Early RomeEarly RomeTwo Myths:

Romulus & Remus – twin sons of Mars (God of War) & and Etruscan princess raised by a “she wolf” found Rome.

Aeneas a survivor of Troy goes to Italy, marries an Etruscan princess and starts the family of kings that founds Rome.

Etruscans Cross the Tiber- Etruscans occupied

Etruria (No. Italy) since 1000 BC.

- Move South to the Tiber in about 650 – 600BC.

- Dominated are where Rome was founded.

Greek Influenced CultureGreek Influenced Culture

Greek Art

Etruscan Art

Etruscan Kings Build RomeEtruscan Kings Build Rome

Rome - built on 7 hills & near a bend in the Tiber River gained wealth and population.

Harsh rule by Etruscans led wealthy Roman landowners to overthrow them – never would be ruled by kings again.

509 BC – Roman republic formed Free born male citizens vote to elect representatives

Roman SocietyRoman SocietyPatriciansPatriciansWealthy landowning families who competed with one another for power.

PlebiansPlebiansCommon people, tradesmen, farmers, artisans & merchants – most of the population.

Roman SocietyRoman Society

http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rome/Rometext.html

Roman GovernmentRoman GovernmentConsuls – 2 Chosen for 1 year from Senate – 1 term only.

Senate – 300 chosen from aristocratic (upper) class for life.

Tribunes – chosen from Tribal Assembly & Centuriate Assembly by Plebians & Soldiers - became members of the Senate over time.

Dictator – Leaders who could raise armies & rule absolutely in times of crisis. Appointed by the Consuls and confirmed by the Senate for 6 months only.

Twelve Tablets – 451 BC – Legal code of Roman Rule.Established the idea of equality under the law.

Praetors – 8 judges chose by the Centuriate Assembly for 1 year 2 handle civil & Criminal cases – 6 serve in Provinces

Common to US GovernmentCommon to US GovernmentElected Officials

Roman Consuls………………………US PresidentRoman Senate & Assembly…… US CongressPraetors………………………………..US Supreme Court

Legal Code

Twelve Tablets……………………….US ConstitutionFree Males are Citizens………….US born Are Citizens

Roman EconomyRoman Economy

Agriculture led the way…trained by Greeks.

Fertile Po River Valley helped crop production

Olives and grapes key crops - Oil and wine traded.

Controlled sea lanes throughout Mediterranean.

Farming

Roman HarborRoman Harbor

The City of RomeThe City of Rome

The Seven Hills ofRome at about the time of Julius Caesar …between 75BC and 40 BC.

It was the time Rome was starting to enjoy its greatest years of glory.

Rome Acquires PowerRome Acquires PowerBy 265 BC Rome had defeated the Gauls in the North

and the Etruscans in the East to take over all of Italy.

Roman WarfareRoman Warfare

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Rome ExpandsRome Expands

3 “Punic Wars” with Carthage

1st - Rome beats Carthage & controls Sicily & most of the Western Mediterranean Sea.

2nd – Hannibal invades Rome to avenge the first loss.- Crosses the Alps with 60,000 men & 60 Elephants - Beats Rome at Battle of Cannae in 216 BC.

Rome regroups & wins in the end.

3rd – Rome invades Carthage in 146 BC and destroys it for revenge. Burns city and sells residents into slavery.

Social & Political ProblemsSocial & Political Problems• Rich landowners got richer & poor got poorer.

• Small farmers couldn’t compete & sold out to large farms.

• Soldiers away fighting had to sell land to rich farmers & got cheated out of good land

• Rich used Senate to keep it that way

• Civil Wars resulted from about 135 – 80 BC

Gracchi BrothersGracchi BrothersTry to implement reforms to help the plebians & restore equality among the landowners & farmers.

Gaius Gracchus is KilledGaius Gracchus is Killed

Tiberius Gracchus is also killed, about 15 years later.

Civil Wars ContinueCivil Wars ContinueRome racked by war between Marius & Sulla.

Both promised farmers land to farmers for their support.

Sulla wins and imposes strict martial law to Rome

Julius Caesar EmergesJulius Caesar EmergesGenerals with armies gain influence over Rome.

Triumvirate Crassus, Caesar& Pompey combine to balance power, and restore order and the Republic.

Julius Caesar EmergesJulius Caesar Emerges• Ceasar assumes Military Governorship of

Gaul (current France/ Germany)

• Subdues Vercingetorix – Gaul’s King

• Brings Army across Rubicon River to challenge Pompey for leadership of Rome.

• Civil War ensues & Pompey is killed in Egypt.

The ‘die’ is cast!

Caesar’s Reforms• Great popular support - champion of the people not rich.

• Expanded citizenship , number of Senators, number of colonies

• Created jobs for poor with public projects & expanded welfare.

• Reforms threatened the wealthy landowners’ power in Senate.

• Worked on people to declare him “Dictator for Life”

• Senators plotted his death & stabbed him on the Ides of March.

Second Triumvirate Rules• Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)

• Lepidus• Marc Antony (Caesar’s General)

Alliance ends - Lepidus retires and Antony joins Cleopatra in Egypt.Battle of Actium defeats Antony & Cleopatra - Suicide

Pax Romana• 200 years of peace in Roman Empire

• Twelve Caesars ruled – Augustus – Marcus Aurelius

• Empire expanded

• Agriculture and Trade thrived

• 2 Classes emerged…Rich and Poor with small middle

• Gladitorial games appeased people’s suffering

• Christianity emerged and grew.

The Roman Empire The Roman Empire 500 BC – 1000AD500 BC – 1000AD

Rome Struggles• Several weak and amoral Emperors degrade Roman values

• Need for revenue leads to creating money – Inflation

• Cultural blending with barbarian tribes weakens the pride Romans have for the original concept of Rome & what it stands for.

• Soldiers begin to support local commanders not Rome itself.

Diocletian Splits the Empire• Believed Empire too big & complex for 1 ruler• Appoints a Co-Emporer (Augustus) and each had a “Caesar” to

help him administer. Created a “Tetrarchy” form of government

Fall of the Roman EmpireFall of the Roman Empire• Other Attempted Solutions

Constantine moves Capital to Byzantium (Istanbul, Turkey)Constantine adopts Christianity as state religion – Unity.Alliances with Germanic tribes – Ostrogoths to oppose Huns

Nothing works – Rome falls to Germanic rulers.

Byzantium all that remains of great Roman Empire

Even Byzantium declines as it tries to help defend Rome.

Fall of the Roman EmpireFall of the Roman Empire• Economic problems

Over-planted soil & war hindered food productionOverpopulation drained the bank – high unemploymentWidespread Empire cost more to manage & defendTrade hurt by robbers & Barbarian invaders – Attila the Hun

• Social problemsMore non-Romans became citizens – financially dependentRoman values replaced by those of Germanic immigrants

• Military ProblemsMore non-Roman soldiers than Romans – discipline declinedInvasions by Huns drove more outsiders to Empire

Legacy of RomeLegacy of Rome• Engineering – Roads, buildings, aquaducts, plumbing• Law – Set down codes of law still used today

Case Law…Innocent ‘till proven guilty…law schools

• Military Tactics – formation and deployment of troops

• Language - “Romance” languages based on Latin

• Art & Liturature – provided “models” for other to follow

• History – Livy, Tacitus & Josephus all began to record.