ecm under the rule uxul

7/30/2019 ECM Under the Rule Uxul

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grubeetal. / undertheruleofthesnakekings 11

UNDER THE RULE OF THE SNAKE KINGS:

UXUL IN THE 7h AND 8h CENTURies

NIKOLAI GRUbE

KAI DELvENDAHL

NICOLAUS SEEFELD

ux ahg Pjunv Bnn

bENIAmINO vOLTA

Dpmn f anhpgy,unvy f cfn-sn Dg

Resumen:Dd 2009, unvdd d Bnn f bj qg n dux, n dd my d c n xm d d d cmph. e bjv dpy nvg xpnn y dngn d pd hgmn n maya, con un enfoque en la zona central de las Tierras Bajas y especcamente en la estrechan d ux n gbnn d pd dn Kn d ckm. evdnnovedosa conrma las hiptesis de que Uxul estuvo bajo control de Calakmul en el siglovII y d q d pd n dmn n d d gbnnYknm Yhk Khk y Yknm tk Kw g d tk n 695 y 736 d. c., p-vmn. cnd dd n pn n gnd md d g vIII, pbn d ux n q f pz d mnn nf m mpn pbvv: q nd n mnj d g.

PalabRasclave: ux, ckm, p , mnj d g, p.

abstRact: sn 2009, h unvy f Bnn ndng hg nvgn ux, mdm zd My y n h xm h f h Mxn f cmph. thpj h g nvg h xpnn nd dngn f hgmn pwn h My , nnng n h f h My lwnd nd py nux n h pwf Kn dyny ckm. Nw vdn nghn hhyph h ux w nd h n f ckm n h y 7h ny. a, d gg h h dwnf nd bndnmn f ux w y d h ffdf f ckm Yknm Yhk Khk nd Yknm tk Kw h hndf tk n aD 695 nd 736. Whn h n hy pd dng h md-8 h ny,

h hnkng ppn f ux w n b mnn h hn pvn h m vy mpn f nf: w mngmn ym.

KeywoRds: ux, ckm, ry P, W Mngmn, cp.

RecePcin: 1 d jn d 2012.acePtacin: 9 d j d 2012.


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uNDer tHe rule oF tHe sNaKe KiNGs:uXul iN tHe 7tH aND 8tH ceNturies*

NIKOLAI GRUbE

KAI DELvENDAHL

NICOLAUS SEEFELD

ux ahg Pjunv Bnn

bENIAmINO vOLTA

Dpmn f anhpgy,unvy f cfn-sn Dg

Introduction

ov h p f y (2009-2012) h ux ahg Pj f h un-vy f Bnn, Gmny, nd gn dn f Nk Gb nd annBnvd c, n bn wh h Mxn in f anhpgynd Hy (iNaH), h ndd hg vy nd xvn ux, mdm-zd c My y n h xm h f h Mxn sf cmph. th d whn h ckm Bph rv, 34

km hw f ckm nd 4 km nh f h bd bwn Mx ndGm. ux w dvd, xmnd nd mppd n 1934 by h thdcng inn f Whngn xpdn cmph (rpp nd Dn-n, 1943: 74). af h n v, ux dd n v fh nn fmny dd. in h 1980, hy bf h ckm Bph rv wbhd, gg nd h gn n d x p hdwd.Dng h m, ux bm h g f xdny hvy ng.

The scientic rediscovery of Uxul was made in 2005 by Ivan prajc on thebase of aerial photos (prajc, 2008: 13). In the same year, Nikolai Grube startedh dmnn f h n mnmn h mnd h (Gb,

2008). thgh mppng f h n pd by h y bgn n 2007

* rh ux n h p f y (2009-2012) h bn fndd by h Dh F-hungsgemeinschaft (DFG). For the 2012 eld season, Volta also received nancial support from UCMeXus, whh h gfy knwdg. th ux ahg Pj wd k hnk PdFn snhz Nv (Pdn, cnj d aqg, iNaH), l Gdp sz amnd(D, cn rgn iNaH cmph), nd J adb Zg M (D, rvd Bf d ckm) f h pp. W wd k xp gd hmn nd wmn fm Mn, Yn, nd cnn nd Pb G, cmph, wh ngy,dedication, and friendship have made eldwork at Uxul possible.


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14 estudiosdeculturamayaxl

n ppn f h n hg h pj. th g f hpj nvg h xpnn nd dngn f hgmn pwn h My , nnng n h f h My lwnd. uxw d py b f n n f h ppw f

My hy, ckm pxmy whh h npd Jy M (1973) propose that Uxul was under direct inuence of that megalopolis, probably asn y vn y.

a nmb f n h n hv bn -nhd x-vated during the past four years. The focus of the rst two years of investigationw n nd mpnd h w ndd n h nzn bwn h nd h nn-, n d xp hw h p fexpansion and disintegration of hegemonic power inuenced all strata of society.th p w y hv nnd nngy n h hgh mpxn h n, b n h nmd nd pph . th p-

ent text is a rst approximation to the history and archaeology of Uxul, focusingn h bn nd -mpn w n p h gd pf My y m whn ux w ppny nd h f hmghy snk kng fm nby ckm.

Environmental Setting and Site Layout

th nn mn f ux d n h wn d f h k dgthat runs from northern Petn, Guatemala, into eastern Campeche, Mexico (g-

1). th gn f h cn My lwnd hzd by n n-ng pgphy f ng mn h nd ny nndd dpnknwn bajos. evn gdy fm ppxmy 60 m bv v n h d f h dg mxmm f 450 m n h h fh Gmn pn f h pnd, nd mwh w pk f 390m n cmph.

Fwng pn h fy mmn hgh h cn lwnd(adm, 1980; Dnnng et al., 2002: 268), ux w nd n vd -n h dg f g bajo. th mn pd v gp fadjacent at hilltops or mesetas wh vn bwn 250 nd 270 m

bv v, n vg b 30 m hgh hn h ndng n(gure 2). The relatively level surface of these hilltops is cut by erosional chan -n corrientales h dn nff wd w-yng . th m dpynd f h hnn fm p nyn-k p, ffvy dvdng h n dn mn zn.

th mnmn f ux d n h n hp, h hghnd m xnv f h h h hv bn vyd f. am dy h w nd f h w g aguadas, modied reservoirsh pvdd m f h w ppy f h ppn f h dng h


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dy n. th hwn meseta ghy mk h m f h mnn h dn, ndd by bj n d xp f h .th hp h nh h bn ny py vyd, b nfm nn-n nd h dny fy nn p wh h n

FiguRe 1. Mp hwng h n f ux nd h n h gn pd n n iNeGi -ph wh f dvd fm h Nasa srtM30 dg vn md (s dn

and rank from prajc, 2008; prajcet al., 2010)


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FiguRe 2. ux mn mp ndng gp mnnd n x


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bgn p wd h g bj h nh. ahgh h p xnf h h h, w, nd nh pp b w nnd by hsharp variations in topography, its eastern edge has been harder to dene. This py d h gy f h n xndng h , wh nm-

m h h mgh hv pvdd b f hbn.th vyd p h pn v ppxmy 2.2 km2 ndf h m p mp vd n n h mn mesetas ng whtheir slopes (see gure 2). By taking into consideration the local topography asw h f nfm nnn, w m h v xn fh mn f ux b 5 km2.

Wh fw xpn, h mn f fnd n w-dnd,vd n. M bdng ngd n vy d hgroups, most often dening at least three sides of a rectangular court in theplazuela pn (ahm, 1981: 48-49; Wyet al., 1965: 572). ah-

gp ux ng n z nd mpxy fm m nfm f bdng ngmn fng m-vd p, fw f whh b n p f bn b pfm. M h ngmn nd ghy f nh, fwng wdpd Mmn p(avn nd Gbb, 1976).

th pn f ux h dpy h m xpy pnnd p ng-ment is its ceremonial and administrative core. This area, dened by the pres-n f mnmn h nd vd n nd , m700 m -w by 400 m nh-h nd mpd f hlarge plazas aligned on an east-west axis (gure 3). The eastern plaza of the

(Gp D) nn uxn-y e-gp wh g mp n h nhn dg f h pz, wh g, p-y pymd hh (s l1), h h , mp h ngmn.th n pz nn h ny b ux, whh w b dy h nh f p mpx (Gp K). th pz d h w by ng bdng (s c8) wh w nhn nd, nd h nh by m ng bdng wh g fn (sc10). Fny, h m wn pz nd n h by s K1,nh g pymd pn b pfm, nd by m mp hh (s M1).

a 150-m-ng wynmd by rppsacbed fm h wndg f h mn pz Gp a, n h mpx d b 15m w h nn f pymd wh h b.t h nhw f h g ng b pfm mngb 90 by 60 m wh mxmm hgh f 8 m (Gp e) h mghrepresent an unnished acropolis complex. Another causeway to the east of thee-gp (Dnn wy) n b 200 m, nnng h g p gp (Gp r) h dg f h n aguada (see gure2). th gp, ng wh x h pb ndd dbd hgh


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h mn, pp nfm h n hn h pnidentied by Becker (2004) at Tikalan arrangement associated with ancestorwhp nd hhd-v v.

od f h , m h gp pd vh n meseta nd djn hp wh fy g png. i vdnh h nn nhbn f ux k f dvng f n n htopography and tended to avoid areas that were prone to ooding during theny n. th v mjy f gp pp dn n n, h mmmn n yp bng ng mnd 10 20 m n ngh ndb 5 m wd wh n vg hgh f 1.2 m. Bd n mdxvn nd ngy wh mpb mn h n h gn,h hgh pn hbn , fn b n w bplatforms, featuring multiple adjacent rooms with plaster oors and masonry

w. th yp f mnd mk p ghy m hn 45 % f . i very likely that a signicant number of these structures would have had a vaultedstone roof, but, except for obvious cases, this is extremely difcult to estimatefm f bvn n.

th nd m mmn n yp n h mn w ngmnd ngng fm 50 nm n hgh m h by n-ticeable above the jungle oor. Depending on their size and conguration thesed hv vd vy f pp, fm ppng phb h dn, khn, m hn ndd by h n

FiguRe 3. ux n


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presence of low foundation bracesto providing at surfaces for daily activities g. th hyph h m gp hd pmy dn fn-n ppd by h bndn f g n n h mn. sxychultunob hv bn dd f uxm n f h f h 63

h gp vyd.th m mpn xpn h dn h p-n. a fw f h dy mnnd n hn gp f pymdmnd f ndb z, f whh php h m nb xmp that in Group N, measuring approximately 7 meters in height (see gure 2). Twoddn g pymd hv bn nnd d f h n. th n n h Km Gp, b 7 m , d n hhgh pn f h hwn meseta, gh h dg f dp hm nthe hillside. It appears that this location held special ritual signicance, as there n h n h vny xp f fw m pfm mnd

nd w w h f h pymd.th h pymd fnd d h p f h akGp, n h mpx b n p f mv b pfm b350 m h f h p gp. th 5-m pymd n h h-n dg f g pn pz, h w f whh m, ghy vdnd p. a n f h m hy b gp n hhn f h , pb h h ak Gp w nhbd byndvd f nd h vd nd dmnv fn-n.

a my mpng gp w ny dvd n h hgh pn f h

nhn hp. th Kj Gp h g mnmn mpx mppd f d f h , mpng h djn n dffn vnd xndng 170 m -w by 70 m nh-h wd. ag ng mnd 6 m n hgh, pby mp , dmh nhn dg f h pn n pz, wh w ghy m bd-ng p fm w p, ky dn n fnn, h w. ah n dg f h pz m pymd whh mgh hvvd hn. tw g ng b 50 m h f h pz m hv bn dn. th mn pn f h nhnhp ndd m ngng by h pn f h Yb Gp hn

200 m h h. th ggmn f 23 ng and additional platforms distributed around 5 loosely dened patios is unique h .

i py nng nd h gp n gh f h -n, phyy pd fm mn mn by dp nd nw corriental.Large-scale architectural arrangements reecting the presence of elites outsidef h , w h wd ng f dvy n z nd fm f dn- gp, gg w v f p nzn h . of ,n h hngy f h dffn f h mn dmnd, ny


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mp h bvn h p hy f h mnpy pv.

a f 667 h bn mppd f ux. sbng 15 h y nn-dn (pymd mnd, h b, nd h e-gp)

nd dvdng by h f h ny mppd, n v dny fppxmy 296 p q km. in whn dd hn-g nfmn b h mn kng, r nd cb (1990:19)suggest applying a 30 % reduction to structure density gures in order to accountf nn-nmpn pn h wh ng f mn-my mndd md dng vy. amng fy nvvvg pny f 5 ndvd p , ppn dny ux nb md 1036 pn p km2whh, ppd h mn m f 5 km2, gv ppn f 5180 (b ahm 1981 ndHvnd 1972, mng h, f mhdg wh mng pp-

n).

The History o Uxul and the Epigraphic Evidence

or Calakmul Domination

When Ruppert and Denison discovered Uxul in 1934, they recorded fteen stelaend x (rpp nd Dnn, 1943: 146-150). sn h bgnnng f hxpn f h ux ahg Pj, h nmb h nd eighteen stelae, seven altars and six hieroglyphic panels, as well as a signicant

nmb f mnmn fgmn. in ddn, h pgph p h gwnhgh h dvy f pb bj, fgmn nd m hdwh h hgyph npn.

ahgh h nmb f hgyph mnmn ndb, hy vny vy md mpn. ap fm s 18, bkn mnmn whstyle can be dated to the Early Classic period (gure 4), and the side inscriptionsf s 17, mnmn whh w -d nd -vd n h l c, known monuments at Uxul were carved during the rst half of the Late Classic,bwn aD 630 nd aD 705. appny, h y h vy h pgphhy, nd, gvn h d dd, h y fmy m hv dppd

fm ux hn fm h My n h Nhn Pn. snh d ppd by m ny ggng hvy dn fux ppn bf h tmn c pd, n f h h bj-v f h pn pj k f n xpnn f h y d f hbndnmn f h y.

The ve stelae in Group A were found by Ruppert and Denison still standingpgh n h gn pn. th f h hvy ddh h hgyph npn n n ng b dphd. s 2 nd 3,ndng n fn f w f h hgh pymd f ux, s a2 nd a3,


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fm m-fm p knwn fm ckm (s 28 nd 29) nd h nd ckm (Nnj s 2 nd 3; 22 nd 24; 28 nd 29), w e P (s 33 nd 34). th w-pvd s 2 hw wmnnmd ix ajw Khk. sh f gh wd h mh w pvd s3, a monument displaying a male gure, presumably her husband. Both stelae

h h m lng cn d f 9.9.19.15.0 6 ajw 8 Knkn (Nvm-b 25, aD 632). ahgh, d n, h n f h vn n ,h n b n db h h npn n bh f n mpnmmn n h bgph bh f h m ndvd n s 3 w fldy ajw Khk. th ng qn f h fw h nm nd hgyph KUHUL cha?-TAHN-wi-WINIK, kuhul chatahn(?) winik nd SAK WAY-si, sakwayis (gure 5).

th hgyph kuhul chatahn(?) winik Hy chatahn pn pp nckm dng h ey c ( p f nm n s 43 nd n

FiguRe 4. ux s 18. Dwng by Nk Gb


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h Hgyph Bnh fm s XX), nd dng h l c n hnm f p n s 51 nd 89 (Gb, 2004: 121-122). th hgyph p f h nm-ph f fm n h p nd vymmn n dx-y mwhh w pdd nd h pngf d bng h . th fChatahn dn p ny fn knd nh mphzd n h fm a d ry, wh fwd by m wv nvnn mbm gyph, ndng h fckm (Gb, 2008: 182). th nd hgyph, sak wayis, h mdbn nd py mmn n dx-y m, w n

the inscriptions of La Corona (gure 7c, d, e). This strongly suggests that Ladyajw Khk hd md n h ux fmy, nd h h hmwn h pwhh d h chatahn winik ndsak wayis , nd whh w n f h pn-p wkhp f dx-y m. th pn f h ckmn h ey c gg ng nnn wh h y. Hwv, dx-y hd yng h hv bn nhd Nkb nd tn(Hnn et al., 2006). a n nv, m pb np h sakwayis h nm f n mpn fmy fm ux. th npn ppd by w h n f h sak wayis gyph n ux s 16

FiguRe 5. ux s 2, a12-D2. Dwng by Nk Gb


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and 17 (gures 6 and 7a, b). The context of the sak wayis gyph n h ndds 16 n w ndd. s 17, n ey c mnmn whh wvd dng h l c pd, hgyph npn f-ng h ddn f knd f hn?-n whh d hv bn n

h pn fu mam sak wayis, h gndfh/h ffh fsak wayis(gure 6; Grube and Paap, 2010). Stela 17 was erected on top of the heavilyd pymd M1 n h h nd f h g pz bwn Gp D, M,C and Structure K1, excavated during the rst three eld seasons of the Uxulahg Pj. th pymd d hv bn h n hn f hsak wayis fmy n ux.

sng vdn f h dmnn f ux by ckm mg f 636aD, gh f h g f My kng, Yknm chn ii (h G)hd kn pw n ckm. J fw y , h d f h mghyKn snk dyny hd hfd h p fm Dzbnh n h nh

h hwn f uxn, ckm w knwn bk hn, ndhd d pdv nd nnvv h pgm h nw f pw (Dvndh, 2008; Mn, 2005; Mn nd Gb, 2000). Dng hfollowing decades, Yuknom Cheen II, who reigned for more than fty years andhd h dvnd g f 86, xpndd h h f h kngdm hgh nnpdnd f w nd dpm np. Dng h hff h 7hny, ckm pmy w f nny n h wh shnMy lwnd, d by h wn d n pb mnmn fv mj , h c, Nnj, Pd Ng, cnn, e P,nd l cn.

i m m hn ky h ux f vy y nd h f hKn dyny, pbby bf h md-7h ny. th n wh h snkkng w mnd dng h y f h dyny m g , h f h kng (Mn, 2005), nd d n h y 8 h ny. th vd-hp f ckm m bv dng h gn f ux kng My chk(cd chk), wh dd pw n 9.11.7.10.19 8 Kwk 7 sp (ap 11,aD 660, n s 6 nd 10). H nm d n h pd ndngd f 9.12.5.0.0 aD 677, dd n s 10 (Gb, 2008: 223). th of Muyal Chaak, in particular Stela 6 (gure 8), follow an iconographic programknwn fm h nd h f h Kn dyny. th nd p-

mn f d, p h p wn by h pgn, nd jg hdd wh b f hd .

und h p f My chk mn ppng n h g pz f s c7 w vd, pnng h n h g f h gdchk (Gb nd Pp, 2009). th pbby w np h w ksculptures from Calakmul (Carrasco and Vsquez, 2007; Morley, 1933: 201-203).Fhm, n h s 12 nd 13, My chk d ng fh mmmn f h hf-Kn ndng f 9.11.10.0.0 (aD 662), whhw pvd by Yknm chn h G. th pnng f bh n


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FiguRe 7.Sak wayis nd chatahn(?) winik sak wayis n fm shn cmphnd h Nhn Pn: ) ux s 16, cp8; b) ux s 17, ap4; ) l cn M. 1,

e2; d) K 5424; ) K 4644. Dwng by Nk Gb



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n h d f s D1 h np n h pnof the Stelae 23 and 24 on a platform of the east side of Structure VI at Calak-m. th gg h g p f h mdng f n ux nd hdpn f h ckm s Pn ( bw) d nd h p f

My chk.th vdn f ckm dmnn f ux dng h gn f Mychk bng p h qn f h n n h Kn kng Yknmchn. unfny, w kng npn ndng h v yajaw f ckm, n d w hv vdn f h nnd h p f d f h Kn dyny. Php, h knd f xpmn w n ny n h pn f ckm vhng pww f nd wnd vywh. a pb n wd vn n Mychk v f h fmy f h Kn kng wh w n ux nd h yy f h y.

th hy f ux mmdy bf h n f My chk -dd n g d n ux a 2. unfny, h mpn mnmnwh n f h ng hgyph x fm h Pn cmphn n vy bd f pvn. N vn nw phgph hnq hvhelped to recover signicant detail of this long text. In the remaining outlines ofh gyph bk pb, hwv, dn h pn f h ux (Gb, 2005), y dn fm mbm gyph b k hkuhul divine prex which qualies its bearer as a divine king. The Uxul titlerst shows up on Altar 2, erected for the period ending 9.10.10.0.0 in AD 642by kng pdng My chk pw. i hn fnd n mn-

mn fm My chk gn, w n s 14 nd 15, bh d byMy chk . th k f f mbm gyph ux dng h gnf h kng n ny b xpnd n xpn f hhy bwn hpwf Kn dyny nd ux, y nd dmnn.

th vdn h ux w nd h f ckm dv, hw-v, fm h nwy dvd hgyph pn d wh h ypalace and, specically, with Structure K2 (Delvendahl and Grube, 2011; Grubend Dvndh, 2011). Dpyng kng f h Kn dyny nggd n h b-gm, hy mn f h pfnd mp f ckm n ux nd p f. Wh h d f aD 695 nd 705, h pn pd s

14, whh mmm h 9.13.0.0.0 Kn ndng (aD 692). By h m, nw kng hd dd ux. H nm pp n h gh d f s 14nd, hgh dd b d, y dffn fm My chk.th xdny y nd f ux dyn d hng np-n, nd y, h pxmy f h d h k f tk gnckm nd h bqn nd f h Kn dyny (Mn, 2005) vyggv. ux my hv bn dwn n n y p b f h f f n -mpn nghb.


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The Royal Palace o Uxul: Group K and Structure K2

Wh v f h , py nd h wn aguada, pnpn h d bk h l P, h znh f ux

political, economic, and strategic inuence was clearly during the 7h

nd 8h

n, n h l c. ux n mdwy bwn m f h mmpn n f h c pd mgh hv md f pn fdpm nd mm n f h p f h Nh nd sh.By h 7h century, afliation became unilateral: architectonic, iconographic, andepigraphic evidence conrms over a period of roughly 100 years an exceptionally nhp h Kn snk dyny f nby ckm. Hwv, nwd m nd h h m n my d uxdwnf nd pd bndnmn by h md-8h ny, h f ux nd n h wh y w bbd n h vx f vn fwng h df

f Yknm Yhk Khk by Jw chn Kw f tk n ag 695 aD.on f h m d hng h h pmy f h g y f ck-m d ux w n hn h nfmn f h y ndng wh n b d h ckm s Pn, mmkng h y f h gn h nh. th hng n h phygnmy f hy n n b nkd dy h m f my nd p xpnnof the Kaan dynasty during the reign of Yuknom Cheen II, in the rst half of the7h ny, nd h nng ppy h p nd . Whny m nmb f ux n bdng hv bn -nhd, nxvn f h nd n f ux n pz n Gp c

nd K hw h h bdng w ppny b hy bf aD 650 n ng mnmn nv ff. s c10 nd c5, f nn,hw n f bng b n p f bdng. s K2, v 50m ng nd 3 m wd, d n h h d f n f h mnpz, d n m, dy pnd b, wh md znd n k n h mvn f h p bdng. Whh nn p mgh b ndd h v xpnf h bjgn f ux , h, mnf f h bnd fthis city to its superior, there can be no doubt that this direct inuence by thepwf Kn kng hd mj mp n h p nd gn-

zn f ux.th m n h gn y f h mn bdng n h n-

bv by nng h mp f bh , b hy vn mmpv whn mpng h f h bdng z, y,and conguration. In both cities, several central plazas form an east-west axisnd whh h , m vmn, nd hf pbby m mp-tant structures are located. The E-groups in the two sites (Structures IV and VIf ckm, s D1 nd D3 f ux) f m z nd xhb hpy f w d n h wn bdng. in h f ux


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s D1, n f h mnn h pvn f by ck-m kng Yknm chn ii. th h d f h m pz n bh dmd by h g bdng f h mn, p-yp s iif ckm nd l1 f ux. Wh s ii f ckm mh hgh nd

m vmn hn np n ux, h y d v 1300y f nv hy (400 Bc aD 900). th nh nd f h w p-zas is closed off by a major temple-type structure (Structure VII of Calakmul ands D2 f ux), dpyng v n mn, hn d. BhStructure II and Structure VII of Calakmul house the tombs of two of the mostpwf kng f h 7h nd y 8h n, Yknm Yhk Khknd Yknm tk Kw. i mn b n f my mpn bw pd n s l1 nd D2 f ux.

twd h w f h mn pn f h w h pz hnd h only b f h mn. a bh , h b d

n nh-h dn nd f pngy md z, mpd h b f h shn Nhn lwnd. th ckm b b 20 m ng by 23.2 m wd (n ) wh d f ppxmy8.6 m n wdh nd n m hn 3 m n hgh h n h pn ndn.th ux b vn m, wh ny 15 m n ngh by 16.5 m n wdhnd d whh d n hgh hn 1.8 m n h n nd-n. Bh b dy d wh h mn p mpx fh y, h G ap Gp f ckm nd Gp K f ux, p-vy. th n f b h mn p mpx, n -ngmn bvb mny h hn My , pn h

mn b dd ymy.th P Gp f ux f h wh f m wh hmn p f ckm, h d sm ap (Pequea Acropolis), ndh G ap Gp (Grupo Gran Acrpolis). Bd h n n,similar congurationalbeit on a much smaller scale at Uxuland almost identi - h y nd mpn, m nb h p ydf h p gp n h w . th g p f Gp K mm 45 x 50 m (2 250 m2), comparable to Court B behind Structure XVI ofckm G ap Gp (Dvndh, 2010: 621).

Group K (gure 9) is located on the south side of one of Uxuls central plazas

n h f hgh pgph vn. th hg pz nh f h p,wh n xnn f 170 by 110 m (18 700 m2), ndd by v nd pymd f yp nd nn h b. t h hf Gp K xnd n pn f mngy pn, wh m fux m xnv n q d. i n b md h mf h nn m f h p gp nd h bdng n h n-tral area was extracted from these quarries. Group K qualies as a medium-sizep mpx, wh mxmm xnn f 110 by 130 m nd 17 bdng,platforms, and walls arranged around ve courtyards. At least 11 of these, Struc-


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FiguRe

9.

GropK,

theroyapaaeompexofuxdringthelate

cassi


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tures K2 through K11 and K27, can securely be identied as vaulted, range-typebdng. th xnn f h mpx nd h nmb f nn g-g vy f fnn f h dffn f h gp, ndng pf pfmn v nd p-dmnv ff, w

dn .During the palace groups occupation, conrmed by the recent explorations f h 7h nd 8h n, h pnp h mpx whgh s K2, dng h v fm h mn pz h nh nh xnv Nh c whn h p mpnd. ap fm K2, hNh c ndd by h ng, ng-yp (sK3, K4, nd K5), whh mpy n h p xp f m pgwyn h f n f h . a vd by mp nh, mof the walls of the buildings were nished with carefully worked veneer stonesvd by v y f hn . s K3 n h d f h

Nh c nd s K4 n h h d bh xhb w ngdg, bwn 2.37 nd 2.50 m wd h, dvdd n ndvd m byv vy w-pvd nv w. M f h m m hvhd l-hpd bnh, m h xvd n s K2 nd K8.th x w f bh b 1.15-1.30 m hk. in ddn,s K4 h wd m, wh dwy pnng h ndw, whh y dnghb fm h f. Bh b 5.80 mng nd 2.80 m wd, wh n n p f v 16 m2.

Dy h w f h xnv Nh c h nd mmpn yd f h p gp, h W c. Mh m nm,

h p hn q f h z f h Nh c, nd mpbby hd dn fnn. i ndd by s K5, K6, K7,nd K8. exvn n h p w y n s K7 nd K8 hv ngh-nd h nn f h dn h f h p, h bn fh m vd nm bnh f p 10m2 n f, pyng hg p f h n f h . th py nb n s-ture K8, where large benches ll all three rooms which open towards the pation. Wh h bnh hv bn dg n nd d hzny fm hh, h f nd nhn fd xpny w pvd.Together with the thick stucco of the oor and the white smoothed stucco from

the interior walls they form rooms of an almost uid, undulating architecturalow, basically without corners. While excavating the northern platform and thewy dng p s K8 fm h p, w pvd h-fng b f pbby w nn m gh. th bw bqny d nn n (cajn de relleno), lled with stonesnd bb, b nfmd n g pfm f nw nhwd-fngp. any f h m m fm h pfm, ghwh h nw vdn fm s K2 ( bw) w ndbdy hdgh n h vy mmn whn h n h bm h ng f


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Gp K w nfmd fm n f d ndvd bdng fng ndffn dn n hghy n nd d p mpx.

t h h w ddn m yd, n f whh, h sh-w c, dmnd by n mpv bdng, s K11, whh w

py xvd n 2012. a wd wy d m h m p 1.5m wd pfm nd ng gy bdng wh h nn. th n-gd gy w bdvdd n h ng m by m nvwalls of roughly cut stone. Right underneath the oor of the central room, a f h b w dvd. Gvn h pmnn f h bdng ndh qy f m bj fnd dng xvn, h w pngymp, nng f nppd , wh hzny gnd n b nd md ffng f w-h bw nd p fInferno nd Tinaja yp h.thgh dd, h k mn n f h wnm wsurprisingly well preserved, with pronounced cranial modication.

th sh c dmd by h hn fd f s K4 n nh d, by s K12 n w d, nd by n ngd w whhn nd hn nd n nd. exvn n 2012 hv n-rmed the nature of this wall and have exposed high concentrations of debrisn n nd, py, n x, hn, d. a w, m-ngdnn f wh mgh b h mn f fndn w f phbp whn h hn yd d pby b hyphzd b khn nd fd ppn , whh wd xpn h hgh mn fbb, b h mpn w hv b d n f xvn.

M f h f h p mpx ffd hvy ng n h

dd f h 80 nd 90. sm, h s K3 nd K5, d byp gh nh wh dv nn h m h nbdng nd w dg n m f h bnh n h f h nd b.on f h fw h fny pd mj ng s K2,h pnp bdng f h p mpx nd, bd bv fnnas access to the palace group, one of the most imposing and ritually signicant f ux. Py f h n, s K2 h bn h pnpf f h xpn f h ux ahg Pj n 2011 nd hlocation of some major discoveries of the past two eld seasons.

In its present ruined condition, Structure K2 (gure 10) is a roughly 60 me -

ng mnd, whh m 9.6 m bv h v f h nhnplaza. Surface observation and excavations in the 2011 and 2012 eld seasonnd h h p w gny ny b 30 m ng nd 9.5 m- wd. tw xnn w ddd m d, xndng hwh p w v 54 m. indng h pfm nd gnnhn nd hn wy, h wh md n nh-hwdh xnn m 25.5 m, wh h l c nd y tmn cxnn f h wy bngng 31 m. th pmmd w ng g, h b 2.32 m wd nd pby p 4


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m hgh. th g w pd by mv 2.5 m hk nw, wh h x w w v 1.3 m hk.th w g w bqny dvdd n dffn hmb by m

walls partly of re-used worked stone and partly of rough stone. A total of venn p hgh h nhn nd h hn fd, h f whhnn h w g v pgwy hgh h n w. th npgwy, 2.41 m wd, gnd wh h nhn nd hn nn(bh b 2.61 m wd), whh hy w m d hinner courtyard and therefore can be regarded as the principal, if not only ofcial wy h p gp. th w pgwy n h n nd w-

n n f K2, n h h hnd, ghy ff n gd h -pndng nn n h nh nd h w. lg pfm, 3.8 mwd n h pb nh d, nd 4.3 m wd n h m pv hd, pvdd mp p f ghng nd (m-) pb pnn. Bhpfm d v bd wy, h n n h nh bng b 22m wd, nd h n n h h mng m 15 m.

th gn hgh f h p n b md hv bn m-wh nd 5-6 m. thk mdd fnd n h db m ndh h bdng w n dd, wh f d pn n h nw gn h h bdng w py pnd n x

and interior walls. The excavations of the past two years have conrmed thatthe construction of the massive superstructure can be dated to the rst half of the7h ny. Hwv, n xvn nd h nhn gy f sK2 hv vd n nd mh m b, whh mto have been the very rst construction in that area of Uxul. The correspondingoor was leveled right onto the bedrock of an extensive, 3-4 meter high naturalelevation. The substructure itself (gure 11) was built directly on that oor, with- h b pfm, nd m hv bn f md z nd pb-by vd wh phb f. th n dwy, hwv, w fy

FiguRe 10. s K2, h pnp bdng f h p gp, n fm h nh


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d nd vd wh hn y pnd n gh gyh pp. thnhn fd f h w kw dy pnd wh bdngd nd ng p nd pnkh bkgnd, n nk h p fh nwy dvd w pnng f Xn (sn et al., 2012).

FiguRe 11. Pnd nhn fd f h ny dvd sb sb-K2,pbby dng h 5h ny aD


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th 2011 xvn f s K2 nnd n h n n fh bdng, wh f npn y pnd h pn f gwy nd pfm n nh nd h d. th xvn f hsouthern stairway uncovered a total of ve rows of steps of varying width be-

wn 0.7 nd 1 m, h w mng 14.8 m n ngh, nd n md f 260 ndvd n bk. of h 260 n bk, f nin the central section of the rst and the second row present images and glyphicnpn. th (shn swy Pn 1, 2, nd 4) vd wh m-g f bpy nd h npn n w n (n m pydyd), wh fh (Pn 3) fy gyph. tw ddn pd nbk w d n 4 m wd nh n h nh wy f s K2(Nhn swy Pn 1 nd 2). Pn 1 hw bgm mgy dn Pn 1, 2, nd 4 f h hn wy, wh Pn 2, fnd f p ndppny f nx n h w n f h nhn wy, fy

gyph. th gn dmnn f h mnmn, nd 30 m x 34 m x 20m (hgh, wdh, hkn), w h n, mgy, nn, nddepicted historical gures, make the new Uxul monuments most comparable toh n bk f l cn Hgyph swy 2, bd s13Q-6 f h (cn nd Bn, 2010: 249, 265).

In all examples, the stepped ballcourt is marked with a personied KAN gnnd mz fg hd , whh h f vn f h NALggph.th wh mpnd d kanal nd h b ndd n bf h wy, dbng p wy, wy f p- z (kaan n Y mng n, mecate). a fn kanal

eb wy fnd cpn, wh h p fm an bdwh h nm (M, M nd sh, 1990).The ballplayers on the four panels can be identied as rulers from Calakmul.

on Nhn swy Pn 1 nd shn swy Pn 1 h nm gyph dyd b h snk mbm gyph nd kalomte hv vvd; Pn2 nd 4 f h hn wy pn Yknm chn ii (h G) nd hn Yknm Yhk Khk, pvy. th x n h nd df 3 imx 19 Kmk, n whh dy Yknm Yhk Khk pi-tzi-ja, pitz-aj, pyb. th d, pndng 9.13.2.17.1 3 imx 19 Kmk, Fby 10,aD 695, f j b 6 mnh bf h pmd dh f h ckm

kng h hnd f Jw chn Kw f tk n ag f aD 695.The glyphic panel from the southern stairway, Panel 3 (gure 13), carries an

npn f x gyph bk, ng wh d h n b nd 8 ajw 8 Kyb, f whh h m ky pn n h lng cn wd b9.13.13.0.0 (aD 705). th nx gyph PAT-la?-ja? 8-AJAW-NAAH, patlaj waxakajaw naah b n n h 8 ajw h. th ph y f h nn ngn f h, whh nmd f h cndrnd 8 ajw. th nmng f h f d mmn p n hMy lwnd; h xmp knwn fm ckm (sx ajw n p-


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FiguRe 12. th f pn fm h wy f s K2, dpng Kn Kng pyng b ux. tp f: Nhn swy Pn 1; tp gh: shn swy Pn 1; Bm f:

shn swy Pn 2; Bm gh: shn swy Pn 4.rti Phgph by c Pn Gy (ajmy/iNaH) f h ux ahg

Pj/unvy f Bnn, gh vd

n fm gp wh h m nm), tk (Nn ajw H n a 5,Gyph 18), cpn (Nn ajw H n 10l-22). th nx gyph (B2) ndh nm f h gn f h h ddn: u-KAB-(ji)-ya ?-na-ke-KELEM, ukabjiiy ?-na kelem, by h hy f ?-Km. th nm n knwn fmh npn ux ckm. th fwng gyph bk (a3) ddnh p f h nmn phAJ-pi-tzi-KIHNICH, aj pitz kihnich h,h bpy-n gd. th ng nmn ph nd wh gyph mpdf v gn, ndng dd nd pbby Kw hd. ahghh gyph vy dyd, h mnng d hw m mbn


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h nm f s-hd Kw, Kn kng wh pp n D P s8. i pb h h ndvd h hn gnng Yknm tk Kw,wh nm dpy g mn f vn. th pdng nm n Pn3 n pbby b ndd h nm f h kng, pby h p-accession names. If the identication of the name is correct it would indicateh ckm nnd x n v ux vn f h aD 695df f Yknm Yhk Khk.

However, shortly thereafter, the inuence of the Kaan dynasty must havewnd, h n pn w ppd f h gn nx nd, pb-ably around AD 740, reset in their nal location in the very last architecturalxnn f h wy. th f gyph bk f h hn wy (Pn3) was placed sideways (rotated by 90) into the line of stones of the rst step.of h w mnmn nnd n h nhn wy, h n wh n-pn ndgural representation (Panel 1) was even set head down (rotatedby 180) n h n f p. By dng , h nhbn f h pmpnd dby dd h mnmn n n mp hm

FiguRe 13. K2, shn swy Pn 3.rti Phgph by c Pn Gy (ajmy/iNaH) f h ux ahg

Pj/unvy f Bnn, gh vd


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phmy h pnd nd mnnd vgn f h n pwfy.

in h bn y f h md-8h ny, h nw pn f h wydyng p f h p mpx dd n ng. any f h m-

f ux hw h hn 1 % f m f xvd h bng h tmn c pd. a mnd dn n ppn m hv kn p ng nd aD 750. Wh h p ym w d-ngng, wf w h dp, vy hgh mn f ppn vd n h f f h Nh c nd nd h hnedges of the royal palace complex seem to suggest. The nal chapter of Uxul,n d nd, w vn n, vn f w k nfmn hw ngh p d. a h wh, h, fmy ghy nd f wfng p w. on f h w h vy mpn w mng-mn ym.

The Challenge o Water Supply and Uxuls Hydraulic System

A signicant prerequisite for the founding and growth of the settlement of Uxulw h n f nn w ppy f f nhbn. ah-g nvgn f h mnmn hyd f n h p feld seasons have demonstrated that the drastic water scarcities during the dryn md ny dvp phd hyd ym n d fy h nd f gwng ppn.

a w knwn, h vby f w n h Pn lwnd hghypbm f w b n. F n, h wh Yn Pnn n- f pmb mn bk whh m dvd f f w.sndy, h m f h gn mkd by h pnnd nyf nf, whh mnf hmv n h dny pd ny nnd dy n. th pbm dvng fm h w y w gnzdn h vy bgnnng f My hgy (sphn, 1843, ii: 165) bw n ymy nvgd bf h y 1970. P h m,h gn npn f w ppy n h My lwnd w bd pn hmpn h h m ndn dng h l c pd hd bn

mh m fvb nd hmd (ck, 1931). ahgh h pm hdnever been proven by eld studies, this postulate of generally more humid con -ditions was accepted by the majority of the scientic community until the early1980s (Dunning, Beach and Rue, 2006: 85). Around that time, the rst pollendgm w xd whn h cn My lwnd nd hby nbdnn f m ndn dng p-Hpn m (tn nd H-n, 1983: 251). Mny f h ng m nn ggd hndn dng h l c pd n h cn My lwnd hd bnm nmpy ndn (shw, 2003: 160; Bh et al., 2003). i n


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b hf md h h k f pvdng nn w ppy n My dng h l nd tmn c w hngng n hm dy. sn gn xpnn f w ppy, h n-pn f w fm pnn , hghy nky, md hv

b nvnd: h mn ndd n h h w permitted a sufcient provision for all inhabitants during the entire year.th ky h pvn d n ng nd ng pn f h

p ppn fm h ny n by dvpng w-g y-tem for the dry season. Such articial reservoirs could be created either throughnng h z nd mpmby f n dpn hgh hm b-nnv nn f nw v. Bh pph nvvdlarge-scale landscape modications which nowadays can still be perceived in thesettlement landscape. As the settlement map clearly illustrates (gure 14), threemajor hydraulic features can be identied at Uxul: (1) the Aguada Occidental, (2)

an inux channel to the Aguada Occidental and (3) the Aguada Oriental. A strik-ng py vb n h n f h hyd f: n ny dh agd odn nd h agd on h h m z, fm ndxn, b hy d n h m -w x. a h dnyf pn d mkdy bynd h w v, hy fhmmgh hv vd v mk f h n nd wn bnd fh mn.

FiguRe 14. Mp hwng ux hyd f


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upn h b f h pn xvn, m h h n-n ux bgn n h agd odn, whh n pnggvn h h nhbn w ny dpndn n n w f pmnn mn. th agd odn, wh n m p-

fy ng hp, m ghy 100 by 100 m nd w dvdnd dbd by rpp nd Dnn (1943) n 1934. Whn h ndp,h gd d whn ny w-yng h w f uxn mn hp. D h n nd h g z f h h-mn , fd by bn mn f nff. th mmd pgphndng nd h pxmy bajo nvnmn nd h h agdOccidental constitutes a modication of an already existing natural aguada. Fthis modication, the constructors removed the aguada n, v d-mn n h v f h n sascab. in h p 3 m dp ngbasin with an articially attened ground area and uniformly sloped embank-

mn w xvd. Dng h bqn wkng g, pvmnwas built out of unworked limestone slabs. This base modication served tompd w pg nd nbd h g f bgg qn f w fh dy n.

When the modication of the Aguada Occidental no longer sufced to storew f h n dy n, ux nhbn h d h pgf ppn by nnng h hmn bwn Gp a nd Bnd h v hn n v n. F h pp, hghymp 2.80 m wd pvmn f mn b w bwn w vwalls of long ags (gure 15). Thereupon, these 40 cm high vertical walls were

n bh d nd by 80 m wd nd 40 m hgh mbnkmn f nin order to reinforce the long ags laterally. Finally these embankments weredmd n bh d by w n w.

th hgh-qy pvmn, n njnn wh h w, dthe ow rate and thereby effectively impeded water seepage. By means of thisn, bm pb xnd h v hmn nd h n- h mn f d w. D h nn f ggng d nh 1980, h n gn n h vd n bwn Gp a nd B hbm bd. cny, h n n b bvd f ngh f 50 m.

FiguRe 15. East elevation of the inux canal to Aguada Occidental


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th agd on, whh m ppxmy 100 x 100 m nd f ny pfy ng fm, w dvd n Mh 2009. an nngpy f h v n dpn f 15 n ngh n h mdd fh hn bnk, whh bvy vd d nf fm h hn

hmn n h gd. exvn vd h h v dd ngny n n dpn, b h h selva alta n wh ny d f h n f nw v.

During the rst stage of work, a rectangular basin with a depth of 2.50 m was n h bdk, wh h 3 m wd p zn w gvn h m n-nn. in h p, 15 m ng nd 4 m wd m dpn, whhw pnd xy n h mdd f h hn mbnkmn, w nh bdk. a h nh nd f h dppng n, 40 m hgh nd 180 mwide pedestal of bedrock was left standing (gure 16). Upon this pedestal, mas-v fy mn bk w mbd n f w fm 1.20 m

high wall which partially blocked the canals northern end (gure 17). The basinsground area was so carefully leveled that the nal bedrock surface exhibited onlyh m mn hgh dffn fm h n dg f h v.

in h fwng nv p, v hnd py bkn por low bowls were accurately placed upon this nely leveled bedrock surfacein a preferably tight bond (gure 18). These discarded plates and low bowlshad obviously been collected during a long period and stored for this specicpp, n ny fgmn wh w v d b dmnd hv b.

FiguRe 16. North view of bedrock pedestal at the north end of the inux canal


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FiguRe 17. Plan view of the lter wall at the north end of the inux canal

FiguRe 18. cm y h bm f h agd on


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Evidently, the reservoirs engineers had purposefully collected these specicfgmn n d mb hm n y wh pfby vn f.th m y vd vng mn bwn h ndyng bdknd h bqn nv mn.

During the next working stage, a pavement of at limestone slabs was placedupon this layer of ceramics (gure 19). These limestone slabs, which were pre -mby pdd dng h xvn f h bdk, w nfmhgh f 5-7 m nd f dmnn f 10 x 8 m p 40 x 28 m. in d d f, hy w fy mbd n vy hmgnpavement and nally covered with a surprisingly solid stucco matrix. Due to this y, h ndng nn mn mnmzd w pgnd d my b dmnd n n . thgh pn whnthe installation the wall feature can easily be identied as a lter wall whichvd pfy h nw fm h hn hmn mng n

via the southern inux channel from higher ground. The walls elevated positionppdy fd h dpn f db. if h p w mvdn g b, h nn mn y wd hv mpvd hv v nn.

i mphz h h hyd ym w dvpd n k-hood to ensure a provision of potable water to the site. Both reservoirs denitelyk dhg hnn. owng h nv y, h f h -v hd p h d pb w wh g g v nd

FiguRe 19. Pvmn f mn b h bm f h agd on


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bqny np h pv vng q. th hgh y fh nn pn n mn f xpn n h dgn ndy f h f. Hwv, pn pd f h phdnn nknwn d n ny fw hyd f hv bn

nvgd whn h cn My lwnd. Wh mgh m ghy x-v pk f ux hyd ym, h v mbnn f vyg mpn, h dpn h ndp, nd py nely coordinated constructional elements, can be dened as a complex hydrau- ym (Mhnyet al., 1983; sfd, 2008).

a mnnd bv, h n f nw w g f nvvdlarge-scale landscape modications. The recruitment of labor for such publicbdng v qd n pvn nd n vng hy. s,h y f h h nvgd hyd f hw h h ndvdnv mn, ndng x pn, hd b pnnd n d

p h nn wk. th f xvn n h hy-draulic features and their nely coordinated constructive elements suggest thathy fmd p f bdng pgm pnnd v h ng m. th pmby w w w f h f k f n bbng w ppy nh nvnmn nd hf d ndb pn f h dpbb n d n nn w ppy. ebng pn h nd-ation, it could be argued that the indemnication of the water supply ultimatelybngd h pnb. Nnh, h dvpmn f hhyd ym w hghy dynm p. Nw w g f wbvy nd ny whn dmgph hd vnd pv

nn.th fndmn ny f pwf f h pnnng, nfmn,nd mnnn f h g-d hyd ym d n ny bmppn n mpn, b n dn. Dng h hginvestigation of the Aguada Occidental in the 2010 eld season, a small circulardpn w dmnd n h pvmn f. af xvng -n hgh h n f h f bm vdn h h dpnhad been excavated after the initial construction of the pavement (gure 20).

Dng pd f m dp w y, h ppn bv-y pd h p dn f n n pvmn n d x

mn w qn n h h m. cndng h mn f db, m hghy nky h h h hd pvd h g-n nn w xng pw whn h ym dn kp. upn h b f h bvn m nb h hh y nd h ng f n pw w ng h d-vpmn nd mnnn f h phd hyd ym. Whn hn hy pd, h tmn c nhbn f ux w kngh hn p h nf, whh gny nbd hvv n h hh nvnmn.


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Conclusions

The preliminary results of the rst four years of systematic research at Uxul con-rm that it was a medium-sized city with a population of approximately 5 000people. The limits of the site were dened by the seasonally inundated bajos.opn ux m hv bgn h dg f h bajo h w m m dng h Mdd l P pd, pndng pn bvd n h n h gn w (sbgh, 2003: 111).th n ny w hn d h pxmy h wn aguada f w. evdn f p y mn n b fnd nh nbymeseta, whh n h ey c bm h f f mnmnnn. Hwv, h pk f ux pn w hd dng h

l c, whn h pd v h djn hp nd f-d wd ng f h dvy, py n h z nd fm f dn gp.

Very little is known about Uxuls ruling elite during the Early Classic period. Ang fgmn nd h d f h wkd s 17 pvd vdn fmd mnmn n dng h pd. th mjy f ux nbdmnmn d h 7h ny f h l c. Dng h m, f-wng h bhmn f h Kn dyny ckm, ngph ndpgph nfmn gg n npn f ux n ckm p-

FiguRe 20.W f h bm f h agd odn


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ph. i mn b n whh ux bm pvn pf hhy gnzd gn hdd by ckm, whh mnd mpy y ngd v f h Kn dyny, pbynnd p hgh knhp .

ckm mp n ux ngy mkd v h , b p-y bv n h n, whh m hv ndgn d hngf npn n h ckm p ph. th nfmn fux n dng wh n b d h ckm s Pn n bnkd dy h m f my nd p xpnn f h Kn dy-ny dng h gn f Yknm chn ii (aD 636-686). rn xvn fh bdng nd n f ux n pz n Gp c nd K hw hh bdng w ppny b n ng mnmn nn ffhy bf aD 650. Wh h nn p mgh b nddh v xpn f h bjgn f ux , h, n

ndn f h bnd f h y p, h n b n dbthat this direct inuence by the powerful Kaan kings had also a major impact onh p nd gnzn f ux.

th pgph hy f ux ny h, mng wh h9.13.13.0.0 (aD 705) d n shn swy Pn 3. th f hy fthe rst defeat of the Kaan dynasty by the hands of Tikal in AD 695 and only afw dd bf h nd nd dv df f h Kn dyny n 736(Mn nd Gb, 2000: 110, 113), ggng d nnn bwn hnd f v ux nd h dwnf f vd. ux my hvbm dpndn n nnn h Kn dyny h dwnf

mpd h dngn f wn p ym. ony fw dd, ng nd [aD] 750, h m mn f tmn c mvd f n xvn gg mnd dn n ppn,bhng nk bwn h p p nd h dn f ppnwhh hz h gn p f My dng h 9h ny.

rh n h w g f f ux pvd nnng nw nghn h f h hyd ym whh ppny w ny mnn g ppn h . exvn f h aguadas h hwn h hconstruction required much more labor input, large-scale landscape modica-n, nd pnnng hn h bn pvy md. sh g pb bdng

v nd h nn mnnn faguadas nd w hnn nddn pvn nd n vng hy. Wh h y dppn fux y , h n pw whh w ng h dvpmn ndmnnn f h phd hyd ym hd vnhd. a ,h vby f w f h nhbn f h mn w dydd.

Archaeological research at Uxul helps to ll the gap in our understanding ofh p nd dynm h d fm h p h -dmgphp f My . a ux, h dn f ppn n b d


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h w dy f nf, n p f h hyd ym, whhfwd h p f h nd h dppn f n pw ndadministration. The results of four years of eldwork at Uxul, therefore, force k m y h mp f h p f p-dmnv

, nd n n, h nn p gnzn f nn Mymmn.

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ecm under the rule uxul

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