eagle creek park spring pond 1996 floral inventory

Qualitative Vegetation Analysis of Spring Pond Nature

Preserve and Adjacent Sites in Eagle Creek Park

Rebecca Dolan and Marcia Moore

Friesner Herbarium, Butler University

Indianapolis, IN 46208

October, 1996

Funded in part by a grant from the U.S.D.A.Forest Service and the Indiana Department of

Natural Resources

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ..................................................................................................................3

Methods .......................................................................................................................8

Results ..................... ..................................................................................................10

Discussion....................................................................................................................21

Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 23

Literature Cited ...........................................................................................................24

Appendix A. Tree- and herb-layer species by plot for Spring Pond ..............................25

SUMMARY OF FIGURES

Aerial maps of Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Figure 1.) .................................................3

Layout of plot centers (Figure 2.) ...................................................................................6

Frequency histograms of individual tree size for common species at

Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Figure 3 a-i.) ....................................................15

Drawings of leaves, stems, and seeds of the five most commonly

encountered trees in Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Figure 4 a-e.) .....................17

Drawings of the two most common plants in the herb layer of

Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Figure 5). ..........................................................19

SUMMARY OF TABLES

Master Species list for Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 1.) ....................................10

Tree-level species composition in Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 2.) ....................13

Statistical comparisons of vegetation in plots inside

vs. outside Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 3.) ..........................................14

Common herb-layer species in Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 4.) ........................18

Observations of rabbit and deer browse at Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 5.).......20

Descriptive parameters of old growth forests of the Central Hardwoods

region according to Parker (1989) compared to values for

Spring Pond Nature Preserve (Table 6.) ...........................................................21

INTRODUCTION

Spring Pond Nature Preserve (SPNP) is a 44 acre, mature growth wet-mesic forested site within theIndianapolis Parks Department’s Eagle Creek Park, Marion County, central Indiana. Most of the over4,000 acre Park is second-growth woods, recovering from clearing for agriculture. SPNP is located in anarea that was not cleared according to available records. Aerial photographs document that almost all ofSPNP has been continually wooded since at least 1941 (Figure 1). Only a small area in the extremenortheast corner shows evidence of disturbance. Poor drainage with shallow ponds that hold water in thespring probably made this site marginal for row-crops. It is likely grazing and selective logging occurred onthe site.

Indianapolis Parks Department, Land Stewardship Section contracted with Butler University, FriesnerHerbarium to conduct a study of the vegetation of SPNP in order to quantify the vegetation present.Adjacent sites of second-growth woods were also surveyed in order to compare vegetational compositionin the preserve with sites undergoing recovery from clearing. All woody and herbaceous plants in circularplots around permanent center points were identified and quantified. Species were categorized as native,exotic, or invasive and animal browse was recorded where seen. Goals of the study were to comparespecies composition in the second-growth sites with the relatively old-growth preserve and to assess thelevels of exotic species invasion and browse damage, potential management concerns, within the two foresttypes.

Figure 1. Aerial maps of Spring Pond Nature Preserve obtained from the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service. (1941-1980).

N

1941

3

Figure 1. Continued.

4

1956

1962

N

5

Figure 1. Continued.

N

1980’s

1999

METHODS

Study site. Soils in SPNP and adjacent sites are Brookstone silty clay loam and Crosby silt loam with 0 to2% slope. These series consist of deep, nearly level, very poorly drained soils on broad, gently undulatingtill plains. Soils are formed from loess and underlying calcareous glacial till (USDA 1978).

The area receives little human disturbance at the present time. Although there are several narrow, unim-proved trails within SPNP, there is no close-by parking and no visitors were seen during our surveys, sotrampling effects are minimal and we saw no dumping or litter. Evidence of past disturbance includes oldfence-lines on the perimeter of the Preserve and several very old road beds in the interior. We saw no cutstumps. There is some indication of ditching.

Sample methods. Five sites within SPNP and three in adjacent wooded areas were selected for study.Sample sites were spread throughout the preserve (see oversized map in jacket pocket). Central areaswere not sampled in order to make sites fairly easy to relocate. Within each sample area, a 3 x 3 gridsystem of plot center points, separated by 20 m was established along ordinal axis using a compass andmeter tape (Figure 2). Field work was conducted during June, July and August of 1996.

Figure 2. Layout of plot centers. Each of the eight sample sites was given a letter designation (A-G). Within each site, plots were numbered as shown.

N

7 8 9

4 5 6 20m

1 2 3

20m

Woody vegetation was sampled in 100 m2 circular plots (radius = 5.64 m) around each plot center point.Diameter at breast height (dbh) was measured for each species of tree, vine, and shrub with a dbh of 1 cmor greater. These numbers provided data on the tree-layer vegetation at each study site.

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Herb-layer vegetation was surveyed in 10 m2 area circles (radius = 1.79 m) around each plot center point.Herbaceous species presence was recorded along with an estimate of the percentage of the quadrat that iscovered by each species. Cover was estimated in equal angular (arcsine square root) classes (1-7%,8-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 76-93%, 94-100%), a procedure that other studies have shown uses classdistinctions that most investigators can distinguish and that are free from mathematical quirks that cancomplicate analyses based on data recorded as ratios (Dolan and Menges, 1989). This technique provideddata on both the presence and abundance of species in each quadrat. Nomenclature follows Gleason andCronquist (1991).

Within each 5.64 m radius circle around plot centers, the vegetation was screened for evidence of animalbrowse. Browse was credited to rabbits if cut stems were incised or cut at a sharp angle and to white-taildeer (Odocoileus virginicus) if chewed straight across. Evidence of browse was also recorded if seen offof study sites.

The data were analyzed using the software package PC-ORD (McCune 1991). This package calculatedstandard ecological measures used to compare vegetation and also performed cluster analysis that allowsdetermination of similarities and differences in species composition between site inside and outside of SPNP.These data were also used to examine the relationships between plant community structure, diversity andsuccessional status.

Value of the site from a natural areas perspective was quantified using floristic quality assessment, developedby Swink and Wilhelm (1994). This rating system assigns coefficient of conservatism (C) values from 0-10for native species based on their fidelity to high quality habitats. A floristic quality index (I) value is thencalculated from the equation

_ I = C N

where N is the number of native species. The index allows for comparison between sites.

All plot centers have been marked with permanent markers (ca. 2 in2 brown post-consumer recycled highdensity polyethylene stakes, ca. 24 in. long pounded to within 6 in. of the ground). Markers have identifying1 1/4 inch round brass tags labeled with site and plot information.

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RESULTS

One hundred and three species of plants were identified during the study. Table 1 is the master list of allplants encountered in plots inside and outside SPNP, as well as all plants observed but not occurring withinstudy plots. Common names, scientific names and status as native or alien is given. Plants identified only togenus could not be identified to species due to phenological constraints. That is, critical flower or fruit partsneeded for identification were not present at the time of the survey. Ninety-five percent of plants seen werenative species. No plants listed as rare or endangered were encountered, based on the official Division ofNature Preserve list (1994). Species lists for individual plot centers for tree-layer species and for herb-layer species are presented in Appendix A.

Table 1. Master species list for Spring Pond.List is generated from field work completed in 1996 and 1997.(Includes species observed off plots)

Scientific Name Common Name In Out Coefficient of Conservatism

Acer negundo Box elder X 0Acer saccharinum Silver maple X 0Acer saccharum Sugar maple X X 3Actaea alba White baneberry X 7Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye X 3Agrimonia parviflora Small-flowered agrimony X 7Agrimonia pubescens Hairy agrimony X 5Allium tricoccumc Wild leek or ramps X 7Arisaema triphyllum Jack in the pulpit X 4Asimina triloba Paw paw X X 9Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort X 4Aster sp. Aster XBarbarea vulgarisa,c Winter cress XBoehmeria cylindrica False nettle X X 2Botrychium sp. Grape fern X XCampanula americana Tall bell flower X 3Campsis radicans Trumpet creeper X XCardamine concatenatac Cut-leaf toothwort XCarex sp. Sedge, giant fruits X XCarpinus caroliniana Musclewood X 8Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory X X 7Carya laciniosa Shellbark hickory X 10Carya ovata Shagbark hickory X 5Celtis occidentalis Hackberry X X 3Cinna arundinaceac Wood reed X X 5Circaea quadrisulata Enchanter’s nightshade X XCornus florida Flowering dogwood X X 8Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood X 6Crataegus sp. Hawthorn XCryptotaenia canadensis Honewort X X 2Cystopteris fragilis Brittle fern X 6Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman’s breeches X 6Diospyros virginiana Persimmon X X

8

Table 1. Continued.


Elaeagnus umbellata Silver berry XEpifagus virginianac Beech-drops X 10Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger of spring X X 10Erythronium americanumc Trout-lily X 8Eupatorium sp. Joe Pye weed X XEupatorium rugosum White snakeroot X X 4Fagus grandifolia American beech X 5Fragaria virginianac Common strawberry X 1Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash X X 1Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash X X 8Galium asprellum Hay scented bedstraw X X 10Galium boreale Smooth bedstraw X X 7Galium circaezans Wild licorice X X 7Galium triflorum Three-flowered bedstraw X X 5Geum aleppicum

var.strictumc Yellow Avens X 7Geum canadense White avens X X 1Geum virginianum Rough avens X X 10Glechoma hederaceaa,c Ground ivy XGrass sp. Grass X XHalesia tetraptera Silverbell tree XHepatica americana Liver leaf X 9Impatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed X X 3Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf X 10Juglans nigra Black walnut X X 5Juncus tenuisc Path rush X XJuniperus virginianac Red cedar X 2Krigia sp. Dwarf dandelion XLeersia virginicac Virginia cut-grass X X 7Ligustrum vulgareb Common privet XLindera benzoin Spice bush X X 7Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree X X 5Lonicera japonicab Japanese honeysuckle X XLonicera maackiib Amur honeysuckle XLycopus americanusc Cut-leaved

water-horehound X 5Lycopus virginicus Bugleweed X 9Menispermum canadense Canada moonseed X 6Monotropa uniflorac Indian pipe X 10Mustard sp. Mustard XNyssa sylvatica Black gum X 8Onoclea sensibilisc Sensitive fern X 8Ophioglossum vulgatumc Adder’s tongue fern X 9Orchid sp. Orchid XOsmorhiza claytonii Sweet cicely X X 3Oxalis stricta Yellow woods sorrel X X 0Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper X X 2Phlox divaricatac Spring phlox X 5Phryma leptostachya Lop-seed X X 4Phytolacca americana Pokeweed X 1Pilea pumila Clearweed X 5Platanus occidentalis Sycamore X X 9Podophyllum peltatum May apple X X 4Polemonium reptansc Greek valerian X 5Polygonatum biflorum Solomon’s seal X

9

Table 1. Continued.


Polygonum sp. Knotweed XPolygonum virginianum Virginia knotweed X X 2Populus deltoides Cottonwood X X 2Potentilla simplexc Common cinquefoil X 4Prunella vulgarisa,c Heal-all X 0Prunus serotina Black cherry X X 1Quercus albac White oak X 5Quercus bicolorc Swamp white oak X 6Quercus macrocarpa Burr oak X 5Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak XQuercus muehlenbergiic Chinqupin oak X 8Quercus palustris Pin oak X 8Quercus rubra Red oak X 7Quercus seedlings Oak X XRanunculus abortivusc Kidney-leaved buttercup X 0Ranunculus septentrionalisc Swamp buttercup X 5Ribes cynosbati Gooseberry X 5Rosa sp. Rose XRubus sp. Raspberry X XSambucus canadensisc Common elderberry X 1Sanicula marilandica Black snakeroot X X 6Sassafras albidumc Sassafras X 3Scutellaria galericulata Common skullcap X 5Scutellaria lateriflora Mad dog skullcap X X 5Senecio obovatusc Roundleaf ragwort X X 10Smilax hispida Hispid greenbriar X XStaphylea trifoliac American bladdernut X 7Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coral bells X 2Taraxacum officinalea,c Dandelion XTilia americanac Basswood or linden X X 5Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy X XTradescantia subasperac Spiderwort X 10Trillium sessilec Sessile trilium X 10Ulmus rubra Slippery elm X X 4Urtica dioicaa Stinging nettle XViburnum dentatum Southern arrowwood X XViola pubescensc Smooth yellow violet X X 5Viola sororiac Common purple violet X X 3Viola sp. Violet X XVitis sp. Grape X

a = alien b = noxious alien c = species observed off study plots

C = Coefficient of conservatism from Swink & Wilhelm (1994).

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A total of 762 tree-layer stems were measured. There are differences between tree-level vegetation in siteslocated inside and outside the preserve based on species composition. A total of 23 species occurred in thetree-level in plots located within SPNP (Table 2). Sugar maple had the highest importance value (29.63)and the greatest density (trees/ha; 242.22), followed in importance value by slippery elm (15.03) andbitternut hickory (8.37). 19 species were seen in plots located outside the preserve. Slippery elm had thegreatest importance value (31.04), surpassing sugar maple (25.7) and green ash (13.76). Six species wereunique to the outside plots, including the disturbance loving box elder, and pin oak trees that were mostlikely planted in the 1940’s by J.K. Lilly (pers. com., Don Miller, Stewardship Director, IndyParks).Beech, Ohio buckeye, musclewood, swamp white oak, shellbark hickory, cottonwood, black cherry,spicebush, bur oak, black gum and shagbark hickory occurred exclusively in plots within the preserve.

Table 2. Tree level species composition in Spring Pond Nature Preserve: Inside Preserve vs. Outside Preserve

Inside Preserve Outside Preserve

Density Basal I.V.* Density Basal I.V.*

Area Area Species Common Name (trees/ha)(dm2/ha) (%) (trees/ha)(dm2/ha) (%)

Acer saccharum Sugar maple 242.22 1366.40 29.63 388.89 409.59 25.70Ulmus rubra Slippery elm 251.11 169.53 15.03 574.07 348.09 31.04Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory 53.33 361.74 8.37 14.81 100.89 3.44Fagus grandifolia American beech 40.00 186.23 5.72 - - -Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye 91.11 29.31 6.75 - - -Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 31.11 303.58 6.40 55.56 496.93 13.76Asimina triloba Paw paw 102.22 3.85 6.27 3.70 .08 .45Carpinus caroliniana Musclewood 53.33 13.38 4.36 - - -Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 28.89 94.84 3.74 3.70 .79 .47Carya laciniosa Shellbark hickory 17.78 31.12 2.26 - - -Quercus macrocarpa Burr oak 6.67 109.53 2.04 - - -Populus deltoides Cottonwood 4.44 90.61 1.38 - - -Prunus serotina Black cherry 11.11 2.23 1.33 22.22 89.28 4.16Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 11.11 1.35 1.32 29.63 1.28 2.26Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash 24.44 8.07 1.10 3.70 .44 .46Platunus occidentalis Sycamore 2.22 65.37 1.01 - - -Lindera benzoin Spice bush 6.67 .19 .78 3.70 .03 .45Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak 2.22 27.65 .58 - - -Juglnas nigra Black walnut 2.22 24.02 .54 3.70 .14 .46Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 4.44 .26 .52 - - -Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree 2.22 4.75 .32 3.70 2.20 .49Carya ovata Shagbark hickory 2.22 1.64 .28 - - -Diospyros virginiana Persimmon 2.22 .59 .27 7.41 103.86 2.58Acer saccharinum Silver maple - - - 11.11 279.35 5.86Quercus palustris Pin oak - - - 14.81 219.44 5.35Acer negundo Box elder - - - 11.11 12.23 1.21Vitis sp. Grape - - - 7.41 .74 .92Crataegus spp. Hawthorn - - - 3.70 2.30 .49Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood - - - 3.70 .17 .46

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* Importance value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency.

Structurally, there were more trees per ha in plots located outside the preserve, with larger trees (greaterbasal area) within the preserve (Table 3). These numbers are, however, not statistically significantly differ-ent. It is reasonable to assume that the older growth plots inside SPNP host older, larger trees and thatyounger successional sites outside support a greater density of smaller stems due to the relatively youngerage of the stands. Several trees with very large dbh were measured inside SPNP. Individuals of beech,sugar maple, green ash and bitternut topped 60 cm dby. Many trees were larger than 50 cm dbh.

Table 3. Statistical comparisons of vegetation in plots inside vs. outside Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

Standard deviations are in parentheses. Values inside vs. outside are not statistically significantly different.

tree-layer vegetation Inside (n=5) Outside (n=3)

density (stems/ha) 1,018 (±293) 1,167 (±117)basal area (dm2/ha) 2,924 (±793) 2,068 (±585)

herb-layer vegetation

richness 10.6 (±0.8) 12.0 (±1.7)evenness 0.948 (±0.013) 0.960 (±0.026)Shannon-Weaver diversity 2.206 (±0.049) 2.365 (±0.193)

Many small diameter trees of sugar maple, green ash, beech and bitternut recorded inside the Preserveindicate these dominant species are replacing themselves (Figure 3 a-i). Slippery elms were commonunderstory trees (maximum dbh 20 cm) both in inside and outside plots, but occurred more frequently inoutside plots. Seeds of elm are equipped with wings to promote wind-borne dispersal, unlike primarilyanimal dispersed species such as beech, oaks and chestnut. Elms may therefore have been among the firstforest trees to occupy abandoned old fields. Drawings of leaf, branch, and seed structure for sugar maple,green ash, beech, bitternut hickory, and slippery elm can be found in Figure 4 a-e.

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Figure 3 a-e. Frequency histograms of individual tree size for common species at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

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(3a.)

(3b.) (3c.)

(3d.) (3e.)

Figure 3 f-i. Frequency histograms of individual tree size for common species at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

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(3f.) (3g.)

(3h.) (3i.)

Figure 4 a-e. Drawings of leaves, stems, and seeds of five of the most commonly encountered trees in Spring Pond Nature Preserve (From Fifty Trees of Indiana).

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(4a.) Acer saccarum (Sugar maple) (4b.) Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green ash)

(4c.) Fagus grandifolia (American beech)

(4d.) Carya cordiformis (Bitternut hickory) (4e.) Ulmus rubra (Slippery elm)

The most common plant in the herb-layer within the preserve was spicebush (found in 82.2% of plots withan average cover class of over 2.6); outside the preserve, jewelweed was the single most common plant(found in 88.9% of all plots with an average cover class of 2.0). Drawings of each may be found in Figure5. Other common herbs are listed in Table 4. The most striking difference between the locations is thehigher frequency of pawpaw, may apple, and sugar maple seedlings within SPNP and the higher frequencyof occurrence of poison ivy, blackberries, and avens in plots outside the preserve. Clearweed was foundonly on inside plots, and wild rose only on outside plots.

Table 4. Common herb-layer species in Spring Pond Nature Preserve: Inside Preserve vs. Outside Preserve.Species with 20% overall frequency or greater are listed. A total of 74 species was sampled.

Inside Preserve Outside Preserve (n = 45) (n = 27)

Avg. cover Avg. cover Species Common Name % freq. class % freq. class

Lindera benzoin Spice bush 82.2 2.711 55.6 1.259Polygonum virginianum Virginia knotweed 66.7 1.133 70.4 .889Impatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed 64.4 1.356 88.9 2.000Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 55.6 .733 25.9 .407Viola sp. Violet 55.6 .578 63.0 .704Geum canadense White avens 46.7 .511 77.8 1.074Pilea pumila Clearweed 44.4 .511 - -Grass sp. Grass 42.2 .644 51.9 1.074Carex sp. Sedge 40.0 .578 77.8 1.000Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort 37.8 .644 29.6 .333Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 35.1 .511 11.1 .148Sanicula marilandica Black snakeroot 31.1 .356 37.0 .444Asimina triloba Paw paw 28.9 .956 3.7 .074Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 28.9 .444 18.5 .333Podophyllum peltatum May apple 28.9 .378 3.7 .037Smilax hispida Hispid greenbriar 26.7 .289 11.1 .111Acer saccharum Sugar maple 24.4 .244 3.7 .037Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy 22.2 .267 70.4 .889Geum virginianum Rough avens 6.7 .067 59.3 .741Rosa sp. Rose - - 51.9 .815Rubus sp. Raspberry 6.7 .067 40.7 .778Galium circaezans Wild licorice 11.1 .133 29.6 .296Botrychium sp. Grape fern 11.1 .111 22.2 .222Campsis radicans Trumpet creeper 6.7 .067 22.2 .222Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 17.8 .222 22.2 .296Galium triflorum Three-flowered bedstraw 4.4 .067 22.2 .222Ulmus rubra Slippery elm 8.9 .089 22.2 .222

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Figure 5. Drawings of Lindera benzoin (Spicebush) and Impatiens capensis (Spotted jewelweed), the most common plants in the herb-layer of Spring Pond Nature Preserve. (From The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist’s Manual, 1998).

Composite statistics based on the data presented above can be used to compare the species compositionand diversity in inside and outside plots. Although in absolute numbers evenness, richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity are greater in outside plots (Table 3), values for the two sites are not significantly different.

Floristic quality index (I) values reflect the differences in quality from a natural areas perspective of thewoods inside the relatively old growth nature preserve compared with the younger woods that surround it.I was equal to 46.0 inside SPNP and 32.8 outside. Swink and Wilhelm (1994) rate sites with I values ofless than 20 as of essentially no significance, sites with values greater than 35 as of sufficient conservatismand richness to be of profound importance from a regional perspective and sites with values over 50 asextremely rare and of paramount importance from a natural areas perspective.

Three alien species that can be invasive and may become management concerns were seen only in theoutside plots: Amur honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle and privet. Heal-all and stinging nettles were theonly non-native species encountered within SPNP. They do not generally present management problems.

Twenty-one cases of apparent animal browse were observed (Table 5). Deer damage was reported twiceas often as rabbit, most commonly on jewelweed. Thirteen of the total cases were seen in sites outside thepreserve, sites where jewelweed is more common. No obvious browse line was seen in the shrub-layer.

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Lindera benzoin (Spicebush) Impatiens capensis (Spotted jewelweed)

Table 5. Observations of rabbit and deer browse at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

Species Common Name Plot Location Rabbit Browse Deer Browse

Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort A4 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed C9 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed Off plot, near C9 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed Off plot, near E3 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed Off plot, near E5 XUnknown Unknown Off plot, near F2 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed F5 XUnknown (nibbled to ground) Unknown F6 XAgrimony parviflora Small-flowered

agrimony G1 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed G2 XRosa sp. Rose G3 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed G4 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed G6 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed Off plot, near G7 XCornus florida Flowering dogwood H2 XUlmus rubra Slippery elm H2 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed H2 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed H4 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed H5 XLonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle H6 XImpatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed H8 X

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DISCUSSION

SPNP is described in the Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Nature Preserves guide topreserves as a “relatively level, poorly drained upland site, dominated by wet-mesic forest of beech, sugarmaple, sycamore, burr oak and ash. There are many wet, poorly drained places scattered throughout. Thetract is primarily mature second growth, and represents the type of forest community that once covered thelarge flat area in central Indiana known as the Tipton Till Plain.” Our data support this description.

The high importance of sugar maple, beech, elm, buckeye and ash in the woods at SPNP matches descrip-tions of the presettlement forest of Township 16N, Range 2E (which includes SPNP in Section 2), based onwitness trees from 1819 surveyor’s records (Blewett and Potzger 1951). The early records of elm, how-ever, were not based on species and most likely included American elm, now all but eliminated in forestsdue to Dutch elm disease. Also, in SPNP only 18 of the total 447 trees measured on plots were beech.This species scores a high importance value because most trees were quite large (although small trees werepresent, too; see Figure 3). White oak was fairly important in the presettlement forests (Blewett andPotzger 1951) but no oaks scored high importance values in our study of SPNP. It may be that the wet soilconditions aren’t favorable for oak (most oaks found were wet-mesic-loving burr oak or swamp white oak)or that oaks were selectively cut historically at the site.

In addition, our data indicate that the forest at SPNP is old enough second growth that it has characteristicsascribed to old growth stands. Features of old growth sites include high tree species richness and diversity,high density and basal area, an uneven-aged canopy comprised of many layers, a rich and unique herba-ceous layer and limited evidence of disturbance (Chester et al. 1995). Parker (1989) also lists a significantnumber of dead snags and downed logs and a horizontal structure of aggregations of canopy trees inter-spersed with small, all-aged canopy gaps of varying species composition and canopy trees more than 120years old. All of these features are present at SPNP.

Data from our quantitative vegetation analysis of trees in SPNP compare favorably with Parker’s (1989)summary descriptive statistics for old-growth forests in the central hardwoods region (which includesIndiana; Table 6). Several beech trees with dbh’s between 50 and 60 cm were recorded within the Pre-serve. Trees with diameters in this range may be 250 years old (Fowells 1965).

Table 6. Descriptive parameters of old growth forests of the Central Hardwoods region according to Parker (1989)compared to values for Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

SPNP

Parker In Out

number of tree species/forest 20 - 40 21 15

number of herb species/forest 17 - 53 50 35

tree density stems > 10.16 cm/ha 161 - 427 342 444

basal area (m2/ha) 25 - 35 26.4 14.8

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Woods in the younger growth areas adjacent to SPNP have a different tree-layer species composition.Although sugar maple is still of significant importance, the understory species slippery elm scored the highestvalue. Beeches were absent, indicating that even given sufficient time for succession back to a maturewoods, the species composition of sites outside SPNP will not return to that of the presettlement forest.Clearcutting for agriculture, with its alteration of site hydrology, soil characteristics and soil microorganisms,was too great a disturbance for complete recovery. This further emphasizes the ecological value of thewoods inside SPNP and the need for preservation and conservation of the site.

Results of the floristic survey show that the vegetation in SPNP is of significant regional natural areas value,assuming that the species exhibit the same patterns of conservatism in the Indianapolis area that they have inthe Chicago area (that is, that Swink and Wilhem’s (1994) coefficient of conservatism values are applicablein central Indiana). The plots located in younger growth stands adjacent to the Preserve also score a fairlyhigh index value, indicating the relative quality of the entire site. White-tail deer, very common in EagleCreek Park, do have the potential to harm the plants in SPNP. Most studies of deer damage have focusedon damage to woody plants, usually in the context of forestry and clear-cut regeneration (Miller et al. 1992).White-tailed deer survive the winter eating low-nutrient woody stems and grasses but in the spring andsummer switch to herbs. There have been documented cases of deer influencing the distribution andabundance of woody and herbaceous plants (Balgooyen and Waller 1995) and of negative impacts of deeron rare plants in some states (Miller et al. 1992) but care must be taken with generalizations because deerbehavior and habitat vary widely from region to region and the effects of deer browsing vary with individualbrowse species (Strole 1992).

We did not see evidence of deer browse damage to woody vegetation within our study plots but did seedamage to bark at other sites in SPNP. Most sightings within study plots were of damage to jewelweed onplots outside SPNP (Table 5). It may be that the deer spend more time in fields and adjacent woods than inthe Preserve which is surrounded by younger second growth stands. These younger woods are more openand have more edge adjacent to mowed fields.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Old growth woods with features such as those at SPNP do not need as much active management as someother plant communities such as prairie (Martin 1992). Parker (1989) states forests on more extreme sitesand those currently dominated by sugar maple appear to be more stable in species composition than forestson drier soils originally dominated by oak and hickory species. The stable age distributions of the dominanttree species inside SPNP support this trend (Figure 3).

The apparent stability of the vegetation in SPNP is likely due to the hydrology of the area. The presence ofspring ponds on the site is probably why the area was never cleared for agriculture. The current plantcommunity and ecological conditions present: a mature, closed-canopy woods on seasonally wet soils, maybe in part responsible for the few exotic species in SPNP and certainly depend on the present water-table.It is therefore important that drainage of the site not be altered.

Although we did not see evidence of invasive exotics in need of management attention within SPNP, a fewpotentially problematic species were present at low frequencies in adjacent sites. Continued monitoring isneeded, making use of the permanent plots to check for changes in the biota. The habitat quality assess-ment index values can be used as baseline data from which to compare changes in the quality of the speciespresent from a natural areas perspective.

The regional extent of deer damage to central hardwoods forests has not been quantified (Parker 1989).We did not observe a lot of evidence of deer damage within SPNP. However, by the time deer damage isobvious, it may be irreversible (Balgooyen and Waller 1995). Resource managers should continue tomonitor deer browse at SPNP, using the permanent plots for collection of comparative data. It may be thatat this time deer prefer the edge and open areas outside the Preserve. If negative impacts are seen, futureaction could include fencing the Preserve or decreasing the size of the white-tail deer population.

21

LITERATURE CITED

Balgooyen, C.P. and D.M. Waller. 1995. The use of Clintonia borealis and other indicators to gaugeimpacts of white-tailed deer on plant communities in northern Wisconsin, USA. Natural AreasJournal 15:308-318.

Blewett, M.B. and J.E. Potzger. 1951. The forest primeval of Marion and Johnson Counties, Indiana in1819. Butler University Botanical Studies 10:40-52.

Chester, E.W., S.M. Noel, J.M. Baskin, C.C. Baskin and M.L. McReynolds. 1995. A phytosociologicalanalysis of and old-growth upland wet woods on the Pennyroyal Plain, southcentral Kentucky,USA. Natural Areas Journal 15:297-307.

Fowells, F.A. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U.S. Forest Service Handbook 271. 764 p.

Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of the vascular plants of northeastern United States andadjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 910 p.

Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 1993. Indiana’s rare plants and animals: A checklist ofendangered and threatened species. Indianapolis, IN 126 p.

Martin, W.H. 1992. Characterisitics of old-growth mixed mesophytic forests. Natural Areas Journal12:127-135.

McCune, B. 1991. Multivariate analysis on the PC-ORD system. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.123 p.

Miller, S.G., S.P. Bratton and J. Hadidian. 1992. Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered andthreatened vascular plants. Natural Areas Journal 12:67-74.

Parker, G.R. 1989. Old-growth forests of the central hardwoods region. Natural Areas Journal 9:5-11.United States Department of Agriculture Soil conservation Service. 1978. Soil survey of MarionCounty, Indiana.

Strole, T.A. and R.C. Anderson. 1992. White-tailed deer browsing: species preferences and implicationsfor central Illinois forests. Natural Areas Journal 12:139-144.

22

23

Tree-layer data for Spring Pond____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotA1

BA(sq.dm) DBH(cm) Code Species Code Name

.1 2.6 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 2.5 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 2.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .2 5.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 7.1 30.1 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotA2


.0 1.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .2 4.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.2 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.1 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .1 3.1 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.2 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.3 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .1 2.8 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 8.6 33.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.4 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 4.3 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.8 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .6 8.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 24.2 55.5 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 22.1 53.1 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC



.1 3.1 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 2.5 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 6.1 27.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 32.5 64.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.1 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER

Output from Program SUMMARY

Appendix A. Tree- and herb-layer species by plot for Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

24

Sample unit: PlotA4


4.3 23.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 20.0 50.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 10.2 36.0 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR



5.6 26.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 4.4 23.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.1 4.2 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 3.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 3.5 21.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 11.7 38.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



10.8 37.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 19.8 50.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.0 2.3 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .0 2.3 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 20.7 51.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 6.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

25

Sample unit: PlotA9


.1 2.7 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 4.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.2 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 4.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.7 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .2 5.5 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .3 5.8 39 Diospyros virginiana DIOVIR .4 7.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PLOTB1


1.2 12.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .5 7.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 12.3 39.6 24 Quercus palustris QUEPAL____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB2


1.0 11.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.7 14.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.1 12.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.3 12.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 21.8 52.7 24 Quercus palustris QUEPAL__________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB3 BA(sq.dm) DBH(cm) Code Species Code Name

1.1 11.8 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .0 2.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 13.8 41.9 39 Diospyros virginiana DIOVIR .1 3.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 10.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.8 38 Vitis sp. VITSPP 1.7 14.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB

26

Sample unit: PlotB4


11.4 38.1 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 4.6 24.3 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .3 5.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.4 13.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.4 13.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.3 17.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 3.0 19.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .6 8.7 18 Liriodendron tulipifera LIRTUL

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB5


1.7 14.8 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .7 9.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.1 11.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.0 11.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 5.0 25.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.3 6.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.5 14.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.1 16.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 9.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .4 7.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.0 15.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

____________________________________________________________________________

27

Sample unit: PlotB7


18.9 49.1 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 3.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 9.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.3 12.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.2 12.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 7.7 31.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB8


3.1 20.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 12.6 40.1 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .3 5.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.1 11.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.1 11.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 14.3 42.6 39 Diospyros virginiana DIOVIR .6 9.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.5 13.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .7 9.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 39.0 70.5 1 Acer saccharinum ACESRN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB9 BA(sq.dm) DBH(cm) Code Species Code Name

.4 7.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 3.1 20.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 10.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .1 3.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.1 16.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 6.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .4 7.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .7 9.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.3 17.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.2 12.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 7.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB

28

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotC1


27.3 59.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 24.7 56.1 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 10.8 37.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 3.9 22.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 7.9 31.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 14.1 42.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.7 14.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



23.3 54.5 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 2.2 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .0 1.6 17 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 11.3 37.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.0 16.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 8.2 32.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.4 13.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.1 3.0 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 17.0 46.5 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .1 2.6 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .2 4.8 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.4 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .2 4.7 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .6 8.4 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .2 5.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 2.8 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .2 5.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 15.9 45.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 6.1 27.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 16.5 45.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 10.8 37.1 15 Juglans nigra JUGNIG____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotC4


35.9 67.6 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 2.9 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 1.2 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.3 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.2 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.0 11.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

29



.0 2.1 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.6 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 2.4 17.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 16.8 46.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 3.4 20.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 4.5 23.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.1 3.6 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 1.6 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.6 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.2 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 12.6 40.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.9 17 Lindera benzoin LINBEN



19.6 49.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 22.9 54.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.0 2.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 10.8 37.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.1 11.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 15.6 44.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

____________________________________________________________________________

30



.1 2.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.8 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.9 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotD1


.3 6.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.9 19.3 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.1 11.8 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .2 4.4 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .3 6.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.5 14.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.6 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .8 10.0 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR



.0 1.4 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 1.6 14.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.4 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 2.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 6.5 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .4 7.3 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR

____________________________________________________________________________

31



16.9 46.4 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 15.2 44.0 25 Quercus macrocarpus QUEMAC 5.9 27.4 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC .4 7.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .7 9.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.9 15.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotD4


.9 10.7 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 1.9 15.4 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 4.7 24.5 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.0 15.9 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.7 14.6 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.0 15.9 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 3.3 20.5 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.5 18.0 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .6 8.7 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .3 5.9 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.1 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 2.7 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 1.0 11.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.8 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .7 9.7 8 Carya ovata CAROVA .0 2.4 11 Cornus florida CORFLO____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotD5


.1 2.7 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .8 10.3 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .6 8.9 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .6 9.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 2.7 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 4.3 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .4 7.2 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .1 3.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 5.9 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .6 8.6 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR____________________________________________________________________________

32



20.4 51.0 25 Quercus macrocarpus QUEMAC .5 7.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.6 18.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .9 10.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 12.0 39.1 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .6 8.5 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 19.6 50.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 7.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.2 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR



13.7 41.7 25 Quercus macrocarpus QUEMAC .5 8.3 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 3.8 22.0 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .0 2.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .5 8.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .7 9.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.7 14.9 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC 20.4 51.0 22 Populus deltoides POPDEL 20.3 50.9 22 Populus deltoides POPDEL



6.9 29.6 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 3.4 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .5 7.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.1 12.0 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 10.5 36.6 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.2 12.2 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .5 7.8 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .6 8.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .9 10.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.5 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC .1 2.8 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC

____________________________________________________________________________

33



1.5 13.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.6 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC .0 1.8 11 Cornus florida CORFLO 1.3 13.1 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotE1


.7 9.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.7 18.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 9.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.0 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC .3 6.3 10 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 1.1 11.7 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 2.1 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 30.0 61.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.1 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR



1.1 11.8 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 1.9 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .1 3.8 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .1 4.0 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .1 3.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.5 18.0 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 15.4 44.3 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .4 7.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.7 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR___________________________________________________________________________

34

Sample unit: PlotE3


.1 2.7 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .0 1.8 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .4 6.7 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .1 3.6 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .0 2.5 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .3 6.2 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .4 6.8 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .4 7.0 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .1 3.8 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA 1.5 13.9 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .4 6.8 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA .6 8.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.3 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 1.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 3.2 11 Cornus florida CORFLO____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotE4


.7 9.3 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .5 8.1 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .5 7.8 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .1 3.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 3.5 21.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 6.9 29.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.2 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 4.3 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 3.8 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR

____________________________________________________________________________

35



3.0 19.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 4.9 24.9 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC .2 5.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .9 10.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.4 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .0 2.2 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .0 2.3 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 3.9 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 2.6 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR



.2 5.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.1 16.5 18 Liriodendron tulipifera LIRTUL .9 10.6 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 2.4 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.7 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .1 2.7 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR 38.9 70.4 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .1 3.7 19 Nyssa sylvatica NYSSYL



.8 10.1 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .4 7.0 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .2 5.5 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 2.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.0 19 Nyssa sylvatica NYSSYL 12.4 39.8 29 Quercus michauxii QUEMIC

____________________________________________________________________________

36



10.7 36.9 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 1.9 15.5 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .2 5.2 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.6 14.3 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.0 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .1 2.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI 3.1 20.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.4 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 3.6 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 3.6 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .8 9.8 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC



.7 9.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 7.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 13.7 41.8 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .2 4.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.8 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .1 2.8 6 Carpinus caroliniana CARCAR .5 7.7 7 Carya laciniosa CARLAC

____________________________________________________________________________

37

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotF1


.2 4.7 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .7 9.7 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .2 5.1 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .0 2.5 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .0 1.8 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .2 5.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 12.0 39.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.4 13.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.2 4.8 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER 12.6 40.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 23.4 54.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 8.7 33.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.1 4.2 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .8 9.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 7.5 30.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 29.4 61.2 21 Platanus occidentalis PLAOCC



6.2 28.2 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 2.0 15.9 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 4.0 22.5 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .3 6.5 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .2 5.6 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER 9.4 34.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 23.9 55.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________

38



.1 3.2 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .2 4.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 15.3 44.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 31.9 63.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 21.1 51.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 4.7 24.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



.2 4.5 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .1 4.2 4 Aesculus glabra AESGLA .0 2.2 17 Lindera benzoin LINBEN



34.6 66.4 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA .4 6.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 4.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotF8


18.9 49.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.4 17.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 10.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.6 14.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.4 12 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA____________________________________________________________________________

39



21.6 52.4 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 5.1 25.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 6.6 29.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG1


.1 2.6 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .9 10.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.2 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .0 2.4 40 Dogwood spp. DOGSHR____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG2 BA(sq.dm) DBH(cm) Code Species Code Name

.1 3.9 13 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA 5.4 26.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.3 12.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.5 13.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.5 13.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.6 18.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.4 17.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.8 18.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG3 BA(sq.dm) DBH(cm) Code Species Code Name

.1 3.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 9.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 17.3 47.0 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .2 4.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.5 13.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________

40

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG4


.3 5.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.1 11.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 10.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.9 15.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.5 13.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 12.5 39.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.6 14.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 16.6 46.0 24 Quercus palustris QUEPAL



.1 3.1 11 Cornus florida CORFLO 1.8 15.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 9.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.7 5 Asimina triloba ASITRI .2 4.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 9.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.3 38 Vitis sp. VITSPP .6 8.9 43 Crataegus spp. CRASPP 1.7 14.5 42 Acer negundo ACENEG



1.0 11.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB

____________________________________________________________________________

41



.4 7.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 7.6 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .9 10.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.1 11.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.0 11.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 8.5 32.9 24 Quercus palustris QUEPAL



4.0 22.6 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.2 12.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 4.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.7 18.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.0 11.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .9 10.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 5.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .4 7.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .6 8.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 6.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 2.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

____________________________________________________________________________

42



1.1 12.1 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .8 10.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 2.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 2.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 5.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.6 14.3 42 Acer negundo ACENEG .0 2.4 42 Acer negundo ACENEG .0 1.0 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .1 3.8 11 Cornus florida CORFLO___________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH1


4.4 23.6 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .3 5.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 10.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 3.1 19.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.9 15.5 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR .0 2.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.7 14.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 5.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 5.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .6 8.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 14.7 43.2 1 Acer saccharinum ACESRN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH2


1.0 11.2 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 2.5 18.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 9.6 35.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .0 1.2 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .0 1.9 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .0 2.3 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .0 1.4 11 Cornus florida CORFLO .1 4.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 2.2 15 Juglans nigra JUGNIG____________________________________________________________________________

43

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH3


2.2 16.8 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .5 7.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 6.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 21.7 52.6 1 Acer saccharinum ACESRN



7.1 30.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .9 10.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .5 8.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .3 6.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.0 16.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 4.4 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.2 12.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.7 14.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .9 10.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.4 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .6 8.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .1 3.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.0 11.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC



2.6 18.1 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .8 9.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .6 8.5 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .1 3.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .0 1.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .4 7.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .5 8.1 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.1 11.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC

____________________________________________________________________________

44



9.2 34.2 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN .2 5.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.0 16.1 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .7 9.3 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .2 5.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 3.1 19.8 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .0 1.0 17 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.1 11.6 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .2 4.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .7 9.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC___________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH7


12.4 39.8 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 6.0 27.7 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 8.0 31.9 9 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.4 13.2 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .9 10.8 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 6.0 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 10.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC___________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH8


24.2 55.5 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 22.9 54.0 14 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.5 13.6 23 Prunus serotina PRUSER .2 5.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 3.1 19.9 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.0 11.2 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.3 13.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB .4 7.0 36 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH9


3.6 21.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .8 9.9 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC .3 5.7 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.1 16.3 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.2 12.5 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC____________________________________________________________________________

Total number of species occurrences in data = 762

45

Herb-layer data by plot for Spring Pond____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotA1

Value Code Species Code Name

1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 4.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 27 Eupatorium sp. EUPSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR



1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 4.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 9 Aster sp. ASTSPP 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 94 Notch-leaved unknown UNKONE 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 2.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________

46



1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 5.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



2.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 3.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 96 Lycopus virginicus LYCVIR



1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP

____________________________________________________________________________

47



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 39 Jeffersonia diphylla JEFDIP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotA8


1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 29 Fagus grandifolia FAGGRA 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 2.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 57 Phytolacca americana PHYAME 2.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 61 Polygonatum biflorum POLBIF 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotA9


1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 3.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________

48



1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 3.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB2


1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB3


1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 42 Krigia-like UNKN42 1.00 43 Ligustrum vulgare LIGVUL 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 47 Lonicera maackii LONMAA 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________

49

____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB4 Value Code Species Code Name

1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB5 Value Code Species Code Name

1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 42 Krigia-like UNKN42 1.00 47 Lonicera maackii LONMAA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotB6 Value Code Species Code Name

1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 47 Lonicera maackii LONMAA 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________

50



1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 103 Halesia HALESI 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP



1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 46 Lonicera japonica LONJAP 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP

____________________________________________________________________________

51



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 2.00 20 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 37 Hepatica americana HEPAME 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 73 Quercus rubra QUERUB 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 2.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 2.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 5 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 3.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 2.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 37 Hepatica americana HEPAME 2.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC

____________________________________________________________________________

52



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 68 Quercus sp. QUESPP 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 2.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 115 Phryma leptostachya PHYLEP



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 4.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 23 Dicentra cucullaria DICCUC 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 37 Hepatica americana HEPAME 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



4.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD

____________________________________________________________________________

53



1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 114 Viburnum dentatum VIBDEN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotC8


1.00 6 Arisaema triphyllum ARITRI 3.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 61 Polygonatum biflorum POLBIF 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotC9


5.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 37 Hepatica americana HEPAME 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotD1


1.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 4.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 3.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________

54



1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 3.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 62 Polygonum sp. POLSPP 1.00 80 Scutellaria epilobiifolia SCUEPI 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 3.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 4.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 3.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN

____________________________________________________________________________

55

Sample unit: PlotD6


1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 3.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 80 Scutellaria epilobiifolia SCUEPI 2.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN

____________________________________________________________________________



3.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN

____________________________________________________________________________

56



2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 3.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 3.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP

____________________________________________________________________________

57



1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 21 Cornus florida CORFLO 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotE3


2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 2.00 27 Eupatorium sp. EUPSPP 2.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 5 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 2.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 2.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________

58



1.00 5 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR



2.00 5 Aesculus glabra AESGLA 1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 4.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 49 Nyssa sylvatica NYSSYL 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



5.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 32 Galium boreale GALBOR 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 90 Campanula americana CAMAME 2.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN

____________________________________________________________________________

59



1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 20 Celtis occidentalis CELOCC 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 48 Menispermum canadense MENCAN 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotF1


1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotF2


1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotF3 Value Code Species Code Name

1.00 4 Actea pachypoda ACTPAC 2.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 101 Circaea quadrisulata CIRQUA____________________________________________________________________________



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 2.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



1.00 10 Boehmeria cylindrica BOECYL 2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 2.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 2.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 101 Circaea quadrisulata CIRQUA



1.00 2 Acer saccharum ACESAC 1.00 19 Carya cordiformis CARCOR 2.00 22 Cystopteris fragilis CYSFRA 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 2.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 82 Smilax hispida SMIHIS 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP

____________________________________________________________________________

60



1.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 4.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 58 Pilea pumila PILPUM 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



2.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP



2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 60 Podophyllum peltatum PODPEL 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 2.00 97 Urtica dioica URTDIO____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG1


2.00 8 Asplenium platyneuron ASPPLA 1.00 11 Campsis radicans CAMRAD 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 3.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 2.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________

61

62



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 2.00 30 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 1.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 47 Lonicera maackii LONMAA 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 113 Orchid spp. ORCSPP 1.00 114 Viburnum dentatum VIBDEN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG3


2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 21 Cornus florida CORFLO 1.00 27 Eupatorium sp. EUPSPP 1.00 30 Fraxinus quadrangulata FRAQUA 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 42 Krigia-like UNKN42 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 2.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 3.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 108 Agrimony pubescens AGIPUB____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotG4


2.00 7 Asimina triloba ASITRI 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 2.00 47 Lonicera maackii LONMAA 2.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 3.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 2.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP____________________________________________________________________________

63



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 3.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 5.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 2.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 105 Cornus stolonifera CORSTO



1.00 8 Asplenium platyneuron ASPPLA 1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 68 Quercus sp. QUESPP 3.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 2.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN 2.00 106 Agrimony parviflora ARIPAR 2.00 107 Grossularia cynosbati GROCYN 2.00 108 Agrimony pubescens AGIPUB



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 31 Fraxinus pennsylvanica FRAPEN 1.00 34 Galium circaezans GALCIR 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 106 Agrimony parviflora ARIPAR

____________________________________________________________________________

64



1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 33 Galium triflorum GALTRI 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 4.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD



1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 2.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 42 Krigia-like UNKN42 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 3.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 68 Quercus sp. QUESPP 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 2.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 104 Mustard sp. MUSTSP



1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 4.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 2.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN

____________________________________________________________________________

65



2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 21 Cornus florida CORFLO 4.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 4.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 2.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 88 Ulmus rubra ULMRUB 1.00 101 Circaea quadrisulata CIRQUA 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH3


2.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 4.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 81 Scutellaria lateriflora SCULAT 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD___________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH4


1.00 35 Galium asprellum GALASP 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 4.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 1.00 43 Ligustrum vulgare LIGVUL 2.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 74 Rosa sp. ROSSPP 2.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN 2.00 110 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus SYMORB____________________________________________________________________________ Sample unit: PlotH5


1.00 8 Asplenium platyneuron ASPPLA 3.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN____________________________________________________________________________

66



1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 2.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 54 Oxalis stricta OXASTR 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 3.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN 1.00 110 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus SYMORB



1.00 27 Eupatorium sp. EUPSPP 2.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 3.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 1.00 100 Botrichium sp. BOTRIC 1.00 102 Cryptotaenia canadensis CRYCAN



1.00 28 Eupatorium rugosum EUPRUG 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 3.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 52 Osmorhiza claytoni OSMCLA 2.00 55 Grass sp. GRASSS 2.00 56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia PARQUI 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 2.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 85 Toxicodendron radicans TOXRAD 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP

____________________________________________________________________________

Sample unit: PlotH9


1.00 15 Carex spp. CARSPP 1.00 21 Cornus florida CORFLO 1.00 36 Geum canadense GEUCAN 3.00 38 Impatiens capensis IMPCAP 5.00 44 Lindera benzoin LINBEN 1.00 63 Polygonum virginianum POLVIR 1.00 75 Rubus sp. RUBSPP 3.00 77 Sanicula marilandica SANMAR 1.00 79 Geum virginianum GEUVIR 1.00 98 Viola sp. VIOSPP 2.00 110 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus SYMORB

____________________________________________________________________________

Total number of species occurrences in data = 798

67

eagle creek park spring pond 1996 floral inventory

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common herblayer species

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