PREPARATION AND UPLOADING OFPOWERPOINT PRESENTAION

SLIDES TEMPLATE

SEMESTER IIEDU.10-B.Ed SOCIAL SCIENCE

Prepared and Presented by:

Name : SUDHI SOMAN

Candidate Code : 13381031

SOBHA COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION MARARIKULAM

2013 - 2014

This is to certify that this preparation and

uploading of PowerPoint Slides is a bonafide work of

independent work done by Sudhi Soman, optional

subject Social Science, candidate code 13381031

for the year 2013-2014.

Assistant Professor

Countersigned by

External Examiner Principal

Place : Mararikulam

CERTIFICATE

INTRODUCTION

The Indus valley civilization

(IVC) was a bronze age

civilization located in the

western region of south Asia.

The civilization was spread over

some 1,260,000 km, making it

the largest ancient civilization.

The Indus valley is one of the

worlds earliest urban

civilizations, at its peak, the

Indus civilization may have had

a population of well over five

million.

FACTS ABOUT HARAPPA

Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important break through occurring as recently as 1999.

The Harappan civilization is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures.

Up to 1999, about 1,056 cities and settlements have been found, of which 96 sites have been excavated mainly in the general region of the Indus river.

Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society. But, there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented.

The Harappans were agriculturists.

Their economy was entirely dominated by horticulture.

There were massive granaries in each city.

The Harappans also had a wide variety of domesticated animals.

Occupation

Authority

ART OF WRITING

Between 400 and as many as 600

distinct Indus symbols have been

found on seals, small tablets,

ceramic pots and more than a

dozen other materials, including a

"signboard" that apparently once

hung over the gate of the inner

citadel of the Indus city of

Dholavira.

HARAPPAN SEALS

PASHUPATI SEAL

The Pashupati Seal is the name of a steatite seal (dating from 2600–1900 BCE) discovered at Mohenjo-daro. The seal depicts a seated, possibly ithyphallic and tricephalic, figure with a horned headdress, surrounded by animals.

SPECIALITIES OF HARAPPAN

CIVILIZATION

The Great Bath

The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is called

the "earliest public water tank of the

ancient world“.

 The Great Bath measures 11.88 metres

x 7.01 metres, and has a maximum

depth of 2.43 metres. Two wide

staircases, one from the north and one

from the south, served as the entry to

the structure.

A hole was also found at one end of the

Bath which might have been used to

drain the water into it.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The drainage system of Mohenjo-

Daro is so elaborate that “the like of

which has not yet been found

anywhere in the world in any other

city of the same antiquity.”

The drainage system and drains were

covered with bricks or stones and

were provided with inspection traps

and main holes at regular intervals

for inspection.

The Town Planning System of

Indus Valley Civilization

(Harappan Civilization) was city

based.

The excellent drainage and

sanitation systems are

remarkable. The Indus civilization

flourished around cities.

The ruins of the cities so far

unearthed show remarkable town

planning system and excellent

system of drainage and

sanitation of the Indus Valley

Civilization.

The city was the heart of the

civilization. 

TOWN PLANNING

FOUR THEORIES OF COLLAPSE

Archaeologists have offered four explanations for the collapse of the Harappan “Civilization”.

Three are based on ecological factors: intense flooding, decrease in precipitation, and the dessication of the Sarasvati River.

The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott.

Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor of a combination of factors from ecological disasters.