals
Sink = reproduction
below replacement level
Source
Sink -
poor habitat
Emigration
Sink -
invasive sp.
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Key community
ecology concepts
Food chains and webs
Biodiversity
Spp. richness (#) versusspp. diversity (# plusevenness)
Genetic versus speciesdiversity
Species interactions
Predation to mutualism
Competition
Direct versus indirect
Ecological niches
Coevolution of species
Island biogeography
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Research questions about
communitiesWhat is the trophic structure (food web)?
How do species within the communitypartition resources?
Is biodiversity homogeneous throughout thecommunity / habitat?
What selective pressures encouraged thedevelopment of thorns, defensive chemicals,and large, hard seeds?
And again, so many more ….!!
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Ecosystems … are ALL ABOUT connections
http://www.tnstate.edu/ganter/
Movement of inorganic nutrients and other
molecules, organic energy and waste products,
water, air, and organisms themselves from one
reservoir to another is THE topic.
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Key ecosystem ecology concepts
Primary productionHow much? Where? What limits?
Nutrient cyclingReservoirs and what moves in and out of them (fluxes)
Modeling
BiodiversityHabitat heterogeneity
Source/sink populations
Connectivity between patches
http://www.dickinson.edu/~wright/TeamWoodrat/TeamWoodratWeb/latchfor99/page3.html
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Research questions about
ecosystems
How do organic and inorganic nutrients flow
through ecosystems?
How are humans impacting these flows?
How do inputs into a reservoir react?
Does the effect change with increasing
concentration? Duration? Consistency?
How does biodiversity change across and
between ecosystems?
And many more ….!!
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And finally, what
connections could possibly
exist among biomes?
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AtmosphereDust to greenhousegases
Streams and rivers
Nutrient flows
“Connector”landscapes orhabitats
Corridors
Wetlands
Elevational
gradients
Biomes are connected by …
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Key biome concepts
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Research questions about
and within biomes …
To be continued ….
Through the next several weeks!
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A key point … many topics
cross disciplinary boundaries
Conservation
Diversity
Species interactions
Landscape ecology- patches, corridorsand “the matrix”
“the devil is in thedetails”
And my favoritequote about science….
“we stand on theshoulders of giants”
Scientists build onwhat is alreadyknown