ecosystem-based sustainable forest management … · protect and conserve threatened biodiversity,...

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SUSTAINABLE CROPLAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT IN PRIORITY AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS OF MYANMAR

ECOSYSTEM-BASED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT-PLANNING MANUAL

Prepared by the Ecosystem Conservation and Community Development Initiative

Yangon: January, 2019

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CONTENTS FOREWORD by Director General of the Forest Department BACKGROUND

Ecosystem-based sustainable forest management

The Montreal process criteria and twelve principles of ecosystem approach

Management goals

Legislative framework

ECOSYSTEM-BASED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDELINES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Plan title, period and management authority

Objectives

Vital data relating to forestry, socio-economics and demography

Ecosystem issues and responses

INTRODUCTION TO THE PLAN

CHAPTER I: BASE-LINE INFORMATION

1.1 Biophysical information 11 1.2 Constitution of Civil District 11 1.3 Constitution of Forest District 14

CHAPTER II: MAINTENANCE OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND VITALITY

2.1 Background 16

2.2 Overall goals 17

2.3 Factors affecting ecosystem health and vitality 17

2.3.1 Man-induced causes 17 2.3.2 Natural causes 20

CHAPTER III: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY 3.1 Background 25 3.2 Overall goals 25 3.3 Description of Permanent Forest Estate and Proposed Extension 25 3.4 Integrating biodiversity management across the Plan Area 26 3.5 Recovering and protecting threatened and priority species 27 3.6 Managing key disturbance activities 27 3.7 Rehabilitating disturbed natural forests 28 3.8 Fauna Habitat Zones 28

CHAPTER IV: CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES

4.1 Background 29 4.2 Overall goals 30 4.3 Soil 30 4.4 Water 31

CHAPTER V: PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE

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5.1 Background 33 5.2 Overall goals 33 5.3 Cultural and customary heritage 33 5.4 Religious heritage 34

CHAPTER VI: CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

6.1 Background 36 6.2 Overall goals 36 6.3 Potential consequences of Climate Change 36 6.4 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 38 6.5 Recommended management activities 38 6.6 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans

39

CHAPTER VII: MANAGEMENT OF NATURE CONSERVATION AREAS 7.1 Background 39 7.2 Overall goals 39 7.3 Nature conservation areas 40 7.4 Recommended management activities 41 7.5 Related policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 42 7.6 Targets of activities that will be undertaken during the plan period 42

CHAPTER VIII: MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL SUPPLY FORESTS

8.1 Natural local supply forests 43 8.1.1 Background 43 8.1.2 Overall goals 44 8.1.3 Formation of Working Circle and Felling Series 44 8.1.4 Local Supply Working Circle (natural forests) 45 8.1.5 Local Supply Working Circle (village-use plantations) 46 8.1.6 Local Supply Working Circle (community forests) 47

8.2 Targets of activities that will be undertaken during the plan period 49

CHAPTER IX: MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION FORESTS 9.1 Natural Forests 50

9.1.1 Background 50 9.1.2 Overall goals 50 9.1.3 Specific goals 50 9.1.4 Formation of Working Circle and Felling Series 50

9.2 Natural Forests Production Working Circle 51 9.2.1 Silvicultural system 51 9.2.2 Growth and yield 51 9.2.3 Pre- harvest inventory 51 9.2.4 Timber Extraction 52 9.2.5 Post- harvest inventory 52 9.2.6 Recommended management activities 52 9.2.7 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental

plans 53 9.3 Plantation Forests 53

9.3.1 Background 53 9.3.2 Overall goals 53 9.3.3 Formation of Working Circle and Felling Series 53

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9.4 Plantation Forests Production Working Circle 54

9.4.1 Silvicultural system 54 9.4.2 Growth rate, mortality rate and yield 54 9.4.3 Pre- and post-harvest inventories 54 9.4.4 Timber Extraction 54 9.4.5 Recommended management activities 55

9.5 Community Forest Enterprises 55

9.5.1 Background 55 9.5.2 Overall goals 55 9.5.3 Formation of Working Circle and Felling Series 55 9.5.4 Silvicultural system 55 9.5.5 Growth and yield 55 9.5.6 Pre- and post-harvest inventories 56

9.5.7 Recommended management activities 56 9.5.8 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 56

9.6 Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Management Plan period 56 9.6.1 Natural Forest Production Working Circle 56 9.6.2 Plantation Forests Production Working Circle 57 9.6.3 Community Forest Enterprise Working Circle 57

CHAPTER X: MANAGEMENT OF CRITICAL WATERSHED FORESTS 10.1 Definition 58 10.2 Management 58 10.3 Overall goals 59 10.4 Recommended management acitivities 59 10.5 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans

59 10.6 Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Plan period 59

CHAPTER XI: MANAGEMENT OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS

11.1 Background 60 11.2 Management system 60 11.3 Overall goals 60 11.4 Resource inventory 61 11.5 Recommended management activities 61 11.6 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 61 11.7 Targets of the extraction of NTFPs during the management plan period 61

CHAPTER XII: SOCIO-ECONOMICs AND SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY

12.1 Background 62 12.2 Overall goals 62 12.3 Forest Products-based Industry 62

12.3.1 Background 62 12.3.2 Specific goals 62 12.3.3 Recommended management activities 62 12.3.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental

plans 63 12.4 Targets of the activities to be implemented in the forest products industry during

the plan period 63

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12.5 Recreation and Tourism 63 12.5.1 Background 63 12.5.2 Specific goals 63 12.5.3 Recommended management activities 64 12.5.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental

plans 64 12.5.5 Targets of the recreation and tourism activities during

the Plan period 64

CHAPTER XIII: PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

13.1 Background 65 13.1.1 Overall goals 65

13.2 Plan Implementation 65 13.2.1 Specific goals 65 13.2.2 Prerequisites for successful implementation 65 13.2.3 Recommended management activities 66

13.3 Monitoring and evaluation 66 13.3.1 Specific goals 66 13.3.2 Recommended management activities 66

13.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 67

CHAPTER XIV: REVIEW AND UPDATE 14.1 Background 67 14.2 Overall goals 67 14.3 Recommended management activites 67 14.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 67

CHAPTER XV: ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

15.1 Background 68 15.2 Overall goals 68 15.3 Recommended management activities 68 15.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 68

CHAPTER XVI: PARTICIPATION

16.1 Background 69 16.2 Overall goals 69 16.3 Recommended management activities 69 16.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 69

CHAPTER XVII: RESEARCH 17.1 Background 70 17.2 Overall goals 70 17.3 Recommended management activities 70 17.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans 70

CHAPTER XVIII: BASIC BUILDING, STAFFS AND BUDGET

18.1 Basic building 71 18.2 Staff strength 71 18.3 Budget 71 18.4 Investment analysis 71

xxxxxxxxxxxx REFERENCES

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FOREWORD by the Director-General of the Forest Department

(1-2 pages)

BACKGROUND

Ecosystem-based forest management

Although the ecosystem-based forest management has become a popular concept since only a few years ago, the ecological issues relating to forest management has been taken into consideration since about the end of the 19th centuary.Gayer proposed closed –to-nature silviculture in 188014, while Van Dyne advocated the concepts of managing the natural resources based on ecosystem in 196919. Since then, the interest in the ecosystem approach has been increasing gradually12. In the United States of America, a national conference on “Defining Sustainable Forestry” was held in January, 1992. The main objective of the conference was to formulate a Common Framework in which to base the development of the forestry sector in the future and to guide the traditional forest management systems of the past centuary to be subsitituted with the ecosystem approach in the forthcoming centuary.The conference also agreed that the sustainable forest management must be ecologically sound, economically viable and socially desirable”13. In July 1993, the President Clinton instructed the US Forest Service to develop a scientifically sound ecosystem-based strategy to manage the eastern forests of America13.

As a result, the ecosystem management began in about 1993 in the US. Quebek, Canada, initiated the ecosystem approach in 2011, and the Conservation Commission of Western Australia set goals and proposed operations in line with their five principles of ESFM in the 2014-2023 forest management plan14. In Myanmar, J.W. Oliver formulated a detailed Working Plan for Thonze Reserved Forest, Tharyarwady Forest District, in 1883. Since 1920s the Working Plans had systematically guided the extraction of hardwoods.

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After independence which the country gained in 1948 up till 1995 the Myanmar Forest Department prepared District Forest Management Plans (DFMPs) following the Working Plan Manual adopted in 1950 by U Tan Chein Hoe, the then Chief Conservator of Forests of Burma. The FD of Myanmar substituted the Working Plan Manual (1950) with the Forest Management Plan Manual (1996) and the Forest Management Plan formulation guidelines (1996) in 1996. The FD formulated the DFMPs for the 64 forest districts established in Myanmar based on the 1996 Management Plan Manual and the guidelines. The DFMPs had already covered two ten-year periods from 1996/1997 to 2015/2016. The third ten-year plan started in 2016-2017. Although the MPM(1996) and the MP planning guidelines prescribed the development of forests, socio-economics and wood-based enterprises, and to enable environmental stablility, ecological balance, protect and conserve threatened biodiversity, the forest management basically is targeted at sustained yield of forest and non-forest products.Since the management highlights economics, it is weak from the perspectives of social values, biodiversity enrichment, and ecosystem health and vitality. Ecosystem-based management is a strategy of the integrated management of land, water and living resources. It reduces the diference between natural and man-made forests. It is a management system that aims at satisfying socio-economic needs of the people while respecting social values related to forest environment. Thus, international experiences have demonstrated that the ecosystem-based management only can sustain forests12,13,14,16. Currently, because the forests in Myanmar are degrading, forest lands are decreasing due to mounting landuse conflicts, political, social, economic and environmental situations are changing, and data and technologies are improving, it is considered opportune to replace the traditional forest management currently practiced in Myanmar by the forest ecosystem management. With this view in mind, this manual has been developed in order to enable to apply the ecosystem approach to sustainable forest management in Myanmar. FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES

The Montreal process criteria and twelve principles of ecosystem approach

In developing this ecosystem-based management planning manual (ESFM PM) the Montreal Process Criteria were adopted as the framework within which the ecological issues happening in Myanmar were identified, the goals set and activities recommended in line with the ESFM principles suggested by FAO. The Montreal SFM Criteria and the FAO suggested twelve principles of ecosystem approach are presented in Appendix 4.

Management goals

The overall management goals include-

1. While conserving ecosystem activities and processes, to sustain and improve economic, environmental and social values in the interest of the present and future generations residing in the district;

2. To conserve biodiversity, soil and water quality; maintain ecosystem health and vitality; improve ecosystem services for mitigating climate change and adaptation; conserve culture, spiritual and religious heritages; improve and maintain social and economic benefits; manage in sch a way that the productive capacity of the forest ecosystem is

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sustained through creating an enabling environment that contributes to increased production of the forest and development of forest-based enterprises.

Legislative framework

The FD is a government department constituted under MoNREC. According to Section 9 of the Forest Law

(2018), it is responsible to

(a) implement the forest policy of the Government;

(b) implement the plans relating to conservation of water, soil, biodiversity and environment,

sustained yield of forest produce and protection of forest covered land;

(c) manage forest land in accordance with the provisions of the Forest Law;

(d) inventory forest resources;

(e) carry out research;

(f) assist communities to implement community forestry and monitor the activities.

According to Section 10 of the Forest Law (2018), the DG of the FD is responsible to

(a) draw up plan relating to forest administration;

(b) collect and collate necessary forest resources data in the prescribed manner in every ten years.

According to Section 13 of the Forest Law (2018), the DG of the FD can, with the approval of the Minister,

establish forest plantations on a forest land or land at the disposal of the Government.

According to Section 9 of the Law relating to the Protection of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

Areas (2018), MoNREC can establish, with the approval of the Government, nature conservation areas,

zoological gardens and botanical gardens. The DG of FD is responsible to manage and develop them

under this Law.

The Myanmar Forest Policy (1995) mandates the FD in Section 3.6 of the Policy Statement to prepare a

10-year perspective plan for providing general guidelines and broad targets for sectoral development.

In respect of the policy and legal obligations mentioned above, the ecosystem-based approach is sought to enable to effectively conserve forests, ecosystem values and various national heritages in a sustainable manner. The Ecosystem-based Approach to Forest Management (ESFM) is a strategy of integrated management of land, water and living resources. It reduces the difference between natural and man-made forests. It is a management system that aims at satisfying socio-economic needs of the people while respecting social values related to forest environment.

The management activities recommended in this Plan are compliant with the ESFM principles suggested by FAO, while the ecosystem issues to be addressed have been identified in the Montreal framework of SFM Criteria.

ECOSYSTEM-BASED SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDELINES

Summary of the Plan

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The summary could be about two to five pages long presenting the essence of the entire Plan. It should comprise the following:

Title of the Management Plan (MP), plan period and management authority

Goals (or Objectives)

Vital data related to ecosystem, socio-economics and demography

Forest ecosystem, the MP’s impacts on forest ecosystem, social and economic sectors

Example: Title of the MP

Forest Management Plan Mindat District Chin State

MP period

2016-17 to 2025-26 Management Authority The Director-General of the FD will execise the management authority with the permission of the Union Minister of of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC).

Overall goals

The overall goals of managing the forests in the District by the Ecosystem-Based Approach are as follows-

1. While conserving ecosystem activities and processes, to sustain and improve economic, environmental and social values in the interest of the present and future generations residing in the district;

2. To conserve biodiversity, soil and water quality; maintain ecosystem healtha and vitality; improve ecosystem services for mitigating climate change and adaptation; conserve culture, spiritual and religious heritages; improve and maintain social and economic benefits; manage in sch a way that the productive capacity of the forest ecosystem is sustained through creating an enabling environment that contributes to increased production of the forest and development of forest-based enterprises.

Scope of the Plan

This Plan applies to all forests and landscapes within the politically defined forest district.

-

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Plan title, period and management authority

Objectives

Vital data relating to forestry, socio-economics and demography

Ecosystem issues and responses

INTRODUCTION TO THE PLAN

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CHAPTER I

BASELINE INFORMATION

1.1 Biophysical Information

1.1.1 Location

The location of the district is to be described by latitude and longitude, and its boundaries are to be stated as the following directions:-

(1) North – (2) East – (3) South – (4) West –

Also, naturally significant features such as rivers, creeks, hills, mountain ranges, etc. should also be mentioned inclusively.

1.1.2 Area The area of the forest district is to be described in hectares or square kilometers, and its area must be the same as the respective civil administration area. (The imperial units can be shown in brackets).

1.1.3 Topography

The topographical conditions of the district are to be described as the highest and the lowest altitudes in metres, mountain ranges and slopes. The names of distinct rivers, streams, lakes and ponds, and their importance must also be mentioned.

1.1.4 Climate Data related to average monthly rainfall, average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity of the district over the past 10 years should be collected from the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, and presented in Table 1.1 of Appendix 1.1. The table 1.2 is to be filled up with the annual precipitation data for the past 10 years. Average monthly rainfall and average monthly temperature should be presented by bar graphs and the annual precipitation by line graph.

1.2 Constitution of Civil District

1.2.1 Organization

Show the organization of the civil district as illustrated in Figure 1-1 and the district management map as Map (1) in the appendix.

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Figure 1-1: Organization of civil district

1.2.2 Demographic Information

1.2.2.1 Population

The information about the population of the District should be presented by township as shown in Table 1.2.

Sr. No.

Township

Number of household (Number)

Population (no. of persons)

Total (no.)

Urban population

(no.)

Rural population

(no.)

Population growth rate

Under 18-year old

18-year old and above

Male Female Male Female

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

1

2

3

Grand Total

Table 1-2: Population by township in the district in the year ……..

Source: The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census

District

(name)

Township

(name)

Town

(name)

Village Tract (name)

Village Tract

(name)

Village Tract

(name)

Village Tract

(name)

Town

(name)

Village Tract (name)

Village Tract

(name)

Village Tract

(name)

Village Tract

(name)

Township

(name)

Township

(name)

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1.2.3 Employment by sector

Present the status of employment by sector in Table 1-2. (The population is in number of persons)

Sr. No.

Sector Male Female Total Percentage by

sector Remarks

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

--Township

1 Forestry

2 Agriculture

3 Livestock

4 Others

Total

--- Township

1 Forestry 2 Agriculture 3 Livestock 4 Others Total Grand Total

Table 1-2: Employment by sector in ……… District in the year ………………..

Source: The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census

1.2.4 Landuse

1.2.4.1 Current landuse

Present the Information about reserved forest, protected public forest, forest-covered land at the disposal of the government (public forest/unclassified forest), nature conservation areas, agriculture land, farmland, and other lands in Table 1.3 and appraise the status.

Sr. No.

Name of township

Reserved Forest

(ha)

Protected Public Forest

(ha)

Public forest (Forest-covered

land at the disposal of the government)

(ha)

Nature conservation

area (ha)

Agriculture land/

Farmland (ha)

Other lands (ha)

Total area (ha)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1

2

3

Total

Table 1-3: Current landuse in the …………… District

Source: ………………………….

1.2.5 Communications

The communication systems currently used in the district must be described in Table 1.4. (For example, telephone, wireless, fax, e-mail, radio telephone, etc.). The place where the communication systems are used has to be shown in the remarks column of the table. (For example, District Forest Office, Township Forest Office, etc.)

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Sr. No.

Township

Communication systems used

Others Remarks Telephone Wireless (e-mail/ Fax)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Table 1-4: Table showing the use of communication systems by township in the district Source: ……………………District, Forest Department

1.3 Constitution of Forest District

1.3.1 Organization

Present the organization of the District Forest Department in Figure 1.2 and the forest beat management map as Map (2) in the appendix.

Figure 1-2: Organization of forest district

1.3.2 Status of sanctioned and appointed forest staff as of (…… Date)

Report it in Table 1.5 below and then discuss.

Designation

…District …Township …Township …Township …Township …Township

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

San

ctio

ned

Ap

po

inte

d

Assistant Director

Staff Officer

---District Forest Department

A Grade

Township Forest

Department

----Township

---Beat ---Beat

---Beat ---Beat

----Township ----Township

B Grade

Township Forest Department

----Township

----Township

----Township

C Grade

Township Forest Department

----Township

----Township

----Township

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Range Officer

Deputy Ranger

Forester

Forest Guard

Office Staff

Table 1-5: Status of sanctioned and appointed strength of public service personnel

Source: ……………………..

1.3.3 Forest Reservation and cancellation of forest lands

Illustrate the state of forest reservation and cancellation of forest lands during the past 10-year plan period in Appendix 1.2 and discuss.

1.3.4 Status of forest cover

Status of forest cover in the district should be described by table or by chart. For example, the forest covered area may be be shown as in the following table or by a histogram and discussed.

Forest category Year

Reserved forest (ha) Protected public forest (ha) Nature conservation area (ha) Total

Table 1.6 A: Change of permanent forest estate from the year ……….... to the year ……………… Source: ….

Particulars Area

(ha)

% of

district forest area

% of

district area Remarks

Closed forest

Open forest

Taungya/

Hill-side cultivation

Agriculture land

Others

Total

Table 1.6 B: Forest cover status at the beginning of the plan

Source : ……………….

1.3.5 Forest Resource Base

1.3.5.1 Forest type and area

1.3.5.1.1 Natural forests

The detailed information on forest type and area of natural forests existing in the reserved forests, protected public forests (including proposed reserved forests/ proposed protected public forests) and public forests must be described in Appendix 1-3. The summary must be presented here and discussed.

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The estimates of the number of trees for each Reserved Forest should be made based on the number of

trees left during girdling and SF marking operations and presented in Appendices 1.14, 1.15 1nd 1.16.

1.3.5.1.2 Forest plantations

Present the detailed information and data related to forest plantations in appendices as follows-

List of forest plantation by species, type of plantation, year of establishment and area of each forest plantation established by the Forest Department for each township in Appendix 1-5.

Summary of the plantations listed in Appendix 1-5 in Appendix 1-6. List of private teak and non-teak hardwood plantations by township in Appendix 1-7. List of private rubber, oil palm and other plantations by township in Appendix 1-8. List of departmental plantations established in the district in Appendix 1-9.

The summary of each type of plantation must be provided, analyzed and presented here.

1.3.5.1.3 Community forests

Make a critical review of the CFs established in the District.

Present the detailed list of the community forests already established in the District in Appendix 1-10.

1.3.5.1.4 Revenue and expenditure during the previous plan period

Mention revenue received and expenditure incurred during the prevous Plan period of ten years in Appendix 1-22. Provide the the assessment here.

1.4.5 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans

In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3)

CHAPTER II

MAINTENANCE OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND VITALITY

2.1 Background

Ecosystem health and vitality is critically important for sustaining the various values and uses of natural resources. It plays the vital role for the survival of living creatures and plant species, full and long-term provision of ecosystem services, and conservation of water, soil, culture and customs.

However, nowadays, the natural ecosystems are being impaired more day after day due to population explosion, improved transportation and socio-economic development, and climate change.

Factors affecting ecosystem health and vitality can be divided into natural causes (such as forest fires, snow/frost, storms and climate change), biological causes (such as weeds, pests, diseases), and man-

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induced causes (such as burning, timber harvesting, mining, land clearing for infrastructure development projects). The aforementioned factors are interactive and their impacts are difficult to understand. For example, severe drought and longer period of increased temperatures can cause the high mortality rate of insects and reduce their destructive effects. The amount of impacts can occur from small and medium stages (frequent occurrence of tornadoes, death and destruction of plants and trees) to very huge stage (long-term attack of insects, pests and diseases, severe burning). Some impacts can contribute to the recovery of ecosystem health while some impacts can interfere in the recovery of ecosystem health. Some impacts can completely change the resilience of ecosystem.

The ecosystem status occurring and changing in the District should be assessed and presented.

2.2 Overall goals

(The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)

1. To maintain and improve ecosystem health and vitality for sustainable provision of ecosystem services

2. ---------

2.3 Factors affecting ecosystem health and vitality

2.3.1 Man-induced causes

2.3.1.1 Land clearing

Describe and discuss the adverse impacts on soil, water, environment, and wildlife due to land clearing for the construction of dams and water reservoirs, and other developmental infrastructures existing in reserved forests, protected public forests and nature conservation areas in the District.

2.3.1.2.2 Specific goals (The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)

1. To reduce the adverse impacts of land clearing on soil, water, and wildlife. 2. --------

2.3.1.1.3 Recommended management activities

(The following activities are recommended as examples only. The activities should be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District and recommended for action.)

1. Any other government department or organization wishing to carry out clearing of forested land, it must obtain official approval of the Forest Department in advance.

2. The District Forest Department has to work must work in collaboration with other government departments, relevant organizations and authorities to minimize the adverse impacts on ecosystem due to land clearing.

2.3.1.1.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans


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2.3.1.2 Timber harvesting

Describe and assess timber harvesting organizations, logging systems, the amount of timber extracted, the impacts of timber harvesting on ecosystem and society, and restoration activities in the district.


1. To minimize the adverse impacts of timber harvesting on ecosystem health and vitality

2. To minimize the adverse impacts on water, soil, environment and cultural heritages

3. To assist in socio-economic development


(The following activities are recommended as examples only.The activities should be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District and recommended for action.)

The Forest Department will

1. permit timber harvesting by auction/ tender system

2. prepare in advance the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of timber harvesting

3. ----------

The District Forest Department must 1. strictly follow the relevant standard operating procedures (SOPs) 2. monitor timber harvesting contractors whether or not they carry out timber extraction

systematically in accordance with the instructions of timber harvesting manual, and to take effective action if they break the prescribed instructions.

3. ------------ 2.3.1.2.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans


2.3.1.3 Mining

2.3.1.3.1 Background

Present the names of the companies permitted to carry out mining operations, names of plots of land under mining, area extent, type of mineral excavated, amount, permitted period are to be given in Appendix 1-12, and evaluate adverse impacts on social and environmental affairs here.

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2.3.1.3.2 Specific Goals


1. To mitigate the adverse mining impacts on ecosystem health and vitality

2. To minimize and eliminate the impact of mineral extraction on the society and environment.

3. ---------



1. The excavator has to compensate for the losses due to mining activities. 2. To monitor mining contractors whether they follow the terms of mining contract

and to take severe action if they break any of the contract terms.

3. --------------



2.3.1.4 Infrastructure Development


Describe and discuss the adverse impacts on soil, water, environment, and wildlife due to construction of infrastructures (for example, motor road, railroad, underground cables, towers, dams, water reservoirs, etc.) in the reserved forests, protected public forests and nature conservation areas in the District.

2.3.1.4.2 Specific goals


1. To mitigate the adverse impacts of infrastructure development on ecosystem health and vitality

2. ---



1. To collaborate with relevant organizations to minimize the infrastructures in permanent forest estates

2. Not to allow construction of any infrastructure in critical watersheds, nature conservation areas and community forests

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3. ----------



2.3.2 Natural causes

2.3.2.1 Fire

Fire has been used as a key tool in forest management. Burning with a fire regime appropriate to seasons and forest type should be used to lower the risk of bushfire, encourage the growth of valuable medicinal plants, and provide forage for native fauna. In addition, fire is essential to the effective functioning of the ecological processes of ecosystem. For example, fire can assist the natural regeneration and promote the germination of seeds, the maintenance of transformation of pasture lands, and enable proper cycling of nutrients required for plant growth. Fire can be used to manage certain weeds, pests and diseases. Only if fire is systematically used in terms of intensity, season, frequency and spatial heterogeneity, it will assist biodiversity and promote ecosystem health and vitality.

Discuss the outbreaks of fire in the District and the impacts on the ecosystem development.


(The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District) 1. To promote the maintenance of ecosystem health and vitality through

systematic protection and application of fire 2. To improve bio-diversity 3. ---------



1. Build capacity and provide sufficient staff in fire management including bushfire risk mitigation, detection and suppression of fire

2. Collaborate with relevant governmental departments and organizations on matters of mutual interest

3. Develop knowledge of communities and institutions in fire management and organize them to participate in the project.

2.3.2.1.3 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental

plans In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3)

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2.3.2.2 Pests


Certain vertebrate and invertebrate species can become pests and cause major threats to ecosystem health and vitality, biological diversity, and productive capacity. Those pests can be indigenous or exotic.

Outbreaks of those pests and their adverse impacts should be described and assessed.



1. To minimize the impact of pests on ecosystem health and vitality, including forest plantations

2. To protect the risk of introduction of exotic pest species 3. ----------------- 2.3.2.2.3 Recommended management activities


1. Closely monitor and record the condition of pests to protect their negative effects on ecosystem health and vitality.

3. Identify and eliminate pests 1. Avoid establishing extensive areas of pure (monoculture) plantations



2.3.2.3 Weeds


Although some weed species can be easily controlled and are not very dangerous, some can relatively cause major impacts to ecosystem health and vitality. Those weed species can enter into natural forests and negatively impact the growth of valuable seedlings and saplings. In addition, they can deter the richness of biodiversity and also transform the natural ecosystems.

Describe and assess the status of impacts of weed species growing in the District.



1. To protect the risk of weeds affecting ecosystem health and vitality, including forest plantations.

2. To increase productive capacity of natural resource products free from weed infestation.

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1. Eliminate the weed species which are causing negative impacts on ecosystem health and vitality.

2. Prohibit import of weed species from foreign countries without inspecting the risks of infection.



2.3.2.4 Diseases


Certain forest diseases are major threats to current ecosystem health and vitality. Although some diseases are caused by one type of pathogen, some diseases are caused by a combination of factors. They can therefore be recognized only by the resultant disease. Describe and assess the impacts of the diseases that had occurred or are occurring in the District.



1. To protect spread and impacts of pests on forest ecosystem health and vitality 2. To prevent pests from other countries from entering into and spreading in the

region .

3. -----------------



1. To prevent the occurrence of main pests impairing ecosystem health and vitality, closely monitor and record them.

2. Identify and effectively carry out preventive measures against the diseases of the forests in collaboration with the relevant government departments.

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plans


2.3.2.5 Climate Change


Describe and assess the impacts on and the losses of forest plantations, natural forests, and ecosystem health and vitality caused by natural disasters such as storms or floods, etc. resulting from climate change.


1. To keep abreast of knowledge in relation to climate change and its possible

impacts on ecosystem health and vitality and carry out appropriate activities

2. To incorporate challenges and concerns of climate change into developmental plans and programmes of the District



1. Continuously study possible impacts of climate change on native ecosystems and sustained yield

2. Keep abreast of current knowledge and modern management approaches in connection with climate change.



2.3.2.6 Natural disasters (storms, droughts, floods, landslides, earthquakes, etc.)


Describe and discuss the following-

a) Destruction and loss of natural forest ecosystems including forest plantations, and

decline in the extraction of timber and other forest products in the District due to droughts, floods, landslides, earthquakes, heat waves or cold waves, etc.

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b) Natural disaster-risk reduction measures including preparations and preventions made before the occurrence of the natural disasters to reduce potential losses

c) Emergency response activities undertaken during the occurrence of natural disasters d) Rehabilitation of the affected ecosystems after the occurrence of natural disasters.



1. To record the impacts of natural disasters on ecosystem health and vitality and conduct precautionary measures

2. To integrate the challenges of natural disasters and issues that require

particular attention into development projects and programmes of the District in accordance with the Administration Law of Natural Disasters.



1. Identify and use tree species and techniques that are well resistant and

resilient to natural disasters 2. Establish windbreak forest plantations 3. Educate communities on national disasters



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CHAPTER III

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

3.1 Background

Biodiversity refers to variation of structures and functions of life and ecosystems. Diversity can include genetic diversity which means variation within species, species diversity which means variation between species, ecosystem diversity and diversity between components of other biological diversity. Components of biological diversity include habitats, genes, ecological communities and ecological processes. Biodiversity is an essential support for sustainable development of environmental, economic and social benefits. The forest management, which ensures the richness of diversity and prevents its degradation only, is the sustainable forest management capable of satisfying the needs of the present and future

generations. It is, therefore, important to manage and utilize all components of biodiversity in a sustainable manner so as not to degrade its quality. Describe and report the status of the biodiversity in the District.

3.2 Overall goals

The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)

The overall objectives are-

1. To conserve biodiversity and self-sustaining populations of native species 2. To enrich biodiversity and ensure its services are fully delivered 3. To enhance resilience to and recovery from disturbance caused by CC and others. 4.

3.3 Description of Permanent Forest Estate and Proposed Extension

Present the status of PFE in -----(beginning year of the MP) in Table 3.1 below-

Category Area, ha % of district area

Permanent Forest Estate

Reserved forest

Protected public forest

Nature conservation area

Public forest

Total forest cover

Table 3.1: Status of Permanent Forest Estate of the District in ---- (yr)

Source: DFD

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3.3.1 Reserved forests

The list of the Reserved forests established by township in the District is shown in Appendix 1-3.

3.3.2 Protected public forests

The list of the Protected public forests established by township in the District is shown in Appendix 1-3.

3.3.3 Nature conservation areas

The Nature conservation areas (NCAs) that have been established in Myanmar are presented in seven categories as shown below in the Law relating to conservation of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Areas enunciated in 2018:

1. Scientific reserve, 2. National park, 3. Marine national park, 4. Nature reserve, 5. Wildlife sanctuary, 6. Land with significant geological features, and 7. Community nature conservation area.

See detailed definition and criteria in chapter VII.

The NCAs in the District, the objectives of constituting each NCA and the wildlife inhabiting it are

presented in Appendix 1-11.

3.4 Integrating biodiversity management across the Plan area

3.4.1 Background

Diversity in the landscape can not only support natural biological diversity but also improve the vitality and resilience to natural disasters. Connectivity of habitats, communities and ecological processes is a major factor for the development of biodiversity. It is, thus, necessary for the Management Plan to build connectivity at best between the whole land scape, all forest lands and all ecosystems, and maintain it.

3.4.2 Specific goals


The specificgoals are-

1. To integrate the management of biodiversity throughout the MP area. 2. To improve the ecosystem by enriching biodiversity and enhance its resilience

3.4.3 Recommended actions


The DFD shall- 1. Protect and manage the biodiversity in the District in accordance with the Law

relating to conservation of biodiversity and nature conservation areas (2018) of the FD

2. Minimize loss of habitats due to development activities including construction of infrastructures and extraction of minerals and oils or minimize the impacts on the sustainability of these forests.

3. -------------

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3.5 Recovering and protecting threatened and priority species

3.5.1 Background

If there exist threatened plants, animals and ecosystems in the District, they must be protected. The causes that endanger them could include forest fires, destructive pests, hunting, illegal and unsystematic loggings, environment- unfriendly tourism, construction of roads and buildings, and poor management. In order to be able to identify measures to address these causes they, should be described and analyzed.



The specific goals could include-

1. To protect and develop the threatened plants, animals and ecosystems; 2. To create and maintain complex forests diverse in terms of species, age, size and

structure. 3. ---------

3.5.3 Plants

Describe economically important tree species; and other important plants, herbs, bamboos and medicinal plants, etc. and threatened plants found in the District.

3.5.4 Wildlife

List the names of wildlife by name and place where it is found and, if possible, indicate estimated population. Mention also the endangered animals.

3.5.5 Recommended management activities


The DFD will

1. collect and maintain the basic information about the threatened and priority plants and animal species;

2. conduct research continuously in cooperation with the Forest Research Institute of the FD in order to be able to improve the activities of biodiversity conservation,

3. import threatened and priority species from abroad. 4. ---

3.6 Managing key disturbance activities

The major risk to the sustainability of biodiversity includes the following. Their impacts may differ depending on duration and size. Explanation for each of them can be found in the respective sections.

1. Land clearing

2. Landuse change

3. Shifting cultivation

4. Establishing forest plantations 5. Logging

6. Mining 7. Building infrastructures

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8. Control burning and forest fires

9. Others

In addition to these activities, there may be impacts of other activities (for example, fuelwood cutting, charcoal making, salt production, construction of ponds for fish and prawns, agriculture encroachment, illegal extraction of timber and other forest products, illegal hunting, etc) on biodiversity including natural plants, wild animals and other life forms. Such information should reported.

3.7 Rehabilitating disturbed natural forests

3.7.1 Background

If there has been destruction of natural forests in the District, resulting from man-made causes such as land clearing, logging, mining, construction of infrastructures, and natural causes such as fires, pests, weeds, diseases, climate change and natural disasters such cases and their restoration activities should

be presented.



The specific goals are-

1. To restore natural forests degraded by man-made or natural causes. 2. To improve ecosystem health and resilience by enriching biodiversity.



1. To minimize the human induced impacts on biodiversity. 2. To restore degraded natural forests by strictly following the SOPs prescribed by

FD

3. -----------

3.7.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3)

3.8 Fauna Habitat Zones (FHZs)

3.8.1 Background

Describe the status of wildlife habitats in the NCAs established in the District and the forest contiguous to them.

3.8.2 Specific goals (The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)


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1. To protect the habitats of threatened species (for example – tiger) and their self-sustained populations.

2. To protect wildlife habitats in the NCAs and their contiguous areas.

3.8.3 Constitution and protection of wildlife habitats

3.8.3.1 Background

Good health is a primary requirement for the development and sustainability of biodiversity. Thus, it will be necessary to create new habitats for threatened and priority species, if the current management of the existing habitats is not adequate to sustain these species. In establishing new habitats it should be noted that providing sufficient area only is not enough. Planting trees that could provide food the wild life need. This will enrich the biodiversity in a beautiful landscape as well which can also become an attractive ecotourism site.

Describe the current situation and the activities intended to be undertaken in the District in this respect.

3.8.3.2 Recommended management activities


The DFD should

1. establish Fauna habitat zones

2. effectively protect threatened plant and animal species and help restore them.

3.8.3.3 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans


CHAPTER IV

CONSERVATION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES

4.1 Background

Conservation of soil and water resources is closely related with biodiversity conservation, improved ecosystem health and resilience, increased yield of forest resources, and conservation of cultural heritages etc. In addition, soil and water are the source of life for wild animals and plants. It is therefore necessary to protect them from degradation.

Normally, in streams and rivers which run through dense forests free from human disturbance water pollution and soil erosion cannot happen. However, the soil and water resources are adversely impacted by mining, forest fire, logging and road construction.

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In this connection, it is necessary to describe and discuss the development of these resources during the past MP period.

4.2 Overall goals


The overall goals are-

1. To protect soil and water resources in the MP area 2. ---------

4.3 Soil

4.3.1 Background

Soils and microorganisms in the soils can provide physical, chemical and biological supports which are essential for the survival of plants and animals, and sustainability of ecosystems. The soil maintains nutrients and water which are necessary for the growth of plants, and microorganisms which are necessary for the stability of healthy ecosystems. In addition, soil which is free from disturbance can benefit the world’s carbon cycle. Activities such as eroding, ploughing, compacting, salinization and use of pesticides which negatively impact the soil can have adverse effects on the properties of the soil and can be very destructive to the cycling of water and the health of the ecosystems.

It is, therefore, necessary to describe and evaluate the state of the soil resources in order to help develop agriculture and forest ecosystems in the District.




1. To protect soil resources

2. To minimize activities which will cause unnecessary disturbances to the soil. 3. ----------

4.3.3 Ecological consequences of conversion of forest land

Change of forest land use to other land uses and the consequences of such change on the ecosystem will be described. For example: the impacts on plant and animal species, cultural heritage, habitats of rare plants and animal species, biodiversity and geologically prominent features due to the change of land use from forest to agriculture, settlement, industries, metal mines, gravel mines, dams, weirs, etc. should be described and analysed.

4.3.4 Recommend management activities


The DFD shall:

1. prepare instructions for the management of soil and permit logging and establishment of forest plantations in compliance with the prescribed instructions, and restrict and control especially the use of heavy vehicles in these operations.

2. minimize the number of extraction roads, and guide and monitor the operations in order that the soil is impacted least.

3. restore the damaged areas as quickly as possible with the cost borne by the logger.

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4.4 Water

4.4.1 Background

Water is a natural resource that is vital for the survival of all living beings and ecological processes. Furthermore, rivers, streams and wetlands have cultural values for the local communities.

There will be water sources such as river, stream and lake, etc. in the District which provide water for drinking and agriculture. There could have been changes in the quality and the amount of water due to the people and climate change; for example occurrence of heavy rains and flash floods, and decline of the level of water in the rivers, streams and lakes. Describe and assess activities undertaken in the MP area to prevent and adapt to those disasters and mention the results.

4.4.2 Specific Goals



1. To protect water quality 2. To protect above and underground fresh water resources and plants which are

related to these resources. 3. To conserve water-dependent ecosystems 4. ------

4.4.3 Hydrology, runoff and water availability

Constitution of major rivers and creeks, river valleys, direction of rivers and creeks, freshwater availability, saline intrusion, watershed ranges, water pollution within the District shall be described and

the map showing the network of run-offs in the MP area presented as an appendix.

4.4.4 Ecological consequences of changing forest hydrology

Because of the change of forest land to agricultural land, settlements, industries, rock and metal mines, dams, water reservoirs, etc. the forest hydrology changes. Describe the impacts on the ecosystems resulting from the forest land-use change.

4.4.5 Increasing Need of Water Consumption

Estimate the increase in the comsumption of both above- and under-ground waters, compared to the previous management plan period, as a result of the increase in population together with mining,

agriculture, orchards, and expansion of rural and urban settlements.

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4.4.6 Silviculture for water production and water management

There have been experiences to increase the amount of water into above- and below-ground water reservoirs through silvicultural practices and application of fire.

The development and application of silvicultural practices to provide for water production is called “silviculture for water production” 14. It involves a mix of silvicultural treatments such as thinning in dense natural forests and forest plantations, shelterwoods, gap planting and selection felling, etc.

If the land is cleared to establish forest plantations or for agriculture, there is the risk of the salt stored in the unsaturated zone of the soil profile being carried by the ground water rising close to the surface resulting in salinization of the soil14. In such cases, land clearing and timber harvesting must be executed in phases.

Thinning dense forest because if it is too dense the rate of consumption of water is high, increasing the proportion of old and mature trees than juvenile and immature trees because the latter have greater water demand, planting broad-leaved species with less interception and evaporation rates instead of planting conifers that intercepts more rain water, or species with high evapotranspiration rates (like eucalypts) are silvicultural treatments which improve water production.

The status of the freshwater and brackish-water resources in the District, change of their quality and quantity, causes of the change should be described and reported.



1. The Forest Department shall, in cooperation with the department of Irrigation and

Water Utilization Management and the department of Water Resources under MoALI and other related departments and local communities, formulate integrated watershed management plans and implement them effectively;

2. The DFD must apply effectively the “silviculture for water production”; 3. ----


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CHAPTER V

PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE

5.1 Background

Heritages are the things that we value and want to protect as a community or as a culture. The heritages include local cultures, traditions, and religions. There are 135 national races residing in Myanmar, while their cultures, traditions, and religions differ much from one another. They are part of the natural ecosystem in the respective region. In consequence, those heritages cannot be neglected when the forests are managed sustainably based on ecosystem. The MP must seek to aim at thriving and improving the heritages.

The heritages and the issues that had related to forest operations or that are likely to be related to forest operations in the District should be analysed and presented.

5.2 Overall goals (The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)

The overall goals are- 1. to protect and maintain regional cultural, traditional and religious heritages 2. to make local people understand the value of heritage and actively participate in the

protection and maintenance of forests, ecosystems and heritages. 5.3 Cultural and customary heritage

5.3.1 Background The connection between forest conservation and traditional culture and customary heritages of the native people residing in the District should be discussed and presented. 5.3.2 Specific goals (The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)


1. To protect and maintain cultural and customary heritages at district level 2. To protect and maintain sites and living and non-living things that the native people

traditionally value at local level

5.3.3 Sites and Values

The status of protection and maintenance of the sites and their associated values in the District should be described. The description could include-

existing and traditionally recognized cultural and customary heritages

ancient human cultural heritages (for example, paintings and engravings painted or engraved on surfaces such as rocks, rock walls, trees and walls of natural caves in the forest, stone tools, skeletons of wild animals and ancient people, fossils, earthenware, etc.)

sites of natural heritage such as big rocks/rock masses, Ingyin fossils, big trees, etc.)

protection and maintenance of the values of the above-mentioned heritages

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The FD was started in Myannar in 1856 by Dr. Dietrich Brandis. Since then the forest officers conducted tours in the forests for many months especially in the open seasons and studied them and inspected forest operations. Inorder to facilitate those research and inspection tours, foot paths, elephant paths and rail roads (for instance railway of Gorge Ba Oh in the Minbyin RF built for timber extraction) and bungalows for boarding were constructed. Some bungalows still exist. In the towns and cities also the guest houses were built of teak elegantly in the office compounds. They should also be protected and maintained together with other cultural heritages of the country and the nation.

5.3.4 Protection of Local Culture and Values

The protection and maintenance ofthe tangible or intangible local traditional cultures and heritages (for example, human utensils, music, songs, dances, paintings, worships of great grandparents, ceremonies and festivals, etc.) and their associated values should be described.

5.3.5 Recommended management actions


The District Forest Department will: 1. prevent the impacts detrimental to cultural and customary heritages in the District 2. identify the sites and the objects that the native people value and want to conserve (for

example, forest, mountain, tree, etc.) and protect those heritages with their participation 3. lay down policy and guidelines for collaborative management of the selected forest

ecosystem and implement it in collaboration with local people. 5.3.6 Relevant policies, laws, guidelines, procedures and departmental plans

In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3) 5.4 Religious heritage

5.4.1 Background

If there are significant religious heritage sites and forest conservation works there in the District, they must be mentioned.

5.4.2 Specific Goals



1. to protect and conserve religious heritages in the District 2. to improve local people’s knowledge on the values of religious heritages and maintain those

heritages sustainably 3. ------------

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5.4.3 Sites and Values

If the forest ecosystems are related to the values of the sites having recognized religious heritages (for example, ancient pagodas, temples, monasteries, Buddhist literatures, scriptures, etc.) their protection and conservation measures must be described and presented.

5.4.4 Protection of Local Religious Heritage and Values

Physical religious heritages (for example, historical buildings and sites, memorial buildings, commemorative wooden posts, statutes, and pagodas, temples and monasteries built with ancient architectural handiwork, etc.) and spiritual heritages (for example, religious faith, religious practices, religious talks, etc.) in the District and conservation of their values must be described. And the department’s activities to protect and maintain them must be mentioned.

5.4.5 Recommended management actions (The following activities are recommended as examples only.The activities should be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District and recommended for action.)

The District Forest Department will: 1. inform and educate relevant staff, local people, businessmen and tour-guides about the

values of religious heritage and motivate them to promote religious awareness 2. follow strictly the policies, guidelines, manuals and instructions for the management of the

heritage 3. manage the forests containing cultural heritage sites by ecosystem-based CFM.

5.4.6 Relevant policies, laws, guidelines, procedures and departmental plans In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3)

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CHAPTER VI

CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

6.1 Background

Myanmar has been xperiencing the impacts of climate change significantly since late 1970s.

From 1961 to 1990 the average temperature of the country had been the lowest with 15.8 degrees Celcious in the Chin State and the highest with 27.5 degrees Celcious in Magwe Region. According to the records made at the 17 meteorology and hydrology stations established across the country the average annual temperatures rose in 9 states and regions during 1951 to 2007. The rise of the temperature was the highest in the Kayin State with the rate of 0.32 degrees centigrade per decade in Hpa-An. Out of the ten States and Regions where there was a rising trend of precipitation, Khamti of the Chin State had recorded the highest rate of 215 mm in a decade. Out of four sub- States and Regions indicating the decreasing rate of precipitation Bago Region had the highest decreasing rate with -80 mm per decade. Starting from 1997 during the period of 1956 to 1977, the monsoon entered the country a littlte bit later, but left it alittle bit earlier resulting in the rainy season shortened by about three weeks. Consequently the rainfall had reduced while the cyclone season had widened. Many scientists believe that the greenhouse effect from increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes global warming and climate change.

The forests are both the sinks and the sources of carbon dioxide. The deforestation directly causes the climate cange and increases evaporation. The change of the climate, its impacts and mitigation measures that had taken place in the District must be analyzed and presented. 6.2 Overall goals


The overall goals are- 1. to identify potential consequences of climate change 2. to develop and undertake the adaptive forest ecosystem management 3. to be able to minimize the adverse impacts of the climate change on the

ecosystem and socio-economy of the local community.

6.3 Potential Consequences of Climate Change

6.3.1 Biological Diversity

The environment in the District can change due to the change in climate. The flowering cycles of the trees, seed production and species distribution will result from the change in environment induced by the climate change. Moreover, the natural disasters such as storms, droughts, floods, landslides, earthquakes, etc. caused by the climate change will threaten the sustainabilityof the diversity of native flora and fauna.

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The development of the biodiversity during the previous MP period and its prospects in the current plan period should be described and presented.

6.3.2 Ecosystem Health and Vitality

Ecosystem health and vitality can be influenced by climate change. The climate change could favour the growth of some weeds, pests and diseases. The decline of rainfall and its associated water stress are important factors for the health and vitality of native forests and plantations. This situation should be described, analyzed and presented in the MP.

6.3.3 Soil and Water

Because of the continuous decrease of rainfall in theDistrict, the rate of flow of water in the rivers and streams sourced in the watershed forests, and ground water levels will change. Thecontinued decline of the rainfall is harmful to the flora and fauna associated with the rivers, streams and wetlands for their

living, regeneration and survival. It is vital to protect and conserve water-dependent ecosystems.

The impacts of climate change on the soil and the water that had happened in the District, and the Department’s endeavors during the previous MP period to protect them, and future activities to address

the issue should be described, discussed and presented.

6.3.4 Productive Capacity

Impacts on plant/tree growth and biomass accumulation will vary depending on the species. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and increasing winter temperatures may assist in plant/tree growth. Similarly, increasing summer rain may support plant/tree growth. However, a decrease in overall rainfall, higher summer temperatures and increased occurrence of droughts will shorten the growing season for many plants and trees and may impact survival in some places, leading to reduced biomass production. Consequently, the carbon carrying capacity of both native forests and plantations is likely to reduce. Therefore, describe whether the carbon carrying capacity of the natural forests and plantations in the District is likely to reduce or not due to predicted climate change. Moreover, appraise and describe how these changes may also negatively impact productive capacity of native forests and plantations in the district, and suggest how to protect the changes.

6.3.5 Heritage

As it is important to value and conserve biodiversity, equally impotant is to similarly value and conserve natural heritage. The climate change can affect negatively not only the biodiversity but the natural heritage also.

In many places in the District the variability of the landscape could be essential components of heritage values. If the forest fire is intense and extensive, it could not only be harmful to biodiversity but could also destroy historic structures such as ancient temples, monasteries, houses, etc., and particularly wooden buildings such as houses, schools, stock yards and bridges. The loss of historic structures, spiritual shrines and other prominent buildings due to forest fires and climate change, and the departmental actions undertaken to protect and maintain the heritage should be presented, in case such cases had happened in the District.

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6.3.6 Socio-economic benefits

Since climate change negatively impacts the occurrence and growth of natural resources, social benefits based on them will also be affected. Loss of plant species, movement of localities and change of flowering cycles may also alter the amount, locality and time of availability of non-timber forest products. Describe and evaluat the adverse impacts of climate change on socio-economic benefits.

6.3.7 Recommended management activities (The following activities are recommended as examples only.The activities should be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District and recommended for action.)

The District Forest Department should- 1. study continuously the adverse impacts of climate change on ecosystem and responsive

measures; 2. take into consideration the possible adverse impacts of climate change in all forest

operations including prediction of future yields; 3. apply procedures adaptable to climate change; 4. expand forested area and prevent deforestation and forest degradation 5. make wood-based commodities durable and use them

6.4 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

Climate change can affect all parts of the ecosystem. Since the climate change cannot be stopped, efforts must be made to mitigate and adapt to it.

6.4.1 Climate Change Mitigation Climate change mitigation is the effort or act undertaken to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters caused by climate change. The climate change occurs as a result of global warming induced by increased levels of greenhouse gases particularly high composition of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, the tasks undertaken to reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are meaures that mitigatethe climate change. Since forests are both the sinks and the sources of carbon dioxide, discuss the forest operations conducted in the District from this perspective.

6.4.2 Climate Change Adaptation

High intensity, high frequency and longer periods of extreme temperatures brought about by climate change can have impact on and change mortality, growth, structure and composition of the forest. In this context predicting the potential changes in advance, it is necessary to revise the ongoing activities to comply with the changes. The forest operations such as thinning and planting of heat-resistant tree species can improve ecosystem health and vitality to respond to and recover from the impacts of climate change. Describe and discuss the forest operations undertaken in the District in this connection.

6.5 Recommended management activities


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The District Forest Department will: 1. remain abreast of current knowledge and contemporary management approaches in relation

to climate change and its possible impacts on native ecosystems and sustained yield; revise and apply the ongoing systems with modifications made in conformity with the changing environment

2. incorporate an arrangement in the current district plan to implement the management system which is appropriate for the environment.

6.6 Relevant policies, laws, guidelines, procedures and departmental plans


CHAPTER VII

MANAGEMENT OF NATURE CONSERVATION AREAS 7.1 Background Nature conservation area is an area defined by the “Law Relating to the Protection of Biodivisity and Nature Conservation Areas” of MoNREC, the Gvernment of the Union of Myanmar, with the objective, among others, of protecting and conserving wildlife and natural flora, ecosystems or sites with significant geographical features. …………………… Wildlife Sanctuary established in 19 ……. is the first nature conservation area (NCA) in the District. Up till 20…… , … NCA with a total area of …….. hectares have been constituted . See Appendix 1-11. DFD intends to expand the NCAs by ---hectares during the current plan period. Describe the current status of existing NCAs, and discuss the issues and responses undertaken in the conservation of protection of flora and fauna and the the existing NCAs. 7.2 Overall goals (The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District)

The overall goals are- 1. to sustain and develop soil, water, biodiversity and healthy natural ecosystem 2. to protect and improve threatened and critically endangered species of flora and fauna

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7.3 Nature Conservation Areas (NCAs)

According to Section 8 of the Law Relating to the Protection of Biodivisity and Nature Conservation Areas (2018) of MoNREC, there are seven categories of NCAs. They are-

(a) Scientific nature reserve (b) National park (c) Marine national park (d) Nature reserve (e) Wildlife sanctuary (f) Geo-physically significant reserve (g) Community nature conservation area

Definitions and NCA criteria

(a) Scientific nature reserve An area having significant ecosystems, geological features and biodiversity, which is fit for

for conservation and continuous scientific studies or researches, can be established as a scientific nature reserve.

(b) National park A large area consisting of ecosystems, natural habitats and richness of biological diversity,

which could provide opportunities for scientific study, education, traditional belief and worship, recreation and ecotourism, can be established as a national park.

(c) Marine national park

A large area of sea and archipelagoes, consisting of marine ecosystems and richness of biodiversity, which could provide opportunities for scientific study, education, traditional belief and worship, recreation and ecotourism, can be established as a marine national park.

(d) Nature reserve An area, consisting of vital ecosystems, which must be protected and managed for the local

communities to enjoy ecosystem services sustainably for their development, can be established as a nature reserve.

(e) Wildlife sanctuary The habitats where protected wildlife settle and wetlands where migratory birds inhabit

seasonally can be established as a wildlife sanctuary.

(f) Geo-physically significant reserve An area consisting of significantly beautiful natural conditions, geo-morphological features,

outstanding culture and religious heritages can be established as a geo-physically significant reserve.

(g) Community conserved area

An area containing forest, mountain, river, stream, natural pond or lake, virgin floating island, island, cliff, cave, saltern, spring and medicinal plants,can be established as a

community conserved area, if the local ethnic tribes apply for conservation in compliance

with their traditions.

Nature Conservation Areas in the District

The following NCAs exist in the District.(The details are mentioned in Appendix 1-11 and Appendix 2-2.)

(1)

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(2) (3)

7.3.1 Current status and description of each NCA

Describe background, current status, difficulties encountered, advantages, disadvantages, potentials of the NCAs in the District.

7.3.2 Management

7.3.2.1 Management Objectives

The objectives of habitat restoration programme are as mentioned below9.

Long-term objectives

1. to assist development and climate change mitigation through recovery of ecosystems and attainment of ecosystem services sustainably

2. to mobilize local communities and stakeholders to participate in the conservation of vital ecosystems and biodiversity

Immediate Objectives

(a) to manage protected areas more effectively (b) to conserve the natural heritages of the country sustainably (c) to improve participation and support of the people in conservation works by providing the

benefits accrued from conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity for their development (d) to achieve the national target for the establishment of NCAs (e) to help satisfy national commitments of international agreements, programmes and

conventions In the protection, conservation and management of ecosystem and biodiversity by establishing NCAs, there could be more than one of the objectives mentioned above. The objectives relevant to the NSAs constituted in the District only should be set.

7.3.2.2 Implementation

The District Forest Department must implement the MP in strict compliance with the concerned “Habitat Restoration Programme (2018-2019 to 2027-2028)” formulated by the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of the Forest Department. Mention the operations to be implemented by NCA.



1. Implement the MP in strict compliance with the concerned “Habitat Restoration Programme

(2018-2019 to 2027-2028)” formulated by the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of the Forest Department.

2. If the Habitat Restoration Programme (2018-2019 to 2027-2028)” formulated by the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of the Forest Department is not available for the NCA in

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question,seek the guidance of the Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division of the Forest Department.

3. Follow the standard operating procedures (SOP) adopted by the Forest Department for silvicultural operations such as artificial/natural regeneration, gap planting, fire protection and so on.

4. In order that forest conservation, wildlife conservation and improvement of biodiverdiversity activities are in harmony with the ecosystem-based approach to SFM, follow guidelines provided in ESFM PM and ESFM IM.

5. ---------------

7.5 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3)

7.6 Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Plan period

The targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Plan period are presented in Table 7.1.

Example

Sr. No.

Activities Measurement

unit

Management Plan years

Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

----------------- Township

1 Establishment of Nature Reserve

ha/no.

2 Establishment of Wildlife Sanctuary

ha/no.

3 Boundary repairs of wildlife sanctuary

km

4

-

----------------- Township

1 Establishment of Nature Reserve

ha/no.

2 Establishment of Wildlife Sanctuary

ha/no.

3 Boundary repairs of wildlife sanctuary

km

4

-

Table 7.1: Targets of the activities to be undertaken during the MP period

Source : ……………..…..... District Forest Department

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CHAPTER VIII

MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL SUPPLY FORESTS

8.1 Natural local supply forests

8.1.1 Background

Setting the goal of satisfying the basic needs of the local community in respect of food, clothing and shelter, village use plantations must be established and forests restored by natural means on bare lands and forest-depleted areas with the active participation of the people to ensure a sustainable production and utilization of timber, firewood, posts, poles and bamboos, etc.

The local supply forests will have to be managed by forming working circles and felling series based on the growing stock, silvicultural system used, timber harvesting method, rotation and exploitable size. Moreover, pre-harvest inventory must be conducted to know the growing stock and production of the forest, and similarly post-harvest inventory is required to be conducted in order that necessary silvicultural treatments can be provided to the residual crop. The local supply working circle will consist of natural forests, village-use plantations and community forests (community-owned forests). Since there are normal community forests (CFs) and community forest enterprises (CFEs), the CFs only will be included in the local supply working circle, while the CFEs will be treated as production working circle.

The local supply forests in the District may consist of the working circles as shown below (Fig. 8.1)

Local Supply Forests

Natural Forests LSWC

Plantated Forests LSWC

Community Forests LSWC

Figure 8.1: Working Circles constituted in Local supply forests

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8.1.2 Overall goals



1. To fulfill the basic forestry needs of the local communities and to increase family incomes;

2. To protect deforestation and to enhance the vitality of forest ecosystem;

8.1.3 Formation of Working Circle and Felling Series

Working Circles

The formation of local supply working circles should be based upon the following:

Size of local population

Requirement of forest products

Amount of yield from the forests, etc.

More than one local supply working circle can be formed in the District. The local supply forests of the District must be formed as the following working circles:

1. Local Supply Working Circle (Natural forests) 2. Local Supply Working Circle (Village-use plantations) 3. Local Supply Working Circle (Community forests)

Figure 8.2: Formation of local supply working circles

Loca

l Su

pp

ly F

ore

sts

Local Supply Working Circle

(Plantation)

Village-use Plantation

Departmental Fuelwood Plantation

Local Supply Working Circle (Natural forest)

Local Supply Working Circle (Community forest)

Community Forest

(Natural forest)

Community Forest

(Plantation)

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Felling Series

Each local supply working circle must be divided into felling series.

Felling series have to be formed depending on objectives, forest products extracted, basic needs of local communities, potential yield of the forest products, status of transportation, and so on.

Annual Coupes

Each felling series must be divided into annual coupes. Since the felling series is a forested area where the annual yield is extracted, total number of annual coupes must be equal to the total number of years of a rotation or a felling cycle.

8.1.4 Local Supply Working Circle (Natural Forest)

8.1.4.1 Formation of Felling Series and Annual Coupes

Local supply working circle (natural forest) must be divided into felling series and annual coupes as mentioned above.

8.4.1 State of forest, stand and stock tables It is necessary to know the stand table (number of trees by size classes and by tree species) for each FS. If such data are not available, pre-harvest inventory must be conducted using the sampling design described in ESFM IM. The one-shot inventory method currently being applied by the FD for management planning can also be used, if desired.

8.1.4.2 Exploitable Size

The exploitable size should be fixed based on the requirement of the local community. The exploitable sizes may be shshown by FS in a table.

8.1.4.3 Silvicultural System

8.1.4.3 MSS will be applied. Some modifications have been made in the original MSS. (See ESFM).

The silvicultural operations such as gap planting, enrichment planting, climber cutting, and nyaungbat-felling, etc.

8.1.4.4 Growth and Yield

8.1.4.4.1 Growth

Growth rates of height, girth or diameter of tree must be presented by tree species. If these data are not available, they must be estimated.

Local Supply Working Circle

Felling Series Annual Coupes

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At least two growth and yield permanent sample plots should be laid down in the District forests and remeasured every three or five years, and the growth and yield should be studied.

8.1.4.4.2 Yield

The yield will be estimated by STB (see ESFM IM)

8.1.4.5 Pre- and Post-harvest Inventory

8.1.4.5.1 Pre-harvest Inventory

Pre-harvest inventory must be conducted at least one year in advance to know the situation of forest stand and to estimate annual yield more precisely before harvesting timber and other forest products. (See inventory method in ESFM IM).

The currently used inventory method can also be applied if required. In this caseit will be necessary to modify some enumeration sheets.

8.1.4.5.2 Post-harvest Inventory Post-harvest inventory must be carried out within one year after harvesting of timber and other forest products to know the remaining forest condition and to undertake necessary silvicultural operations. (See inventory method in ESFM IM)

The currently used inventory method can also be applied if required. It will be necessary to modify some

enumeration sheets.

8.1.5 Local Supply Working Circle (Village-use Plantation)

This working circle can consist of the following plantations (see Fig.8.2):

i. Village-use plantations established by the villagers themselves ii. Village-use plantations the FD had established and transferred to the village

8.1.5.1 Formation of Felling Series and Annual Coupes

The LSWC (Village-use Plantation) will be divided into felling series and annual coupes as mentioned above.

8.1.5.1.1 State of forest, stand and stock tables

It is necessary to know the stand table (number of trees by size classes and by tree species) for each FS. If such data are not available, pre-harvest inventory must be conducted using a simple sampling method.

If the size of the plantation is small, the data can be collected by complete enumeration.

8.1.5.1.2 Exploitable Size

The products can be extracted in accordance with the rotation specified for the planation. The exploitable

size is not important for firewood. 8.1.5.1.3 Silvicultural System

The plantations must be established and treated following the FD’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for plantation establishment, weeding and fire protection, and the guidelines mentioned in ESFM IM must also be consulted.

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8.1.5.1.4 Harvesting The roations of the plantations must be fixed by species, and they should be divided into annual coupes by age. In order of age of the plantation, an annual coupe will be harvested each year. In harvesting, either clear cutting or coppice with standards or simple coppice system can be applied. But the guidelines described in the ESFM IM must be followed in order to lessen the adverse impacts on the ecosystem, water, soil and biodiversity.

8.1.6 Local Supply Working Circle (Community Forest)

There are two categories of community forest: normal community forests (CFs) and community forest enterprises (CFEs). Only CFs will be included in the LSWC. The CFEs will be treated in the Production Working Circle. There are two categories of CF, namely CF made up of natural forests and CF made up of forest plantations (see Fig. 8.2)

8.1.6.1 Community Forest (Natural Forest)

Since there are a users group and a management committee for each community forest, the concerned management committee should be allowed to carry out such activities as establishing and tending the forest, and producing and distributing the products with the approval of the Users Group. The Township Forest Department should assist the FUG, by monitoring its works and advising it, in order to be able to operate the CF smoothly in compliance with the departmental instructions.

8.1.6.1.1 Silvicultural System

Myanmar Selection System (MSS) should also be used (see ESFM IM). The silvicultural operations such as gap planting, enrichment planting, climber cutting, and nyaungbat-felling, etc. should be carried out to

improve the existing natural forest.


It is necessary to know the stand table (number of trees by size classes and by tree species) for each FS. If such data are not available, pre-harvest inventory must be conducted (see ESFM IM).If the CF is small it can be completely enumerated.

8.1.6.1.3 Harvesting

In the felling and extraction of the selected trees,the guidelines described in the ESFM IM must be followed in order to lessen the adverse impacts on the ecosystem, water, soil, biodiversity and wildlife habitats.

8.1.6.2 Community Forest (Forest Plantation)

Since there are a users group and a management committee for each community forest, the concerned management committee should be allowed to carry out such activities as establishing and tending the forest, and producing and distributing the products with the approval of the Users Group. The Township Forest Department should assist the FUG, by monitoring its works and advising it, in order to be able to operate the CF smoothly in compliance with the departmental instructions

.

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8.1.6.2.1 Silvicultural System

The tree species selected by the users group should be allowed to plant.. The plantations must be established and treated following the FD’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for plantation establishment, weeding and fire protection, and the guidelines mentioned in ESFM IM must also be consulted.

The Township Forest Department should guide the FUG to practise either hetero-culture or agroforestry system.


It is necessary to know the stand table (number of trees by size classes and by tree species) for each CF. If such data are not available, pre-harvest inventory must be conducted by using a sampling method (see ESFM IM also).If the size of the plantation is small it can be completely enumerated.

8.1.6.2.3 Harvesting

In harvesting, either clear cutting or strip-felling or coppice with standards or simple coppice system can be applied. But the guidelines described in the ESFM IM must be followed in order to lessen the adverse impacts on the ecosystem, water, soil and biodiversity.

8.1.6.2.4 Overall goals



1. To fulfill the local community’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter related to forests and to improve the vitality of forest ecosystem

2. To achieve active participation of the people in sustainable forest management (SFM) 3. -------------



The District Forest Department will:

1. establish local supply natural forest and local supply plantations sufficiently in the district based on (a) local population, (b)requirement of forest products and (c) production of the forests

2. explain local communities about procedures, regulations and their rights and responsibilities related to local supply forests

3. teach local communities about cultural operations, management, harvesting and utilization of local supply natural forests

4. Conduct trainings for the villagers on the establishment, management and extraction of firewood plantations.

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5. ------------------




The targets of the activities to be implemented in the LSWC ring the management plan period will be presented in Table 8.1. Example

Sr. No.

Activities

Measurement unitUni

t


Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

…………………………………………… Township

1 Establishment of village-use plantations

ha

2 Establishment of community forest (Natural Forest)

ha/No.

3 Establishment of community forest (Forest Plantations)

ha/No.

4

-

…………………………………………… Township

1 Establishment of village-use plantations

ha

2 Establishment of community forest (Natural Forest)

ha/No.

3 Establishment of community forest (Forest Plantations)

ha/No.

4

-

Table 8.1: Targets of the activities in the LSWC to be implementedduring the plan period

Source: ……………………. District Forest Department

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CHAPTER IX

MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION FORESTS

9.1 Natural forests

9.1.1 Background

The situation of the forests, organization, system and volume of timber extraction, and strengths, weaknesses and difficulties in harvesting during the period of the previous Management Plan period should be assessed and presented.

9.1.2 Overall goals


1. Forest ecosystem is healthy and the country and its people could enjoy fully the goods and services that the forests are capable of providing;

2. ----------------



1. To expand the natural forests in line with the Forest Policy; 2. To maintain natural ecosystem and enrich biodiversity; 3. To improve productivity capacity and services through application of

ecosystem-based forest management (ESFM); 4. To extract and utilize forest products to meet domestic needs and generate local

and export earnings without sacrificing the sustainability of the forests 5.--------------

9.1.4 Formation of Working Circles (WCs) and Felling Series (FSs)

The natural production forests in the District must be formed into one or more Natural Forest Production Working Circle (NFPWC), and each WC must be divided into Felling Series (FSs) and each FS into Annual Coupes (ACs). See their criteria of formation in ESFM IM.

Figure 9.1 Formation of natural production forests

Nat

ura

l pro

du

ctio

n f

ore

sts

Natural Forests Production WC-1






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9.2 Natural Forests Production Working Circle (NFPWC)

9.2.1 Silvicultural system A few modifications have been made in the MSS (Myanmar Selection System). It should be applied. See details in ESFM IM.

9.2.2 Growth and Yield

9.2.2.1 Growth

The data regarding growth and mortality of the forest is basic for its systematic management. Therefore, it is crucial to know as accurately as possible the growth or increment of the forest during the MP period.

Out of many methods available to estimate the growth of the forest, the Stand Table Projection Method (STP) is considered most suitable to achieve the objective considering the data that have been collected by the FD or the nature of the data that could be easily accessed. The main weakness of the STP is the assumption that the grpwth of the tree is dependent on its size only. However, the method is easy and because the growth estimates can be available by size classes (either by girth or by diameter classes) the annual allowable cuts can be prescribed by number of tree, by basal area or by volume for each size class and species as needed. Although the precision of the estimates may be weak, the estimates could be good enough for planning purposes. In order to improve the estimates, the growth and mortility rates by species and locality can be improved gradually. The use of STP to prodict the future stand table is demonstrated in ESFM IM.

9.2.2.2 Yield

Yield is the amount of the forest product actually extracted from a specified forest.It is prescribed based on the increment or production of the forest during the MP period.The yield may be fixed In consideration of the national financial needs, the health, improvement and stability of the ecosystem and the societal requirements. The yield fixed may be equal to, more than or less than the total production.

For this District Forest Management Plan the yield is prescribed in basal area.Fixing the yield in basal area is more flexible than fixing the yield in number of trees in regulating the structure of the residual stand and reflects more the production of the forest as well. Internationally, the yield is used to be fixed in volume. Basal area is recommended here, because reliable volume tables or functions are still lacking in Myanmar. Basal area has the least human error. See the detailed calculations of growth and yield in ESFM IM. The growth estimates and prescribed yields should be assessed every five years.

9.2.3 Pre-harvest inventory

Forest inventory must be conducted one year in advance of extraction in the annual coupes where extraction has been planned in order that the AACs can be estimated more accurately. The pre-harvest inventory is undertaken in order to know the situation of the forest stands before the felling is started and to enable selection of appropriate harvesting method. This pre-harvest inventory will assist cooperation and understanding between the FD and the Extraction Agency leading to maintenance of ecosystem health and environmental quality. See the instructions for Pre-harvest inventory in ESFM IM.

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9.2.4 Timber Extraction

Under the MSS the FS is a yield regulation unit. Because the felling cycle (FC) is 30 years, the FS is divided into 30 annual coupes. The AAC prescribed for the whole FS is extracted in an AC.

The labourers can use knifes, axes, hatchets, or chainsaws as dictated by their skills to fell trees. But, in felling trees they must follow the following instructions-

No trees shall be felledin the buffer zones

The residual crop must be least disturbed

From each felled tree, the outturn must be maximized minimizing waste

Do not cause soil erosion and environmental pollution

Do not cause blockages in the streams and drains

Do not cause fire

In girdling teak trees

(a) Follow strictly the FD’s relevant standing orders and procedures

(b) Keep in line with the ESFM PM and ESFM IM suggestions

In marking green teak and hardwood trees

(a) Follow strictly the related SOP issued by the FD

(b) Keep in line with the ESFM PM and ESFM IM suggestions

And also refer to the relevant guidelines mentioned in- 1. Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), MTE, Ministry of Forestry, Sept. 2008 2. FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting Practice, FAO, Rome,1996

Follow the Forest Law 2018 in permitting the extraction of forest products.

9.2.5 Post-harvest inventory

The post-haevest inventory must be carriedout in the annual coupes where extraction was done within at least one to three years after extraction. The objective is to understand the situation of the forest after harvest: condition of regeneration, impacts of extraction on the residual crop, water and soil, and the distribution of trees by species and size in order to be able to identify and apply appropriate silvicultural treatments. See instructions for post-harvest inventory in ESFM IM.

9.2.6 Recommnded management activities


The DFD must

1. lay out two growth and yield PSPs in each type of natural forest and measure them at every three or five years and continuously study change of forest, growth and yield due to change of environment (for instance change of climate);

2. permit extraction of timber either through open tender or auction;

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3. -------------

9.2.7 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans


9.3 Plantation forests

9.3.1 Background

The 14-acre teak plantation established by Dr. Brandis in 1856 was the first teak plantation in Myanmar.More than 91,000 acres of teak plantations were established from 1896 to 1941 during the colonial period. Because those plantations were established in the gaps to include more valuable species in the natural forests,when they reached the age of 40 years final thining was done and they were treated as natural forests ever since.

After Myanmar gained independence in 1948, it had gradually increased planting teak commercially. The total area of plantations reached -----acres in ---(month) in 2018. In establishing plantations also unlike in the colonial period when planting was done in gaps of about 25 or 30 acres on small scale in the natural forests, the plantations were established extensively in hundreds of acres. These mono-culture plantations extending on vast areas are prone to pests and negative impacts on water, soil and biodiversity could be hugh.

In this context, it is critical that the plantations are planned, established and managed so that they resemble the natural forests at best. As such, plantations should be implemented systematically guided by the ecosystem-based plantation policy and procedures.

Follow the relevant SOP adopted by the FD and suggestions presented in ESFM IM.

9.3.2 Overall goals


1. To be able to establish plantations in compliance with the ecosystem criteria

2. To satisfy both domestic and international needs 3.----------------------


The production forest plantations in the District must be formed as Plantation Forests Production Working Circle (PFPWC) and each PFPWC must be divided into FSs and ACs. PFPWC will consist of commercial and industrial plantations established by the FD.The private plantations can constitute a separate WC (see Fig. 9.2).

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Figure 9.2: Formation of Production Plantation Forests

See ESFM IM for the requirements to base upon in forming WC, FS and ACs.

9.4 Plantation Forests Production Working Circle

9.4.1 Silvicultural System

In the establishment and treatment of various plantations the DFD must follow strictly the following:

1. The FD’s SOPs regarding establishment of plantation,weeding, and fire protection, pruning, thinning, improvement felling and ficus tree felling,and FD’s other related procedures and instructions;

2. Ecological/Environmental, Economic and Social principles recommended in ESFM IM.

9.4.2 Growth rate, mortality rate and yield

Each plantation should be measured occasionally and mean volume, basal area, height and diameter must be recorded. Yields can be estimated based on these records.

If there are motalities of trees and loss of plantation area, the effective area must be calculated and presented.

9.4.3 Pre- and Post-harvest inventories

The main objective of the pre-harvest inventory is to be able to more accurately estimate yields, while the objective of the post-harvest inventory is to assess the impact of the harvest on the residual stand, water and soil, and apply appropriate silvicultural treatments. These data can be achieved easily by applying a simple sample design.

9.4.4 Timber extraction

(a) Clear felling, (b) Alternate strip felling (c) Coppice with standard, and (d) Selection felling systems, etc. can be applied to harvest timber.

Pro

du

ctio

n P

lan

tati

on

Fo

rest

s

Departmental Plantations WC

Commercial Plantations

Industrial Plantations

Private Plantations WC

Teak Plantations

Other Plantations

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The selection felling system selectively cuts the trees which are commercially profitable, the trees which are defective and the trees which are impeding the development of the forest only.This system can help change the plantation gradually to natural conditions. It should therefore be prioritized. However, it needs competent staff and skilled labourers, resulting in higher costs.



The DFD should

1. gradually improve plantations so that they resemble the natural forests as closely as possible;

2. follow strictly FD’s relevant SOPs and the procedures suggested in ESFM IM in establishing plantations;

3. give priority to selection felling system in timber extraction 4. -----------

9.5 Community Forest Enterprises

The CF Enterprises will be included in the Community Forest Enterprise Working Circle (CFEWC)

9.5.1 Background

The status of the community forests in the District should be assessed and presented. The year when the CF was begun in the District, the total area of CF at the beginning of the MP, the progress of CF establishment in the District, people’s participation and the issues to be addressed can be mentioned with relevant analyses.

9.5.2 Overall goals


1. To enhance incomes of the members and consequently alleviate their poverty by commercializing community forests;

2. To expand and sustain forest cover, and promote people’s participation in sustainable forest management.


The CFEs in the District must constituite “Community Forest Enterprise Working Circle”. More than one WC may be forned depending on geography or objective of the enterprise. The guidelines suggested in ESFM IM should be referred to in the formation of WCs and FSs.

Since a CFE has a CF Products Producer Association (CFPPA) operating independently under the management of its committee, a CFE should be a separate FS.

9.5.4 Silvicultural System

If the CF is a natural forest, it must be managed in the same way as the production natural forests are managed, and if it is a plantation, it must be managed in the same way as the production plantation forests are managed.

9.5.5 Growth and Yield

The forests and timbers in the CFs can be managed following the instructions for the production natural forests and plantations.

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However, because value-added forest products and non-timber forest products in CFEs will be produced and sold, the CFPPAs should be allowed to operate independently; the DFD will be required to only monitor, assist as mandated by the 2018 Forest Law, and enforce progress reports.

9.5.6 Pre-and Post-harvest inventories

These forest inventories can be conducted following instructions recommended for the NFPWC and the PFPWC.



DFD must-

1. assist effectively the CF and CFE activities in accordance with the prescriptions contained in the Forest Law 2018

2. raise capacities of the CFUGs to be able to skillfully implement all CF and CFE activities.

3. ------------------


9.6 Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Mangement Plan period

9.6.1 Natural Forest Producttion Working Circle (NFPWC)

The targets of the activities to be implemented in the Reserved Forests and Protected Public Forests of the NFPWC during the management plan period will t be presented in Table 9.1.

Example -

SN Activitiea Measurement

unit


Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

----------------- Township

1 Girdling number

2 Green teak marking Number

3 SF marking number

4 Artificial regeneration hectare

5 Natural regeneration hectare

6 Improvement fellingး hectare

7 Weeding hectare

8 Thinning hectare

9 Climber cutting & nyaungbat felling

hectare

10 Forest road frepair kilometer

11 Reserved forest boundary repair

kilometer

12 Compartment boundary repair kilometer

13 Fire protection hectare

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14 Forest reservation sq. kilometer

15

------------------------- Township

1 Girdling number

2 Green teak marking number

3 SF marking number

-

15

Table 9.1: Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Management Plan period

Source: -----District Forest Department

9.6.2 Plantation Forests Production Working Circle (PFPWC)

The targets of the activities to be implemented in the plantation forests of the PFPWC during the management plan period will be presented in Table 9.2.

Example

SN Activities Measurement

unit

Management plan years

Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

----------------- Township

1 Establishment of forest plantation hectare

2 Thinning of plantations hectare

3 Fire protection of plantations hectare

4

-

------------------------- Township

1 Establishment of forest plantation hectare

2 Thinning of plantations hectare

3 Fire protection of plantations hectare

4

-

Table 9.2: Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Management Plan period


9.6.3 Community Forest Enterprise Working Circle (CFEWC)

The targets of the activities to be implemented in the CFEWC during the management plan period will be presented in Table 9.3.

Example

SN Activities Measure

ment unit

Management plan years

Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

----------------- Township

1 Establishment of Community Forests

hectare/number

2 Establishment of Community Forest hectare/n

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Enterprises umber

3 Training on capacity building number

4 Monitoring number

-

------------------------- Township

1 Establishment of Community Forests

hectare/number

2 Establishment of Community Forest Enterprises

hectare/number

3 Training on capacity building number

4 Monitoring number

-

Table 9.2: Targets of the activities that will be undertaken during the Plan period


CHAPTER X

MANAGEMENT OF CRITICAL WATERSHED FORESTS

10.1 Definition

Critical watershed forests are the natural forests and forest plantations located in the watersheds of hydro-electric dams, lakes such as Inle Lake, In-daw-gyi Lake, and servoirs such as Phyugyi, Gyobyu and Ngamoeyeik.

10.2 Management

As the the rivers and streams are wide-spread across the country in Myanmar, every forest is a watershed forest. They will differ from one another only in size and importance.

This is in this perspect that it is imperative to categorize them into ordinary watershed forests and critical watershed forests, and manage them accordingly.

(a) Ordinary watershed forests

These forests should be managed in the same way as other ordinary forests are managed.

(b) Critical watershed forests

These forests should be divided into two categories for management as follows-

b.1 Watershed forests located in the defined area above the hydro-electric dams;

b.2 Watershed forests located in defined periphery of the reservoirs and lakes.

The extent and the boundary of a defined area should be decided by the concerned DFD with the approval of the DG of the FD.

b.3 Forests outside b.1 and b.2 above.

Extraction of timber in the defined areas mentioned in b.1 and b.2 should be completely prohibited. Necessary actions should be undertaken to improve tree and forest cover, and reduce soil erosion.

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The forests outside the defined area mentioned in b.3 can be managed in the same manner as the ordinary forests are managed. However, extraction of timber within 30 m (approx. 100 feet) on both sides of big rivers and big streams should not be allowed.

10.3 Overall goals


1. To sustain critical rivers, streams, lakes, hydro-electric dams and reservoirs; 2. To raise awareness of the people about the water resources and involve them in the latter’s

conservation; 3. To promote PPS (Polluter Pay System) and PES (Pay for Environmental Services). 4. ----------------



The DFD must 1. protect and conserve effectively the critical watershed forests so that their extent and

quality do not decline and they are not encroached 2. ptotect the critical watershed forests from fire and shifting cultivation 3. avoid monoculture, planting deciduous species, species with high rates of use of water

and evapo-transpiration. It must attempt to improve the watershed forests by natural means.

4. implement soil and water conservation activities which prevent soil erosion 5. must construct silt control and check dams which can reduce siltation 6. must implement the PPS and the PES.



The targets of the activities to be implemented in the critically important watershed forests during the management plan period will be presented in Table 10.1.

Example-


unit

Management plan period

Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

------------------------ Township

၁ Establishment of forest plantations hectare

၂ Construction of check dams number

၃ Reparation of reserve boundaries kilometer

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၄

-

------------------------- Township

၁ Establishment of forest plantations hectare

၂ Construction of check dams number

၃ Reparation of reserve boundaries kilometer

၄

-

Table 10.1: Targets of the activities to be implemented during the management plan period

Source: DFD

CHAPTER XI

MANAGEMENT OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS 11.1 Background

The amount of the NTFPs extracted, the revenue received, issues, strengths and weaknesses relating to NTFP management during the previous Management Plan period should be analysed and presentd.

11.2 Management system

The NTFPs the FD has been permiting to extract include firewood, charcoal, bamboo, rattan, cutch, bark, plant fibre, sandalwood, resin of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus tree, thanaka( Limonia acdissima), cardamom, pine resin, nipa palm/thatch, honey, wax, bat’s guano, orchid, lacquer, rauwolfia, bird’s nest, etc.

Except for firewood, charcoal, bamboo and cane, the production and the demand of other NTFPs are difficult to estimate with sufficient precision.

In this context, the FD should prescribe yield and allow extraction of firewood, charcoal, bamboo and cane by NFPWC and FS. The extraction of other NTFPs should be permitted through license in line with the ecosystem-based procedures and instructions to be developed in advance by the FD. In licensing the extraction of these NTFPs, the DFD should monitor the progress of extraction in respect of place of extraction, kind of the product and method of extraction in order not to negatively affect the sustainable production of the product and the ecosystem stability. The annual allowable amount of collection of each NTFP could be roughly its actual average extraction over the last 10-15 years. After permitting the extraction of the product in such a way, the actual extraction should be checked occasionally and its impact on the sustainability of the product evaluated. The yield must be revised as necessary.

11.3 Overall goals


1. To contribute to the livelihood and increase income of the local community

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2. To promote employment opportunities and to enhance domestic and export earnings for the country through providing raw materials for the small and medium enterprises.

11.4 Resource inventory

The pre-harvest inventory undertaken in the Natural Forest Production WC includes the collection of bamboo and cane simultaneously. The yields of bamboo and cane can be estimated from this inventory data.



The DFD must 1. develop Standard Operating Procedure for the extraction and management of the

NTFPs and implement it 2. occasionally monitor and evaluate whether or not the extraction of a NTFP is

exceeding its sustainable productivity and revise it as necessary.


11.7 Targets of the extraction of NTFPs during the management plan period

The targets of the extraction of NTFPs during the management plan period will be presented in Table 11.1.

Example


unit


Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

----------------- Township

၁ Teak and hardwood posts number (thousand)

၂ Firewood cubic meter

၃ Charcoal cubic meter

၄ Bamboo number (thousand)

-

------------------------- Township

၁ Cutch kilogram (thousand)

၂ Bark kilogram (thousand)

၃ Indwe/Pwenyet kilogram (thousand)

၄ Thanaka kilogram (thousand)

-

Table 11.1: Targets of the extraction of NTFPs during the management plan period Source: DFD

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CHAPTER XII

SOCIO-ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY

12.1 Background

Socio-economic issues must be addressed with important consideration in the ecosystem-based forest management. The forests and the landscape in the Forest District could have been providing the local people with various goods and services. The benefits the people accrued from the forest landscape could involve various forest products, minarals, socio-economic values, recreation and tourism in addition to many employment opportunities.

These ecosystem goods and services should be discussed and presented.

12.2 Overall goals


1. The main goal is to satisfy the social and economic benefits that the people in the Distrct value in a sustainable manner

2. --------------

12.3 Forest products-based industry

12.3.1 Background

The status of the wood-based industry operating in the District must be presented. It will be necessary to discuss the development of the industry, its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks.



1. To promote wood-based industry and increase employment opportunities and incomes of the people in the District

2. To help develop the country’s wood-based industry and increase local and export earnings.

3.-----------------



The FD should 1. supply sufficiently the raw materials which the industry needs 2. assist the industry in the import of raw materials in case it needs to import them.

The Union government should

1. simplify the complicated export and import procedures and reduce revenues 2. support timber certification

The DFD must

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1. distribute timber to the private wood-based companies fairly through auction

2. assist value-added activities and facilitate the transportation of the products

3. ------


12.4 Targets of the activities to be implemented in the forest products industry during the plan period

The targets of the activities to be implemented in the forest products industry during the plan period will be presented in Table 12.1.

SN Ativities Measurement

unit


Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

------------------------ Townshipး

1 Distribution of teak raw timber m3

2 Distribution of HW raw timber m3

3 Permission of recutting saws number

4

-

------------------------- Township

1 Distribution of teak raw timber m3

2 Distribution of HW raw timber m3

3 Permission of recutting saws number

4

-

Table 1: Targets of the activities to be implemented in the forest products industry Source:

12.5 Recreation and Tourism

12.5.1 Background

The landscape in the plan area can provide important opportunities for recreation and nature-based tourism which the people always need.The outdoor recreation can raise the awareness of the people about the values of environmental conservation and forest management and bring about their cooperation, and social, religious, spiritual,and economic benefits. Furthermore, picnicking, tracking, cycling, camping, swimmimg, fishing, boating and bird watching etc. in the forest will promote tourism.

The above activities taking place in the Distrct should be described and discussed.



1. To create recreation and educational opportunities for the local communities 2. To create income generation opportunities for the local people and the country from

recreation and tourism business

3.------------------

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The FD must 1. Formulate and prescribe policy and guidelines eco-tourism development 2. The DFD must develop and implement plans to enhance the knowledge of the

visitors to the Plan area and the tourists about the environmental protection and conservation and about the environment- friendly tourism.

3. -------------------- 12.5.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans


12.5.5 Targets of the recreation and tourism activities during the Plan period The targets of the recreation and tourism activities to be implemented during the Plan period will be presented in Table 12.2.

Example


units


Total

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

------------------------ Township

1 Formulation of policy and guidelines to develop eco-tourism

number

2 Conducting trainings to enhance the knowledge of the people about tourism

number

3

-

------------------------- Township

1 Formulation of policy and guidelines to develop eco-tourism

Number

2 Conducting trainings to enhance the knowledge of the people about tourism

number

3

-

Table 12.2: Targets of the recreation and tourism activities to be implemented during the Plan period

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CHAPTER XIII

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

13.1 Background

This ESFM Planning Manual has been prepared, identifying within the framework of the Montreal Process SFM Criteria (third edition 2009) the ecological issues happening in Myanmar, and setting the goals and strategies to respond to these issues in line with the Twelve Principles of Ecosystem Approach recommended by FAO.

This Management Plan must be executed successfully in order to develop the forests in the District in a sustainable manner by the ecosystem approach.

The Montreal Process SFM Criteria (third edition 2009) and the Twelve Principles of Ecosystem Approach of FAO are presented in Appendix 4.

13.1.1 Overall goals

The main goal is to manage the forests systematically in compliance with the prescriptions recommended in the Management Plan to achieve expected results, and to revise the management activities as required timely for continuous progress.

13.2 Plan Implementation



1. For the local people to fully enjoy the expected results 2. To be able to successfully implement the Plan and to improve the implemented activities

in a sustainable manner 3. To improve ecosystems in the District and strengthen their vitality

13.2.2 Prequisites for successful implementation

The following are needed for the successful implementation of the Plan-

(1) Roles, responsibilities and resources Roles, responsibilities and resources (fund, staff, field equipment etc.) of the persons assigned to undertake the Plan must be precisely defined. (2) Competencies and training In order for the Plan to be successful, the responsible staff members must be competent enough. They should, therefore, be given appropriate trainings. (3) Operational controls

Guidelines, manuals, SOPs and checklists to guide and control operations are needed so that the Plan is implemented to achieve the objectives.

(4) Documentation and control of documents The records concerning Plan implementation must be documented and properly controlled.

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(5) Emergency preparedness and response) It is necessary to provide the staff and the local community with appropriate trainings to be ready for and adapt and respond to such emergencies as floods, wild fires, and climate change disasters.

(6) Internal and external communication The arrangements must have been made for communication concerning Plan implementation between DFD and FD, or between DFD and other related government departments and social organizations (7) Legal requirements The support of legal instruments, such as Forest Law and Environmental Conservation Law, is needed to successfully implement environment and forest conservation activities. Therefore, these laws should be updated and enforced.



1. MoNREC must have issued related laws, rules, procedures and instructions 2. The DFD must have selected suitable staff members to implement this Plan and clearly

defined their roles, responsibilities and rights. 3. The DFD must conduct trainings for the staff members, companies and people related to

this Plan operations to raise their awareness. 4. The FD must prepare and prescribe SOPs for each and every forest operation to ensure

its effective implementation.

13.3 Monitoring and Evaluation

It is vitally important to monitor, inspect, audit and evaluate whether the management is undertaken in compliance with the Plan or not.


(The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the specific Forest District

1. To secure data and information for the revision of the current and future management activities to be in line with the changing ecosystems and environmental conditions

2. To evaluate whether or not the Plan activities currently being undertaken are as prescribed, and relevant

3.--------------



The DFD must

1. prepare guidelines for monitoring and evaluation 2. conduct M & E occasionally, and use the findings to improve the current and

future activities or to devise the adaptive management.

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CHAPTER XIV

REVIEW AND UPDATE

14.1 Background Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the Management Plan (MP) is usually done at the middle and the end of the period. However, since the ecosyetem could always be changing, the ecosystem-based management plan operations should be monitored and evaluated as often as possible so that the activities currently being undertaken can be revised to be consistant with the changing ecosystem. The monitoring and evaluation involves the analysis and assessment of the field data and the data collected during the monitoring process, finding causes of failure of the unsuccessful activities, and suggesting and revising of these activities.

14.2 Overall goals


The overall goal is the Management Plan activities are smoothly implemented and the expected results achieved.



1. The high officials at the FDHQ should visit the site personally at least once during the Management Plan period and evaluate the activities;

2. The DFD should always be evaluating the Management Plan activities and in case of need, revise the future activities to be in harmony with the changing environment and implement accordingly;

3. The DFD should assess the appropriateness and practicability of the activities recommended in the MP and the difficulties faced during implemtation, and submit, if needed, to the higher authorities for further instructions.

4.----------------

14.4 Relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans In implementing the recommended activities, the DFD shall be responsible that the implementation is in line with relevant policies, laws, instructions, procedures and departmental plans (see Appendix 3).

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CHAPTER XV

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

15.1 Background

Forest resources and natural ecosystems are changing due to various causes.The experiences and the skills related to climate change and its impacts are especially insufficient. In view of this, executing the activities prescribed in the management plans could be considered as testing these activities since they have been based on incomplete data and knowledge. They are, therefore, not the activities that must always be applied without revision. This is why it is crucially important to apply a management system, which complies with the changing environment and climate, developed based on the results obtained from the monitoring, auditing and evaluation of the implementation of the original MP activities.

15.2 Overall goals



1. To evaluate relevancy, fullness, effectiveness and efficiency of the recommended actions;

2. To apply adaptive management and through this to completely achieve the goals of the MP;

3. --------------


(The following activities are recommended as examples only.The activities should be identified based on

the needs of the specific Forest District and recommended for action.)

The DFD must

1. continuously monitor and evaluate the MP activities 2. incorporate the findings from M & E, as required, in the on-going activities

and improve the future activities. 3. -----------------------


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CHAPTER XVI

PARTICIPATION

16.1 Background

In the implementation of the Ecosystem-based Sustainable Forest Management, the management activities may affect the benefits and rights of some people, ethnic groups, organizations and other government departments (e.g. traditional knowledge and belief, land and water resources that are managed by other government departments. The stakeholders can give good advice and help for the good of the project. Therefore, it is important that they are informed of the Management Plan (MP) and it may be necessary to conduct trainings to raise their capacity and awareness and mobilize for their participation in the implementation.

16.2 Overall Goals

(The goals or objectives provided below are examples only.They must be identified based on the needs of the Forest District concerned)

The overall goal is-

To involve all stakeholders in the implementation of the MP.

16.3 Recommended management activities (The following activities are given only as an example. Activities should be suggested as required by

the district concerned ) The DFD should:

1. organize meetings and discussions with people, ethnic groups, organizations and other government departments

2. create conditions for the community to participate according to their own free will. 3. create and implement capacity building activity for the community 4. ----


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CHAPTER XVII

RESEARCH

17-1. Background

In the formulation of the ESFM PM, there are weaknesses in the knowledge and available data, e.g. there is a lack in acceptable concrete knowledge on how the climate will continue to change, and what the resulting impacts are. Climate change could have large impacts on the natural resources such as forest, water and land. Therefore, it is very important to monitor and evaluate the management activities throughout the plan period to understand whether they are still correct and relevant in the prevailing situation.

The findings will be very useful to develop and apply the adaptive management.

17.2 Overall goals



1. To contribute to the adaptive management with the research findings 2. To be able to utilize the research results in the socio-economic development

activities.



District Forest Department should:

1. conduct research in collaboration with the Forest Research Institute and other related Government Department on the effect of climate change on insect pests, dicease, soils, water, natural forests and plantations

2. Identify timber species adaptable to CC 3. Explore treatment methods that can help existing natural forests and plantations

adapt to climate change


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CHAPTER XVIII

BASIC BUILDING, STAFFS AND BUDGET

18.1 Basic building3

18.1.1 Buildings, Roads and Bridges

Office buildings, residential quarters, rest houses and base camps that are to be built during the MP period must be shown in spreadsheet. The spreadsheet must also show the yearly schedule of work including maintenance for each and every township in the district. There must also be a yearly schedule of work for transportation and communication (construction of new roads, repair of old roads, maintenance and protection).

18.1.2 Communication Installation works on communication (telephone, wireless, and fax) to be implemented during the plan period should also be shown by year and township.

18.1.3 Machines and Machineries The minimum requirement of vehicles, machines and machineries should be shown by year, type and quantity together with the estimated value. Special requirements should also be shown occasionally as required.

18.2 Staff Strength3 Requirement of staff and labour by forest operation should be prepared and presented by township.

18.3 Budget

Budget requirements for all the forest operations during the project period should be mentioned. Current and capital budget requirements should be shown seperately. Appendices 2-10 should be filled, reviewed and submitted

18.4 Investment analysis The cost and benefit analysis is, if possible, should be done for each and every forest operation. If an investment is to be made in a project, costs and benefits of all possible projects should be analyzed. For instance, if it is to establish a forest plantation, should we plant teak or other hardwoods or firewood? , etc.

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Some projects will bring about monetary benefits, while others will not only be unprofitable but result in a financial loss. Through investment analysis, one can avoid investing in the unprofitable projects, but select and implement the most profitable one. The financial profitabilities of the projects can be indicated and compared in terms of Present Value (PV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (see ESFM IM). It is noted that the most profitable projects are selected based usually on the highest monetary return. A financially most profitable project may become a project that impacts most adversely the society and the ecosystem. For instance, a pure teak plantation can be more profitable financially than a plantation of teak mixed with a few other species. But it will create less social and ecosystem values. Conserving a natural forest could even provide more social and ecosystem befenits than eastablishing a plantation. This is why the economic analysis which considers the ecosystem services also will comply more with ESFM than the financial analysis which focuses only on the monetary benefits. However, in the ESFM IM the financial analysis only can be demonstrated in detail (see ESFM IM chapter 10). The implementer is, therefore, cautioned to select an operation wisely taking into consideration social and biodiversity aspects as well.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

REFERENCES

1. Forest Department (2016 ): Standard operating procedure for the establishment of forest plantation, weeding and fire protection. Technical Document 2. (in Myanmar).

(သစေတာစကခငးတညေထာငၿခငး၊ေပါငးရငးၿခငးႏငမးကာကြယၿခငးလပငနးမား ေဆာငရြကရာတြငလပငနးစဥအဆငအလကလကနာေဆာငရြကရမညလပထးလပနညးမား။ သစေတာဥးစးဌာန၊ SOP ေပါငးခပ)

2. Forest Department (2016): Handbook on formulation of forest management (in Myanmar)

(သစေတာအပခပလပကငမႈစမကနးေရးဆြၿခငးလကစြ။ သစေတာဥးစးဌာန၊ န၀ငဘာလ၊ ၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ)

3. Forest Department (2016):Manual for formulation of forest management plan (in Myanmar)

(သစေတာအပခပလပကငမႈစမကနးေရးဆြၿခငးဆငရာ လမးညႊနခကမား။ သစေတာဥးစးဌာန၊ န၀ငဘာလ၊ ၂၀၁၆ ခႏစ)

4. Myanmar Timber Enterprise (1971): Standard operating procedure for staffs of Myanmar Timber Enterprise (in Myanmar)

(သစထတေရးအမႈထမးမား “အၿမလကနာရနအမန႔လကစြ” ။ သစထနေရးဌာန၊ၿပညေထာငစၿမနမာနငငေတာသစလပငနးအဖြ႕။၁၉၇၁ ဒဇငဘာ)

5. Myanmar Timber Enterprise (1971): Timber extraction handbook. (in Myanmar)

(သစထတေရးလကစြ။ ၁၉၇၁ ႀသဂတလ။ ၿပညေထာငစၿမနမာနငငေတာ သစလပငနးအဖြ႕၊သစထတေရးဌာန)

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6. Kyaw Tint (2008): Forestry for the people. (in Myanmar)

( ၿပညသ႔အတြကသစေတာပညာ (၂၀၀၈)။ ေဒါကတာေကာတင) 7. Forest Department (2010): Habitat Restoration Programme (2018-2019 to 2027-2028) (in

Myanmar)

(ေနရငးေဒသၿပနလညတညေထာငၿခငးအစအစဥ (၂၀၁၈-၂၀၁၉ မ ၂၀၂၇-၂၀၂၈ အထ)၊ Habitat

Restoration Programme (2018-2019 to 2027-2028)။ ၂၀၁၀ ခႏစ၊ ေအာကတဘာလ၊ သယဇာတႏငသဘာ၀ပတ၀နးကငထနးသမးေရး၀နႀကးဌာန၊ သစေတာဥးစးဌာန)

8. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (2018): Forest Law 2018. (in Myanmar)

(သစေတာဥပေဒ ၂၀၁၈၊ၿပညေထာငစသမၼတၿမနမာနငငေတာအစးရ၊ သယဇာတႏင သဘာ၀ ပတ၀နးကငထနးသမးေရး၀နႀကးဌာန)

9. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (2018): Law relating to conservation of biodiversity and nature conservation areas. (in Myanmar)

(ဇ၀မးစမးကြႏငသဘာ၀ထနးသမးေရးနယေၿမမားကာကြယေစာငေရာကၿခငးဆငရာဥပေဒ ၂၀၁၈၊ ၿပညေထာငစသမၼတၿမနမာနငငေတာအစးရ၊ သယဇာတႏငသဘာ၀ပတ၀နးကင ထနးသမးေရး ၀နႀကးဌာန)

10. Richard W.Haynes et. al. (editors), 1996, USAID: A Framework for the Ecosystem Management in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins.

11. UNCED (1992), AGENDA 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development. 12. Rodolphe Schlaepfer (1997): Ecosystem-Based management of natural resources: a step

towards sustainable development. 13. Anon (1993): Forest Ecosystem Management- An Ecological, Economic and Social

Assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, July 1993, USA. 14. Anon (2013): Forest management plan 2014-2023. Conservation Commission of Western

Australia. December, 2013. 15. Forest Department (1927): Manual of Standing Orders for Forest Subordinates (1927).Second

and revised edition. 16. Frank Grenon, et al. (2011): Reference Manual for Ecosystem-Based Forest Management in

Quebec. Module 1: Foundations and Implementation Approach. Quebec, September, 2011. 17. Govt. of Myanmar (1996): Myanmar Forest Policy, 1995: Policy Statement. 18. Kyaw Tint (2013):The economics of a teak plantation, 14 Feb 2013. 19. Van Dyne (1969): The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management.

FIGURS

(ပမား) Fig. 1-1. Organization of District General Administration

(ပ ၁-၁။ အပခပေရးခရငဖြ႕စညးပ) Fig. 1-2. Organization of Forest District

(ပ ၁-၂။ သစေတာခရငဖြ႕စညးပ) Fig. 8-1. Local supply working circle

ပ ၈-၁။ ေဒသေထာကပေရးအလပတကနယ Fig. 8-2. Organization of local supply working circle

(ပ ၈-၂။ ေဒသေထာကပေရးအလပတကနယမားဖြ႕စညးပ) Fig. 9-1. Organization of Production Natural Forests

(ပ ၉- ၁။ ထတလပေရးသဘာ၀ေတာမားဖြ႕စညးပ) Fig. 9-2. Organization of Production Plantations

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(ပ ၉-၂။ ထတလပေရးသစေတာစကခငးမားဖြ႕စညးပ)

Maps

(ေၿမပမား) Map (1)- District management map

ေျမပ (၁)- ခရငအပခပမႈျပေျမပ Map (2)- Forest beat management map

ေျမပ (၂)- သစေတာဘနယ အပခပမႈျပေျမပ Map (3)- District soils map

ေၿမပ (၃)- ခရင၏ ေျမအမးအစားေျမပ Map (4)- District rivers and streams network

ေၿမပ (၄)- ခရင၏ေရစးေရလာ ကြနယက

ecosystem-based sustainable forest management … · protect and conserve threatened biodiversity,...

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