forest ecosystem (terrestrial ecosystem)

8/9/2019 Forest Ecosystem (Terrestrial Ecosystem)

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Forest Ecosystem(Terrestrial Ecosystem)


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Forest Ecosystem: A forest is an area with a high density of trees. Worlds total land area is 13,076 million hectares - (Sorce!

"A#$ 1%&%' #f which total forests accont for aot 31) of the worlds

land area*

+n +ndia, the forest coer is roghly 1%) of the total land area*

he forest ecosystem are of great concern from the

enironmental .oint of iew* +t .roides nmeros enironmental serices li/e$

trient cycling,

aintaining iodiersity

2roiding wildlife haitat

Aecting rainfall .atterns4eglating stream 5ow

Storing water

4edcing 5ooding

2reenting soil erosion

4eclaiming degraded land many more*

Forest Ecosystem


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A.art from enironmental ales, forest ecosystemshae some traditional ales as well*

89am.les are!"ire Wood imer*

"rits*

:ms*

;ers drgs*

he arios com.onents of a "orest 8cosystem are!

Biotic components: he arios iotic com.onents,re.resentaties from the three fnctional gro.s, of aforest ecosystem are!

1) Producer Organisms:

+n a forest, the .rodcers are mainly trees*

rees are of dierent /inds de.ending .on the ty.e offorest deelo.ed in that climate*

Forest Ecosystem:


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A.art from trees, climers,shrs and grond egetation*

edrs*

2) Consumers:

+n a forest, consmers are of three main ty.es$

a) Primary Consumers:

hese are ;eriores which feed directly on .rodcers*E.g.

Ants, ?eetles, ?gs, s.iders etc* feeding on tree leaes*

@arger animals sch as 8le.hants,


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3) Decomposers:

hese inclde wide ariety of sa.rotro.hic micro-organism li/e$

Bacteria(Bacillus Sp*, Clostridiums.*,pseudomonas, etc*'

Fungi(Aspergillus sp., Ganoderma sp., Fusarium,etc*'

hey attract the dead or decayed odies of organisms ths decom.osition ta/es .lace*

herefore, ntrients are released for rese*

Abiotic components:

hese inclde asic inorganic organic com.onds.resent in the soil atmos.here*

+n addition dead organic deris is also fond littered inforests*


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Components of Forest Ecosystem:

Producers: Different tree species

Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem

Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem


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Grassland Ecosystem(Terrestrial Ecosystem)


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:rasslands (also called :reenswards' are areaswhere the egetation is dominated y grasses andother heraceos (non-woody' .lants*

:rasslands occ.y aot CD)of the earthssrface*

:rasslands occr in regions too dry for forests and

too moist for desertshe annal rainfall ranges etween CE- 7E cm,

Fsally seasonal

he .rinci.al grasslands inclde!

2rairies (>anada, FSA'2am.as (Soth America'

Ste..es (8ro.e Asia'

Geldts (Africa'

Grassland Ecosystem:

:rassland


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he highest andance greatest diersity oflarge mammals are fond in these ecosystems*

he dominant animal s.ecies inclde

Wild horses, asses antelo.e of 8rasia,;erds of ?ison of America$ and

he antelo.e other large heriores ofAfrica

he arios com.onents of a grassland 8cosystemare!

Biotic components: hree fnctional gro.s which are!

1) Producer Organisms:

+n grassland, .rodcers are mainly grasses$thogh, a few hers shrs also contrite to.rimary .rodction of iomass*

Some of the most common s.ecies of grasses are!

Brachiaria sp., Cynodon sp., Desmodiumsp., Digitaria sp.


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2) Consumers:

+n a grassland, consmers are of three main ty.es$

a) Primary Consumers:

he .rimary consmers are heriores feeding directly on

grasses* hese are graing animals sch as>ows, ?aloes, Shee., :oats,


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3) Decomposers:

hese inclde wide ariety of sa.rotro.hic micro-organism li/e!

?acteria$ "ngi$ Actinomycetes

hey attract the dead or decayed odies oforganisms ths decom.osition ta/es .lace*

herefore, ntrients are released for rese y

.rodcers*

Abiotic components:

hese inclde asic inorganic organic com.onds

.resent in the soil aerial enironment* he essential elements li/e >, ;, , #, 2, S etc* are

s..lied y water, nitrogen, nitrates, sl.hates,.hos.hates .resent in soil atmos.here*


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Components of Grassland Ecosystem:

Producers: Different grass species

Consumers of Grassland ecosystem

Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem


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A desert is a landsca.eor regionthat receiesalmost no .reci.itation


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he arios com.onents of a


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2) Consumer Organisms: hese inclde animals schas insects, re.tiles which are ca.ale of liing in9eric conditions

?esides some noctrnal rodents, irds somemammalians li/e camel etc are also fond*

3) Decomposers:


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Components of Desert Ecosystem:

Producers of Desert Ecosystem

Consumers of Desert Ecosystem


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!uatic Ecosystems


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Aquatic Ecosystems:

AJatic ecosystems deal with iotic

commnity .resent in water odies*+n terrestrial ecosystem, caron

dio9ide o9ygen are .resent ingaseos form whereas in aJaticecosystem, these are aailale indissoled state*


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Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.8%of the Earth's surface andcontain 0.009%of its total water.

Freshwater ecosystems contain 41%of the world's knownsh secies.

!"uatic ecosystems erform many imortant environmentalfunctions. For e#amle$

hey recycle nutrients urify water attenuate (oods

rechar)e )round water and rovide ha*itats for wildlife.!"uatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation

and are very imortant to the tourism industry eseciallyin coastal re)ion.

here are three *asic tyes of freshwater ecosystems$

+entic$slow,movin) water includin) -ools -ondsand +akes.

+otic$raidly,movin) water fore#amletreams and /ivers.

etlands$areas where the soil is saturated with water

or inundated for at least art of the time

Freshwater Ecosystems:


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Lakes & pond Ecosystem:! ond is a lace where livin) or)anisms not only live

*ut interact with *iotic a*iotic comonents.

-onds are often e#osed to tremendous anthroo)enic

ressure which si)nicantly a2ects the system.

+akes are usually *i) standin) freshwater *odies.

hey have a shallow water 3one calledLittoral zone anoen water 3one where e2ective enetration of solarli)ht takes lace calledLimnetic zoneand a dee water3one where li)ht enetration is ne)li)i*le called

Profoundal zone.

Pondecosystem

Lakeecosystem


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Biotic components:

") Producer Organisms:

5t includes su*mer)ed free (oatin) and amhi*iousmacrohytes 6likeHydrilla, Utricularia, Wola, Azolla, Typhaetc.7 and minute (oatin) and susended lowerhytolanktons 6like Ulothrix, Spiroyra, !edooniumetc.7

2) Consumer Organisms:

a) Primary consumers: hese are 3oolanktons 6ciliates

(a)ellates other roto3oan small crustaceans7 and *enthos.!) "econdary consumers:hese are carnivores like insects andshes feedin) on her*ivores

c) #ertiary consumers:hese are the lar)e shes feedin) onsmall shes.

3) Decomposers:icro or)anisms like *acteria fun)i andactinomyctes.

!iotic component: hese are the inor)anic as well as or)anic su*stances

resent in the *ottom soil or dissolved in water. 5n addition

to the minerals some dead or)anic matter is also resent.


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arine ecosystems are among the 8arthKs aJaticecosystems* hey inclde! #ceans,

8stariesand@agoons, angroesand >oral reefs,the


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Biotic components:

") Producers:+t incldes .hyto.lan/tons (diatoms,dino5agillates', large seaweeds (mainly algae li/echloro.hyceae, .haeo.hyceae rhodo.hyceae$angios.erms li/e Ruppia, Zostera, posidoniaetc*', and

mangroe egetation (li/e Rhizophora, Carapaetc*'

2) Consumers:

a) Primary consumers: hese are heriores and feed directly on.rodcers (>rstaceans, olls/s, Ish etc*'

!) "econdary consumers:hese are carnioros Ishes(;erring,Sahd and ac/erel'

c) #ertiary consumers:hese are to. carnioros Ishes (>od,;addoc/, etc*'

3) Decomposers: hese are micro L organisms li/e acteria, fngi

!iotic components: ;igh a, >a, g and M salt concentration, ariale dissoled

o9ygen content, light tem.eratre ma/e a niJe.hysiochemical conditions in marine water*


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!nside Marine or cean Ecosystem:


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Energy flow in ecosystem:

All organisms mst otain a s..ly of energy andntrients from their enironment in order to srie*

he transformations of energy in an ecosystem eginIrst with the in.t of energy from the sn*

?ecase, it is the Irst ste. in the .rodction of energyfor liing things, it is called N2rimary .rodctionO*

2hotosynthesis-- >hemical reaction where green .lantsse water caron dio9ide to store the sns energy inglcose*

884:P is stored in glcose*

:lcose is stored as starch in .lants


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he ma=ority of atotro.hs are .hotoatotro.hs thatharness the energy of the sn and .ass some of thisenergy onto consmers throgh feeding .athways*

he energy contained within .rodcers and consmers isltimately .assed to the decom.osers that areres.onsile for the constant recycling of ntrients*

hs, there is a one-way 5ow of energy throgh theiotic commnity and a cycling of ntrients etween theiotic and aiotic com.onents of the ecosystem



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8nergy 5ow cannot occr in reerse direction*

Starts from atotro.hs (the .rodcer leel, i*e*, frst

trophic leel' to ;eterotro.hs inclding .lant eaters or;eriores (second trophic leel' and so on*

he amont of energy decreases with sccessie tro.hicleels*

#nly Aot 1)of energy from the sn is sed y green

.lants rest remains ntilied* Similarly, there is loss of energy in each tro.hic leel*


Fig: Energy fow in a system


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E fl


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he transfer of food energy etween the organisms in anecosystem can e trac/ed y constrcting food chains,food wes, .yramids of nmers, iomass and energyand energy 5ow diagrams*

Food Chain: A food chain may e deIned as, ! the transfer of energy

and ntrients throgh a series of organisms withre.eated .rocess of eating and eing eatenO*

+n an ecosystem, all the organisms are lin/ed togetherwith one another y food relationshi.*

8ach organism liing or dead is .otential food for someother organism*



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Food web: Fnder natral conditions, the linear arrangement of food

chains hardly occrs these remains connected

interconnected with each other throgh dierent ty.esof organisms*

+nterloc/ing .attern of seeral interlin/ed food chains istermed as "##< W8?*

Food Web in Grassland Ecosystem


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Ecological Pyramids: An O"cological pyramid#is a gra.hical re.resentation

that shows the relatie amonts of energy or matter

contained within each tro.hic leel in a food chain orfood we*

An ecological .yramid shows the relationshi. etweenconsmers and .rodcers at dierent tro.hic leels inan ecosystem

here are three ecological .yramidsrecognied yecologists!

") Pyramid o# $umbers:

Shows the relatie nmer of indiidal organisms ateach tro.hic leel*

Grasses

"a#k

$nakes% Liards

'a((it% Mice

P)ytoplankton

Larger fis)es

*igger fis)es

$maller Fis)es

$ertiary Consumers

Secondary

Consumers

%rimary Consumers

%roducers

Grassland Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem


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Large +rees

Lion +iger

$nakes% *irds% Fo,

Fruit eating (irds% Deer etc

*acteria% Fungi% Actinomycetes

Fruit eating (irds

Lice & *ugs (Parasites on Herbivores)

Large +ress

Forest Ecosystem Parasitic food c)ain

2) Pyramid o# Biomass:A pyramid of biomass represents the total dry mass (in grams per

square metre of area) of all the organisms in each trophic level at a

particular time.


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Grasses

$nakes% Frogs%

*irds etc-

Co#s $)eep%

Deer% 'a((it

Grassland Ecosystem

+rees

Lion% +iger%

etc-

Elep)ant% Deer etc-

Forest Ecosystem

Carniores

&er'iores

%roducers

P)ytoplankton.s

Fis)% /ater (eetles etc-

0ooplanktons

Carni1ores

"er(i1ores

Producers

Pond Ecosystem


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2) Pyramid o# Energy:

A pyramid of biomass represents the rate of energy flow and/or

productivity at successive trophic levels. he pyramid of energy

are always upright.

Primary Consumers

"E'*!2'E$

+ertiary Consumers

CA'3!2'E$

$econdary Consumers

CA'3!2'E$

Producers

N t i t C l s:


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trient cycles inole storage and transfer of ofntrients throgh dierent com.onents of the ecosystem,so that the ntrients are re.eadly sed*

he cyclic moements of chemical elements of theios.here etween the organisms and enironment arereferred as NB()G")C&"*(CA+ CC+"S#

-utrient cycle

Nutrient Cycles:

Gaseouscycle

Sedimentarycycle

Gaseous cycle: hose elements in which the reseroir is the

air or the oceans (ia ea.oration'* :aseos cycles incldethose of >aron, itrogen, #9ygen, >aron, and Water*

$edimentary cycle: hose elements which are receied fromthe 8arths crst* sedimentary cycles inclde those ofiron, calcim, .hos.hors, and other more earth ond

elements*


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') mmoni#ication:

Amino acids and ncleotides are ro/en down intowaste .rodcts !"#or !"'

() Denitri#ication:he redction of !%# to !


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onsumers

*etritus

Atmospheric !itrogen

+oil

ammonia

,lants

+oil

nitrite+oil

nitrate

!itrobacter!itrosomonas

Ammonification

"eterotrophs

-itter fall

ptae

*enitrification

,seudomonas

0et 1 dry

deposition

Fig: Nitrogen Cycle

!itrogen fi2ationby free living 1

symbioticmicrobes.

!itrification


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Fig: Nitrogen Cycle


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4E+,54A5%!


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*EA" F%%*

34!5!6

%73+5%!

4E+,54A5%!

A54 % ,-A!+

A!57A-4E+,54A5%!

0%%* F%++5-

FE-

he sorce of atmos.heric caron dio9ide are ariale tonly .lants can tilie atmos.heric caron directly

Fig: CarbonCycle


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Fig: Carbon Cycle

he Phosphorous Cycle:


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he only cycle that does not hae a gaseos state

+norganic .hos.hate 2#D3- is released from roc/s

and sediments throgh the action of erosion*Soil 2#D3- is asored y .lants and incor.orated

into ncleic acids, .hos.holi.ids and A2*

Animals otain most of their 2#D3-y consm.tionof other animals and from water*

2#D3-is released to the soil again y decom.osers*


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+oluble ,%'#8in soil.

(orthophosphates)

3acteria

0eather

5nsoluble phosphate

,lants (4oots)

Animals *eath

3one/ eeth

*ecomposition

3acterial

*ecomposition

Fig: phosphorus Cycle


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Fig: Phosphorous Cycle


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Fig: Phosphorous Cycle

he !ulphur Cycle:


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Sl.hr cycle >oers oth gaseos and sedimentary*

Sl.hr enters the atmos.here from seeral sorces-the comstion of fossil fels, olcanic er.tion etc*

Sl.hr is a solle form mostly S#D- - is asoredthrogh .lant roots, where it is .rocessed in .roteinformation*

89cretion and death, carry sl.hr ac/ to the soil,where it is acted .on y acteria to detrits food

chain*

he !ulphur Cycle:

5nsoluble +%'

+%'8 8

3acteria

Archebacteria

,lants

Animals

*eath

"+

Fig: Sulphur Cycle

E l i l ! ssi :


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8cological sccession is deIned as, NA change in thecommnity in which new .o.lations of organisms

gradally re.lace e9isting onesO* here are two ty.es of ecological sccession!

"# Primary !uccession: #ccrs where there is no soil, e*g* after a olcanic er.tion

or a glacial retreat*

N2ioneer organismsO

Sim.le .lants Irst L no or shallow roots*

:radal in59 of more com.licated and larger .lants asthe haitat changes

Fnfaorale for life at Irst* 8nds with a Nclima9 commnityO L ecosystem stays

constant, .roided there are no changes in aioticin5ences*

Ecological !uccession:


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Examples o PrimarySuccession


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Primary !uccession %s !econdary !uccession:


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Primary !uccession %s !econdary !uccession:

o soil* 2ioneer s.ecies*

Weathering decom.osition

;ms and sand

increase oer time* 8nd R clima9

commnity*

Soil already e9ists* Seeds hae sitale soil*

conditions*

#ccrs mch faster*

>lima9 commnity*

forest ecosystem (terrestrial ecosystem)

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