Earth and Space Science Stems and Expectations

By

Feride Memetova

ESS 1.1.1Water Cycle

ESS 1.1.2Factors on Earth’s Climate

1. Changes in the oceans:– Sea level is rising – Sea-surface temperatures are warming– Flooding– Ecosystems are changing– Arctic sea ice is melting 2. Changes in the atmosphere:– Severe weather events may be more common and stronger – The greenhouse effect– Damage the ozone layer– Acid rain 3. Geological Shifts– Movement of land masses

ESS 1.2.1Layers of the Earth

ESS 1.2.1Hydrosphere

• The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth.

ESS 1.2.1Atmosphere

• Thermosphere-the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

• Mesosphere-middle layer of Earth’s atmosphere where most meteoroids burn up.

• Stratosphere-the second lowest-layer

• Troposphere-the lowest layer where weather occurs.

ESS 1.2.2Geological Evidence

ESS 1.3.1Fossils

• Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of living things.

• Most fossils form when living things die and are buried by sediments.

• Sediments slowly harden into rock and preserve the shapes of the organisms.

• Fossils provide evidence of how life has changed over time.

ESS 1.4.1

• Satellite image of Hurricane Ivan.

ESS 1.5.1

• Earth’s crust is divided into plates.

• They move at extremely slow rates.

ESS 1.5.2Landforms

• Created by the action of wind, water, and ice.

• Action physically changes the Earth's surface by carving and eroding land surfaces, carrying and depositing soil, sand and other debris.

• Crustal movement and other tectonic activity inside Earth create landforms; mountains, faults, sinks, and volcanoes.

Landforms

Ocean Floor

• At mid-ocean ridge molten material rises from the mantle and erupts.

• This then spreads out pushing older rocks to both sides of ridge.

• This is called sea floor spreading.

Ocean Floor

ESS 1.5.3Convection

• Heat transfer by the movement of heated fluids.

• Caused by different temperatures and density.

• Heat transfer occurs in Earth’s mantle, troposphere, winds.

Convection

ESS 1.6.1Rock Cycle

ESS 1.6.2Sedimentary Rocks

• Second great rock class• Created by bits of our earth pressed down

more and more through time, until the bottom layers slowly turn into rock.

• There are 3 main types: Clastic-compaction and cementation of little pieces of broken up rock , Chemical-form when standing water evaporates, leaving dissolved minerals behind, Organic-accumulation of sedimentary debris caused by organic processes.

Igneous Rock

• They formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets.

• Also formed when volcanoes erupt, causing the magma to rise above the earth's surface.

• Classified by their origin, texture, and mineral composition.

Metamorphic Rock

• The rocks are formed under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change.

• Metamorphic rocks are recycled rocks.

• Geologist classify metamorphic rocks by the arrangement of the grains that make up the rocks.

ESS 1.6.3From Sediment to Rock

• Erosion-heat, cold, rain, waves, and grinding ice break up and wear away rocks.

• Deposition-the sediment or small pieces of rock or living things settle.

• Compaction-over millions of years layers of sediment build up and press down on the layers beneath them.

• Cementation-dissolve minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.

ESS 1.6.4Physical Characteristics of Rocks• Texture-size, shape, and pattern of rocks

grains(particles of minerals or other rocks.)

Grain size, grain shape, grain pattern, or no visible grain.

• Mineral composition-identifying the minerals.

• Origin-where and how it formed.

• Color

ESS 1.7.1Watershed

• Watersheds or drainage basins is the land area that supplies water to a river system.

ESS 1.7.2Chemical Properties of Water

• This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom

ESS 1.7.2Physical properties of Water

• Water is the only natural substance that is found in all three states liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam) at the temperatures normally found on Earth.

• Water has a very high surface tension.

• Water has weight and density.

ESS 1.7.2

• Water is essential for living things to grow. Reproduce, and carry out other important processes such as photosynthesis.

ESS 1.7.3Cycling of Water

ESS 2.1.1The Sun

• It is the center of the universe.

• Solar flares-the most violent events on the surface of the Sun are sudden eruptions.

• Prominences-dense cloud of gas projecting from the Sun's chromosphere into the corona.

ESS 2.1.2Tides and the Phases of the Moon

• Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.

• Neap tides occur during quarter moons.

ESS 2.1.3

• The rotation of the Earth causes day.• The revolution of the Earth around the sun

causes year.• Phases of the moon are caused by the moon

revolving around the Earth.• Shadows• Tides are caused by gravity between moon and

Earth.• Eclipses are caused by the moon in direct

alignment with the Sun and the Earth.

ESS 2.1.4

ESS 2.1.4

Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.

ESS 2.2.1

• The Sun is the source of most of the energy on Earth

• The power source for plants, the cause of flows of atmosphere and of water, the source of the warmth which makes life possible.

• The sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion.• Nuclear fusion is the combining of 2 hydrogen

atoms to form helium releasing energy.

ESS 2.3.1Planets on Our Solar System

• Four inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are small and have rocky surfaces. They are called the terrestrial planets.

• The four outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are much larger and do not have solid surfaces. They are called the gas giants.

• All the planets revolve around the sun.

ESS 2.3.2Gravitational Force

• Gravitation is a natural happening by which all objects with mass attract each other.

• It is responsible for keeping the planets and their moons in their orbits.

• Gravitation is a general term describing the attractive influence that all objects with mass exert on each other.

ESS 2.3.3Earth and Our Solar System

• Goldilocks Conditions-favorable conditions to have life.

• Earth has liquid water and a suitable temperature range and atmosphere for living things to survive.

ESS 2.3.4

• The 8 planets in order from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

• Mercury is the smallest planet and Jupiter is the largest.

• All the planets revolve around the sun with Mercury revolving in a period of .24 Earth years and Neptune taking 165 Earth years.

• 6 of the planets have moons:Earth-1, Mars-2, Jupiter-17, Saturn-19, Uranus-18, and Neptune-8.

ESS 2.3.5

• Two factors keep the planets in order-inertia and gravity.

• The tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or stationary object to remain in place is the object’s inertia.

• The force called gravity attracts all objects toward one another.

ESS 2.4.1View From Earth

• Technological advances help scientist understand the solar system.

• These technological advances include telescopes, observatories, satellites, and spectrographs.

ESS 3.1.1

1 Astronomical Unit = 149 598 000 kilometers is based on the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

ESS 3.1.2A light-year is a unit of distance. It is the distance that light can travel in one year. Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second

ESS 3.2.1

• Asteroids are rocky objects with round or irregular shapes.

• Comets are lumps of ice and dust that periodically come into the center of the solar system from somewhere in its outer reaches, and that some comets make repeated trips.

• Meteoroid is a small sand to boulder-sized particle of debris in the Solar system.

ESS 3.3.1The Universe

• The Universe is a huge wide-open space that holds everything from the smallest particle to the biggest galaxy.

• Universe is still growing outward in every direction.

• The exact size of the Universe is unknown.• A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound

system consisting of stars, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter.

ESS 4.1.1Design Technology

• Today, many Earth scientist use the latest technology to explore Earth’s surface and outer space.

• Technology helps scientist collect data and increase understanding of the world.

ESS 4.1.2

• Computers, Robots, satellites, and space probes are just some of the tools used by Earth scientists.

• Powerful computers use the satellites data to make maps quickly and accurately.

ESS 4.2.1ESS 4.2.2

• To convert from F to C, try these calculations manually.98.6 + 40 = 138.6, and 138.6 * 5/9 = 77. For the final calculation, remove the 40. 77 - 40 = 37

• To convert from C to F, try these calculations manually.37 + 40 = 77, and 77 * 9/5 = 138.6. For the final calculation, remove the 40. 138.6 - 40 = 98.6

ESS 4.2.3

• Telescopes collect and focus different types of electromagnetic radiation. Including visible light.

• Artificial satellites are used to relay telephone calls, to measure Earth’s atmosphere, and to photograph weather systems, crops, troops, and ships.

ESS 4.3.1Social Issues

• http://www.istl.org/00-spring/review2.html

• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml

Environmental Changes-1

• Technology can reduce the impact of natural disasters by providing warnings using computer images and mapping and satellite images.

• http://www.earthscape.org/r1/mer03/

• http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2000/ts8/hami0001pf.htm

Environmental Changes-2

• Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland.

• Resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.

• Results in Global Warming and changes in weather patterns.

ESS 4.4.1Careers in Earth Science

• Oceanographers-people who study the ocean.

• Geologists-people who study Earth.

• Environmental Scientists-people who study the environment.

• Meteorologists-people who study the weather.

• Astronomers-people who study space.