Early Society in South Early Society in South AsiaAsia

4000 -1000 BCE4000 -1000 BCE

Harappan SocietyHarappan Society &&Indo-European Indo-European MigrationsMigrations

K.M.H.S.AP World History

S. Farbacher

Geographic BarriersKhyber

Pass

Concepts & TermsConcepts & TermsPanchatantraPanchatantra

TamilsTamils

KushansKushans

KautliyaKautliya

GurusGurus

Indo-European LanguagesIndo-European Languages

Not Indo-Not Indo-EuropeanEuropean

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How did geographic location impact How did geographic location impact Harappa?Harappa?

What attributed to the demise of What attributed to the demise of Harappan Dravidian society?Harappan Dravidian society?

What was the impact of the Indo-What was the impact of the Indo-European invaders?European invaders?

How were the Upanishads a How were the Upanishads a blendingblending of Aryan and Dravidian of Aryan and Dravidian valuesvalues??

Harappa & Mohenjo-Harappa & Mohenjo-darodaro

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley CivilizationHarappa & Mohenjo-daroHarappa & Mohenjo-daro

Twin fortified citiesTwin fortified citiesCOMPLEX SOCIETY OF DRAVIDIANSCOMPLEX SOCIETY OF DRAVIDIANSStandardized weights & measuresStandardized weights & measuresUn-translated written languageUn-translated written language

Trade with Mesopotamia Trade with Mesopotamia 2300 B.C.E.2300 B.C.E.

Declined > 2000 B.C.E.Declined > 2000 B.C.E.Possible causes:Possible causes:

Ecological degradationEcological degradation Floods / earthquakesFloods / earthquakes

Indo-European MigrationsIndo-European Migrations

Indo-European Indo-European MigrantsMigrantsAryans>Aryans> Caucasus & Caspian Sea Caucasus & Caspian Sea

Linguistic relationships:Linguistic relationships: Indo-Iranian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Balto-Slavic,

Germanic, Italic, CelticGermanic, Italic, Celtic

Migrations:Migrations:Tarim Basin 4000 B.C.E. [Central Asia]Tarim Basin 4000 B.C.E. [Central Asia]

Anatolia [Hittites] 3000 B.C.E.Anatolia [Hittites] 3000 B.C.E.

Central & Western Europe 2000 B.C.E.Central & Western Europe 2000 B.C.E.Dorian Greeks & EtruscansDorian Greeks & Etruscans

North

AryansAryans

Indo-Europeans & India

Aryan migrantsAryan migrantsPastoral nomadsPastoral nomads

•Light skinnedLight skinned

Migration into IndiaMigration into IndiaFirst into Indus Valley & PunjabFirst into Indus Valley & PunjabHimalaya to Ganges 1000 B.C.E.Himalaya to Ganges 1000 B.C.E.Lost tribal affiliations – est. local Lost tribal affiliations – est. local kingdomskingdoms

Indo-Europeans & IndiaVEDIC AGEVEDIC AGE

Culture clash with indigenous Culture clash with indigenous people [Dravidians]people [Dravidians]

DARK SKINNED CALLED DARK SKINNED CALLED DASASDASAS BY ARYANS BY ARYANS

Warrior culture clashes with Warrior culture clashes with sedentary agriculturalistssedentary agriculturalistsIndraIndra [Aryan war god] a [Aryan war god] a military hero against-military hero against-DasasDasas

Religion of Vedic AgeReligion of Vedic Age

SPIRITUALITYSPIRITUALITY

Dissatisfaction with ritualDissatisfaction with ritual

Shift to spiritual Shift to spiritual contemplationcontemplation

Retreat to isolation [hermits]Retreat to isolation [hermits]

Adapted Dravidian:Adapted Dravidian:

Transmigration of soulsTransmigration of soulsReincarnationReincarnation

Rig VedaRig Veda

Caste System & Social Caste System & Social MobilityMobility

Hereditary casteHereditary casteDifficult to change Difficult to change [becomes more rigid later][becomes more rigid later]

Promoted social harmonyPromoted social harmonyJati rules of behavior strictly Jati rules of behavior strictly adhered to by societyadhered to by society

Foreign people could find a place Foreign people could find a place in caste systemin caste system

Based on Jati sub casteBased on Jati sub caste

Caste SystemCaste System

The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is called the "caste system." The chart shows the major divisions and contents of the system. Basic caste is called varna, or "color." Sub-caste, or jâti, "birth, life, rank," is a traditional subdivision of varna.

                                                                    

Caste & PatriarchyCaste & PatriarchyLawbook of ManuLawbook of Manu

AnonymousAnonymousMoral behavior & social Moral behavior & social relationshipsrelationships

Advised menAdvised men::Treat women with respect & honorTreat women with respect & honor

Advised womenAdvised women::Subservient to menSubservient to men

Bear children/maintain homeBear children/maintain home

SATISATI [social custom] [social custom] Burn widow on husband’s Burn widow on husband’s

funeral pyre funeral pyre

Blending Aryan Blending Aryan & Dravidian & Dravidian

UPANISHADSUPANISHADSReligious teachingsReligious teachings800-400 B.C.E.800-400 B.C.E.Religious forums/dialoguesReligious forums/dialogues

BRAHMANBRAHMAN““Universal Soul”Universal Soul”ATMANATMAN--individual soulindividual soul

Highest goalHighest goalEscape reincarnationEscape reincarnationJoin with BrahmanJoin with Brahman

• MokshaMoksha

ReincarnationReincarnation

UPANISHAD TEACHINGSUPANISHAD TEACHINGS

SAMSARASAMSARA• Cycle of birth & deathCycle of birth & death

KARMAKARMA• Specific incarnations Specific incarnations

– actions invest in future incarnationsactions invest in future incarnations

MOKSHAMOKSHA• Permanent liberation from physical Permanent liberation from physical

incarnationincarnation

Religion & Vedic SocietyReligion & Vedic Society

Reinforced social hierarchyReinforced social hierarchy

Promoted high ethical standardsPromoted high ethical standards

Respect for all living thingsRespect for all living things AHIMSAAHIMSA

Vegetarian dietVegetarian diet

SamsaraSamsara

BrahmanBrahmanKrishnaKrishna

ShivaShiva

Vedas to Vedas to HinduismHinduism

Enduring Question

Remember the political, economic, and cultural tendencies of India in this time period and be prepared to make detailed connections with other cultures as this course progresses.