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Ecosystem & Ecology Unit Goals

1. Living & Non Living Factors in an Ecosystem

I am able to predict what may happen to an ecosystem if one or more:

a. abiotic factors change or

b. biotic factors are added or removed from the ecosystem.

2. Flows of Matter & Energy within an Ecosystem

I can analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem with these

three models:

a. Energy pyramid

b. Food web

c. Matter cycler

3. Examining Environmental Issues

I can thoroughly investigate environmental issues and properly evaluate the

trade offs involved in solving each issue

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Unit E: Ecology - Learning Goals Name:

Period:

Instructions: Use the performance expectations sheet to help you assess your current level of understanding (1-4) for each learning goal once an activity is done.

Unit E – Ecology Learning Goals

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Living & Non Living Factors in an Ecosystem

1. I am able to predict what may happen to an ecosystem if one or more:

a. abiotic factors change or b. biotic factors are added or removed

from the ecosystem.

Flows of Matter & Energy within an Ecosystem

2. I can analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem with these three models:

a. Energy pyramid b. Food web c. Matter cycler.

Examining Environmental Issues

3. I can thoroughly investigate environmental issues and properly evaluate the trade offs involved in solving each issue.

Unit D: GeneticsPerformance Expectations

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Learning Goal #1:

I am able to predict what may

happen to an ecosystem if

one or more:

a. abiotic factors change or

b. biotic factors are added or

removed from the ecosystem.

I can accurately define:

Abiotic factors,

Biotic factors,

Carrying capacity

Carnivore

Competition

Decomposer

Ecosystem

Herbivore

Mutualism

Omnivore

Populations

Predator-prey relationship

I can give examples of:

3 local ecosystems

5 biotic & abiotic factors in

a local ecosystem.

3 specific abiotic or biotic

factors that a particular

organism depends upon.

I can explain:

The varied strategies, or niches,

organisms use to compete for the

limited resources in their habitat.

How organisms and populations

are affected by a change in the

amount of resources in an

ecosystem.

I can describe to others, using examples,

how:

Ecosystems are constantly

changing.

Changes in biotic or abiotic

factors increase or decrease

populations.

The biodiversity of an ecosystem

can be used to tell the health of

the ecosystem.

Learning Goal #2:

I can analyze the flow of matter

and energy in a local ecosystem

with these three models:

a. Energy pyramid

b. Food web

c. Matter cycler.

I can accurately define:

Consumer

Energy

Energy pyramid

Food chain

Food web

Habitat

Matter cycling

Niche

Producer

I can explain with examples:

How producers transform

light energy into usable

chemical energy by

photosynthesis.

I can create a:

Local food chain showing how energy & matter cycles through different organisms in the environment.

Given data, I can show & analyze the flow of

matter and energy in a local ecosystem using

A matter cycler

an energy pyramid and

a food web

I can explain to others how:

Matter and energy can transfer

between both living & nonliving

things at any niche.

The atoms that make up

organisms are cycled between

living & nonliving parts of the

ecosystem.

Learning Goal #3:

I can thoroughly investigate

environmental issues and properly

evaluate the trade offs involved in

solving each issue.

I can accurately define:

Biodiversity,

Ecosystem services

Endangered species

Threatened species

Species of concern

Trade-off

I can give local examples of:

Endangered species

Threatened species

Species of concern

I can give local examples of:

Ecosystem services that

humans rely on.

I can investigate with evidence, why a local

species is endangered, threatened or of

concern by:

Defining the problem

Understanding the natural history

Researching causes

Evaluating recovery issues &

explaining the trade offs of using

different solutions.

I can explain to others, with examples,

how changes in biodiversity can affect the:

Resources available to humans & other

living things

Ecosystem services required to maintain a

healthy ecosystem.

Abiotic Factor: Any non living factor in the environment that affect living organisms. . (Wind, Temperature, Light, Fire, Snow, Cloud cover etc)

Adaptation: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

Biotic Factor: Living factors in the environment. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria and other factors like competition, disease, and overpopulation are all biotic factors

Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Biome: Areas on the earth with similar temperature, rainfall, soil, ex: Desert, tundra, tiaga, rainforest)

Carnivore: An organism that gets energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly from animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.

Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals of a given species that can be supported in an area…. sustainably . "

Competition: Competition is also a situation in which the various organisms living in the same area try to compete for a limited supply of food, water, space, etc.

Consumer : A organisms that eat food produced by another organism. (Ex: Rabbit eating grass)

Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 1

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Decomposers Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead plant and animal material and wastes. The decayed matter is then released as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling.

Ecology: The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Sometimes called the “Study of what goes on in our House”

Ecological Relationships: The relationships between organisms within an ecosystem. All organisms in an ecosystem are connected. Each population interacts with one another in a complex web of relations.

Ecosystem: A biological system consisting of all the living organisms or living factors (biotic) in an area and the nonliving factors (abiotic) that the organisms interact with, such as air, mineral soil, water and sunlight.

Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Includes: Provisioning services such as food and water; Regulating services such as flood & disease control; Cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling that maintain the conditions for life on Earth.

Energy Types: Forms of energy that do work in a system (e.g. Solar, Nuclear, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical, Gravitational, etc)

Energy Pyramid: An energy pyramid is a graphical model of energy flow in a community. The different levels represent different groups of organisms that compose a food chain.

Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 2

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Food chain: A simple way of showing how energy passes through organisms in the environment

Food Web: A series of overlapping food chains which show how energy moves through an ecosystem.

Habitat: The physical location where an organism lives. ex: wetland, salt marsh, forest, lake, grassland

Herbivores: A type of consumer that feeds directly on green plants (or another type of autotroph).

Introduced, Endangered, Threatened or Species of Concern Lists: Two Federal or State cautionary lists. • The Endangered, Threatened, or species of concern list tells about organisms whose survival in

the wild are of concern.• The Introduced species list tells about all non native organisms introduced (invasives) into an

area that threaten the ecology of this area.

Matter: A substance that occupies space and has mass

Matter cycling: The circle of life. When matter goes through different forms in the environment. (Ex: Plant => Cow => Human => Worms => Robin => Hawk => Owl => Worms etc.)

Mutualism: A relationship in which two or more different organisms benefit. (Anenome – Clownfish)

Niche : The role of an organism in an ecosystem… how the organism gets its energy. ex: producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore, decomposer

Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 3

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Omnivores: Organisms that feed on both plant and animal matter for energy.

Plankton: any drifting organisms (animals, plants, archaea, or bacteria) that inhabit the open waters of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water.

Photosynthesis: A process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy. A simplified formula for photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + sunlight → Sugar (C6H12O6)) + O2

Population: all the organisms that belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area

Predator – Prey relationship: An interaction between two organisms of different species when one is the predator who captures & feeds on the other organism that serves as the prey.

Example of the Predator-Prey relationship:• In ecology, predation is a mechanism of population control.

• When the number of predators is scarce the number of prey should rise. When this happens the predatorswould be able to reproduce rapidly.

• As the number of predators rises, the number of prey decline. T his results in food scarcity for predatorsthat can eventually lead to the death of many predators.

Producers: Organisms in an ecosystem (primarily green photosynthetic plants) that use the energy of the sun and other materials to make energy and grow.

Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 4

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Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions Final

System: A group of parts working together that forming a complex whole. (e.g. body systems, ecological systems, railroad system, Interstate highway system)

Trade Off: An exchange of one thing for another, especially giving up of one benefit or advantage for another that is more desirable: (See example below)

Wolf example: If wolves are reintroduced into an area where they weren’t for many years, there are many positive and negative trade-off

Positive NegativeWolf eats sick & weak animals Wolf threat to ranchers, possibly eats cattle

Food web has healthier, fitter animals Moose, Elk , Deer populations decrease overall

Habitat restored with more vegetation Sheep and Cattle wary, gain weight slower

More food for birds, small mammals Possible, though unlikely, threat to humans

Possible hunting season for wolves

Ecosystem more diverse

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What are we studying in this unit?

Ecosystems

and

Ecology

in

Our

House

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Ecology is the study of “our house”

Kramer USFWS

Topics• Habitats• Niches• Predatory -Prey Relationships• Matter Cycling• Food Chains & Food Webs• Energy Pyramids• Carrying Capacity

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What things are happening in our house?

We have introduced many invasive species… some on purpose, some not. … some were ok, others not!!

Redworms

Zebra Mussels

Zebra Mussels spread throughout the US Clogging pipes and costing millions!

Redwormsdecompose decaying

matter ,returning valuable

nutrients to the soil!

4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may happen to an ecosystem if living

or nonliving factors change

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Feral Swine & Wild Boar BullfrogRuss Ottens, University of Georgia

Tansy Ragwort

We have introduced many invasive species.

Each is changing the ecology of WA State.

4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may happen to an ecosystem if living or nonliving factors change jschmied©2016

Asian Carphttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_Carp.jpg

Threatened & Endangered Species report

Fisher

Great Horned Lark

Taylor’s Checkerspot

Mardon Skipper

Pygmy Rabbit5. Master an Environmental Issue: I can investigate a local environmental issue by:

• defining the problem • researching causes,

• explaining the underlying science, • evaluating the trade-offs of different solutions.jschmied©2016

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8. References Reference all sources used in your report. (minimum of 3 resources)

7. Recovery Issues and Trade-offsa. Describe attempts that are being made to restore the species. b. Tell at least 2 positive and 2 negative trade-offs that have to be made to restore this species.

6. Reasons for becoming endangered:Explain, in detail, why this species has become endangered, etc. (e.g. habitat needs, role within ecosystem, development etc.)

3. Adaptations4 or more adaptations your creature has and… How each adaptation helps the creature to survive/function better

4. Food web:What niche is species in the food web? (e.g. producer, consumer, second level consumer, etc... also herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore,decomposer?)

5. Effects on ecosystems:Explain what the effect would be on the ecosystem if this species become extinct.

2. Distribution:a. Where is it located?

b. How many of this species are in Washington State?

1. Comprehensive Description & HabitatDescribe the organism and its habitat in a way others can understand

Title Page

The Introduction of Nile Perch into Lake Victoria changed the lake’s ecology!

4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may

happen to an ecosystem if living or nonliving factors change

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Introduction of Nile Perchshowing the Effect on the lake’s food

web

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Habitats vs Niches Habitat – The physical location where an organism lives

ex: wetland, salt marsh, forest, lake, grassland

Niche – The role of an organism in an ecosystem

ex: producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore or

decomposer.

I can show & analyze the flow of matter & energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food chain, food web or matter cycler

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Food ChainA food chain is a simple way

of showing how energy passes through organisms

in the environment

2. I can show & analyze flows of matter & energy in an ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler,

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Food Chain and Population Dynamics

Fern

Snail

Frog

Large Mouth Bass

Great Blue Heron

G.H. Owl

The populations of theorganisms higher on

a food chain decreaseat each level…

Why is this so?

The populations oforganisms higher on

the food chain decrease at each level because they have less food energy

available!

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…and (how) are the populations

of decomposers affected?

AdaptationsAll creatures have evolved

over time to “adapt” to their niche.

2. I can show evolutionary adaptations of organisms in an ecosystem.

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Long bill for catching fish quick.Long neck to extend reachLong legs for wading Eyes face forward to focus better

Fast accellerationCamouflaged bodyLarge mouth to catch preySpiny fins to avoid being eaten

Large eyes to detect movementGood jumper to escapeCamouflaged body

Moves fast to escapeSlender body to get in small spacesFlexible Eats large variety of foods

Protective shellRasping “tongue” to scrape plantsAntenna to feel, smell & seeHides during day

Compound leaves increase surface area to catch lightMore light more photosynthesis, more food etc.Ferns connect with fungi via roots to get more water

& give fungi sugars

Extraordinary EyesightCan twist head 270°Acute hearingOpposing Talons.. Etc.

What is the Basic Process of Evolution?The basic theory of evolution is surprisingly simple. It has three key parts:

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1. It is possible for the DNA of an organism to occasionally change, or mutate.

A mutation changes the DNA of an organism in a way that affects its offspring, either immediately or several generations down the line.

2. The change brought about by a mutation is either beneficial, harmful or neutral.

• If the change is harmful, then it is not likely the offspring will survive to reproduce, so the mutation dies out.

• If the change is beneficial, then it is likely that the offspring will do better than other offspring and so will reproduce more. This is called an Adaptation.

• Through reproduction, the beneficial mutation spreads. The process of culling bad mutations and spreading good mutations is called natural selection.

3. As mutations occur & spread over long periods of time new species form.

Over the course of many millions of years, the processes of mutation and natural selection have created every species of life we see in the world today, from the simplest bacteria to humans and everything in between.

What types of evidence do we have that organisms adapted, or evolved, over time?

Understanding Evolution

- The history of living things is documented through multiple lines of evidence that converge to tell the story of life through time.

- The lines of evidence include:

Fossil evidence

Homologies

Distribution in time and space

Evidence by example

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PhotosynthesisPlants & some Bacteria

Mitochondriaconverts glucose into

Chemical Energy during Cell Respiration

O2 + Glucose (C6H12O6)

In Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O

Air Roots & Air

3. I can explain how energy from the Sun is converted by producers via photosynthesis into chemical energy for all living things.

Out VacuoleStorage

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Food Web

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A food web is a:• series of

interlocking food chains

• which show how energy moves through an ecosystem.

2. I can show & analyze flows of matter

& energy in an ecosystem using an

energy pyramid, food web or

matter cycler.

Food Webs – The rest of the story

Food webs are often simplified A predator’s prey varies with the time of the year, weather, age of predator & available food .

Compare this food web to the data below:

Great Horned Owl’s really eat:• Over 253 species of prey: Spiders, insects,

crayfish, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, turtles, ducks, herons, pheasants, geese, rabbits, rats, mice, voles, skunks, opossum, muskrats & woodchucks.

• Great Horned Owls mostly feed on: Rabbits, hares, squirrels, rats and muskrats.

• Great Horned Owls prey on other owls Barred Owls, Barn Owls, Screech Owls,

Saw-whet Owls, but not Snowy Owls.http://www.ecologyedu.com/ecology_education_resources/owls_of_new_jersey/great_horned_owl_fact_sheet.html

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http://mrsmaine.wikispaces.com/Southeast+1

2. I can show & analyze flows of matter

& energy in an ecosystem using an

energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler.

Trophic Level: The trophic level of an organism is the position the

organism is in a food chain

Trophic levels are based on the ways organisms get food. Here these are:

Producer - plants or algae that use Carbon Dioxide and Water and Sunlight to make their own food using photosynthesis

Consumer - animals who cannot make their own food and need to consume other organisms for energy.

Three types: o Herbivores: Animals that eat primary producers (like plants) o Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals o Omnivores: Animals that eat both plant and other animals

Decomposer – organisms that get energy by breaking down dead plant and animal material and wastes. The decayed matter is then released as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling.

Trophic Levels – 10% of energy is passed on, 90% lost as heat etc.1: Primary producers - Plants and algae 2: Primary consumers - Herbivores 3: Secondary consumers – Carnivores that eat herbivores 4: Tertiary consumers - Carnivores which eat other carnivores

5: Top predators - have no predators and are at the top of the food chain.

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A matter cycler shows how matter cycles in the environment & also shows niche & trophic level info.

Matter Cycler

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AlgaeProducer

HerbivorePhytoplankton1st Level Consumer

Dinoflagellete

ChinookSalmon(King)

Bacteria

Killer Whale(Orca)

Sea Lion

Sun

Krill

Euchalon(Smelt)

2. I can track Flows of Matter & Energy: I can show & analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler, while showing niches, relationships & transfers of energy.

Use these organisms to create a Matter Cycler & an Energy Pyramid

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Dinoflagellete

Primary Producer

KrillOmnivore Euchalon

Omnivore

1st Level Consumer

2nd Level Consumer

Chinook SalmonCarnivore

3rd Level Consumer

Sea LionCarnivore

4th Level Consumer

Killer WhaleTop Carnivore

5th Level Consumer

BacteriaDecomposer

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Aquatics Matter Cycler

• Start with 1,300,000,000 cal. at the Diatom (Producer)Level• Properly complete both Niche and Energy data.

Energy Pyramids

compare the energy available at each trophic

level of a food chain

in an ecosystem.

1,300,000,000

130,000,000

13,000,000

1,300,000

130,000

13,000

1,170,000,000

117,000,000

11,700,000

1,170,000

117,000

Producer

Omnivore1st level Consumer

Omnivore2nd level Consumer

Carnivore3rd level Consumer

Carnivore4th level Consumer

Top Carnivore

5th level Consumer

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Symbiotic Relationships –Symbiosis: An interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, often to the advantage of both

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Example 1A: Mutualism (Win – Win) both benefit

Lichens are made of a fungus in a mutualistic relationship with an alga.

The algae provide : • Carbon• Energy to the fungi

The fungi supplies:• Minerals &• Protection to the algae

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Example 1B: Mutualism Mycorrhizal Interface (Win-Win)A Mycorrhizal interface occurs when a plant’s root network interconnects with the vast fungi networks in the soil.

The plant roots provide : • Energy in the form of surplus

sugars & starches

The fungi supplies:• Nutrients

• Water from the fungi network

Fully-formed mycorrhizal networks can increase the water absorption of plant roots by a hundred to a thousand times!

Symbiotic Relationships

Coniferseedling

Fungi

Mycorrhizal interface

Symbiotic Relationships

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Example 2: Commensalism (Win – Not Harmed)One organism benefits, the other is not harmed

Squirrels use hole in

living tree chiseled by woodpecker.

The Squirrels get:

• Shelter from predators

The Tree is:

• Not harmed

Symbiotic Relationships

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Example 3: Parasitism (Win – Lose )One organism benefits, the other is harmed!

Mistletoe is a Tree

parasite

The Mistletoe gets:

• Nutrients

• Water from Tree

The Tree Loses:

• Nutrients &

• Water

Predator - Prey Relationship Isle Royale Wolves vs. Moose Study

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Predator – Prey Relationships

• There is often a lag in time after populations of predators decrease and populations of prey increase.

• There is often a lag in time after populations of prey increase and populations of predators increase.

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What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a system containing:

A community of living organisms (plants, animals and

microbes) and other biotic factors (living) (predation,

mutualism…) and:

Abiotic (or nonliving factors) of the environment heat,

cold, air, water, fire, wind, mineral soil etc…

Linked together through:

Nutrient cycles (Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorous…)

Energy flows

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1. Know what an Ecosystem is: I can explain that an ecosystem is an area with populations

of organisms, other living (biotic) factors) & nonliving (abiotic) factors.

What do we study about Ecosystems Location of local ecosystems

The limiting factors that govern each

( Desert = rainfall, Tundra = temperature…)

How each change over time.

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Ecosystems – Climate change

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Abiotic Factors affect the Earth’s systems. Massive amounts of CO2, CH4 (methane) & other

chemicals released by burning fossil fuels are warming the atmosphere + disrupting the Earth’s

entire temperature balance.

A combination of Biotic and Abiotic

Factors out of balance are challenging

Earth’s Systems.

Ecosystems also be very small

like a Worm Ranch!

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Know your local Ecosystems

Atoms to Universe prezi

I can give LOCAL examples of ecosystems and describe their boundaries and contents. Olympic National Forest, Columbia Plateau, Cascades, Palouse, Puget Sound, Skyview’s Environmental Center, a wetland pond, one square foot of lawn).

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Ecosystems are Changing!Presently our population is driving

environmental change. Some reasons:• Resource Extraction & Uses

• Mining, wells, timber harvest, soil loss

• Climate Change

• Burning of Oil, Gas, Nat’l Gas & Wood

• Extinction – Introduced Species

• Decrease in diversity, loss of genetic resources

• Pollution

• Water, Air, Soil

• Need more space for humans means….

• Less space for other living things

We are changing the face of the Earth, a little bit of a time

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6. Identify Factors that affect Ecosystem Health:

7. Predict Ecosystem Disruption:

A combination of Biotic and Abiotic

Factors out of balance are challenging

Earth’s Systems.

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The Earth is a limited system.

The Earth’s systems are thrown off

balancewhen people aren’table to balance their

personal “wants” with our

community’sneed to have a

healthy,sustainable, environment

Carrying Capacity

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Act 86a - Abiotic Factors in the Center Field Study

6. Identify Factors that affect Ecosystem Health: I can Identify factors that reduce the ability of an ecosystem to support populations

Forest Structure

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Act 86 – SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study

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Figure One – Fill in the class keynote template:

Organisms in the Trail Center

Layer:

Good Image of Organism here

Organism Name:

Niche:

Eats: (two or more except Producers)

Eaten by: (two or more)

Adaptations: (two or more)

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Figure One – Overall Layout: You can use the class template to save

valuable layout time, or chose another. However, your figure should have at least 6 equal layers (excluding Title). Instruction sheet link.

1. Know what an Ecosystem is: I can explain that an ecosystem is an area with populations of organisms, other living (biotic) factors) & nonliving (abiotic) factors.

• I can give LOCAL examples of ecosystems and describe their boundaries and contents.

Common Name:

Scientific Name:

Niche:

Important Fact 1:

Important Fact 2:

Draw Plant

close up here

Shrub Layer

Papilio rutulus

Niche: Herbivore

Fact 1: Caterpillars eat leaves of willow, alder, cherry, ash, & cottonwood trees. Adults drink nectar of flowers.

Fact 2: Predators are birds, spiders and amphibians. W. Tiger Swallowtails have an eyespot & makes a foul smell that helps to deter predators.

Forest Layer

Common Name

Scientific Name

Important Fact 1

Important Fact 2

Niche

Image

Western Tiger Swallowtail

Act 86 – Fig 1 - SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study

Act 86: Fig 1 - SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study

2. Track Flows of Matter & Energy: I can show & analyze the flow of matter & energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food chain, food web or matter cyclerjschmied©2016

5 Rules of the Environment

1. Population drives most issues in our environment.

2. You can’t appreciate what you don’t understand… and If you don’t appreciate the environment, its easy to treat it with disrespect

3. The Tragedy of the Commons “exists” in everyoneAir, Water, Soil, Oceans, Energy, Fish and Land Animals…

People acting independently and in their own self-interest will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource… even when it is clearly not in anyone’s long term interest for this to happen

…. Even though you may know that what you want to do is not good for future generations, you are inclined to do so because it is in your own best interest.

4. No one Silver Bullet (solution) can solve an environmental issue.The Lone Ranger quagmire – competing “goods”

5. With great power, comes great responsibility.The Spider Man dilemma

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1. Population drives every issue in our environment.

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2. You can’t appreciate what you don’t understand… and If you don’t appreciate our environment, its easy to treat it with disrespect

Environmental Grounding Where does your….

Recycling Go?

Yard Waste Go?

Solid Waste Go?

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This 85-pound Chinook salmon, a true June hog, was caught at Astoria by fisher Tony Canessa (pictured) in 1925. Photo: Columbia River Maritime Museum

3. The Tragedy of the Commons

The June Hog run

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Even though you know that what

you want to do is not good for

future generations, you are inclined

to do so because

….. it is in your own best interest.

4. No one “Silver Bullet” can solve an environmental issueThe Lone Ranger quagmire – competing “goods

Kramer USFWS

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5. With great power comes great

responsibility….

The Spider Man Dilemma

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