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E3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging Technologies

Next Generation Space and WaterHeaters – an Update

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Emerging Technologies ShowcaseNovember 20, 2014

Ken EklundWashington State University Energy Program


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E3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging TechnologiesE3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging Technologies

• Focuses on carbon dioxide refrigerant heat pumpwater heaters

• Research is funded by Bonneville PowerAdministration under its Technology InnovationProgram

• The research is multi-prong—looking atperformance as water heaters, demand responsetools and combination space and water heaters

• Findings assist manufacturer in designing productfor US market

Overview on Research

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BPA TIP 292—Performance as a Water HeaterBPA TIP 302—Demand/Response Potential of

Split and Unitary SystemsBPA TIP 326—Combination Space and Water

Heating

Three BPA Projects on Advanced HPWH

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BPA TIP 292

Water Heater Performance Update

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• 4 homes across the region from the coast tothe coldest part of Montana

• Minimum family size of 4—ranging up to 7• Each has a billing history of at least 3 years

with electric resistance water heat• Partners assisted in finding homes, working

with building officials and other help—Avista,Energy Trust of Oregon, Ravalli Electric Coop,and Tacoma Power

Field Sites


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Split System


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Analysis

• First Midterm Analysis and Report fromInstallation through March, 2014 Complete

• Currently analyzing data from April throughOctober 31, 2014

• A full year of data on Tacoma site• More analysis, including economic, is in a

separate section at the end of thepresentation


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Monitoring


Measured Energy & Water Use

Site Sampled Days(n) kWh/Day

Total HouseholdHot Water(Gal/day)

Addy, WA 266 6.8 98.7

Corvallis, MT 340 6.0 75.6

Portland 280 3.5 45.4

Tacoma 367 5.0 80.5

Data from installation through 10/31/2014


Not corrected for out-of-town periodsData from installation through 10/31/2014

Hot Water Tempering

Site Total Cold WaterSupply Water

(Gal/day)

Calculated Total Wateradded to Tempering

Valve (Gal/day)

Total HouseholdHot Water(Gal/day)

Addy, WA 72.5 26.2 98.7

Corvallis, MT 60.0 15.6 75.6

Portland 34.4 11.0 45.4

Tacoma 64.1 16.4 80.5


• COP is the ratio of the energy produced by the waterheater to the energy used to operate the heat pump.

• The Energy Factor is an official DOE 24 hour lab testthat includes the tank losses in the energy used withthe effect of reducing the COP. This is a more realisticmeasure of efficiency.

• Field Energy Factor includes tank and plumbing lossesplus actual incoming water temperature and draws. Forthis reason, the field results look a lot more like energyfactors than COP measurements.

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Energy Factors

Weekly Field Energy Factor (excluding Freeze Protection)and Temperature

Fiel

d En

ergy

Fac

tor (

FEF)

Weekly Average Outside Air Temperature (F)

Addy, WA

Corvallis, MT

Portland

Tacoma

site


Compare Electric Resistance toHPWH• Same volume tank• Fully Monitored• Switchable Systems

Baseline Test


Schematic of Baseline Setup

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Energy Use of Heat Tape – Winter 2013/2014(Heat Tape is electric heating cable that protects pipesfrom freezing)

SiteTotal FreezeProtection

(kWh)

Freeze Protection asPercent of HPWH Energy

Use (kWh)

Addy, WA 17.1 3.4 %

Corvallis, MT 1.1 0.1 %

Portland 24.6 7.4 %

Tacoma 1.5 0.2 %

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Fix Heat Tape at Portland & Addy

Thermostat


• Performance calculations for split systemsinclude Outside Air Temperature (OAT)

• If the sun strikes the OAT sensor directly itheats the sensor and distorts the reading

• This was a significant issue in Portland andAddy requiring use of other temperature data

• We are moving or shading the OAT sensors atthese locations

Outside Air Temperature Issues

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E3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging Technologies 18

Solar Impact on OAT SensorsOutside Air Temperature by Site

Aver

age

Daily

Air

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

Date

Addy, WA

Corvallis, MT

PortlandTacom

a


BPA TIP 302

Demand Response Potential


• Assessing DR potential of 80 gallon split and40 gallon unitary CO2 HPWH

• Controlled Field Study at PNNL Lab Homesand Lab Test managed by Ben Larson

• Controlled Field Study testing phase iscomplete

• Draft lab test protocol is under development

Demand Response Research


• The original plan, mentioned in the Septemberwebinar, was to control the water heaters usingCEA 2045, a new communication protocol

• The CEA 2045 protocol is so new that it was notavailable for the experiments in this project

• Instead the units are turned on and off byprogrammed breakers following a detailed testprotocol which would be implemented by CEA2045 if it were available

DR Control Strategy

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• Tests include Load Balancing which means toturn loads on or off to match system needs

• And Oversupply Mitigation that shifts load toabsorb wind generation at off peak hours tostore the energy for time when needed

• The daily draw used in the Lab Homes was 130to 145 gallons per day—average draw in thePacific Northwest is 42 gallons per day

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DR Protocol


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Lab Home Test Center

Unitary System


Extreme Oversupply Mitigation Test

Split System (80 Gallons) Unitary System (40 Gallons)

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Water Heater Off at 1 pm

To Make Room to Absorb Off-Peak Wind Energy

Note: the top point on the chart is water temperature - the bottom point is thecooled pipe temperature between draws and not relevant to delivery


Lab Test Protocol

• Lab Test identifies issues found in PNNLcontrolled field study and tests for answers

• One issue identified is the inability of theunitary system to maintain temperature inextreme oversupply mitigation tests at 130 to145 gallon per day draws

• Ecotope proposes to test at regional averagedraw of 42 gallons per day in the lab

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BPA TIP 326

Combination Space and Water Heating

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Cold Weather PerformanceHPWH Energy Use during a 9-day cold weather period (Montana)

HPW

H (k

Wh)

Out

side

Air T

emp

(F)

Date


The Performance FieldTests showed the HPWHmet water heating loadswith minimal operationeven in cold weatherThe system was off 75%of the time showing thepower of system heatingcapacity

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Combination Space and Water Heat Concept

HPWH Activity during a cold weather period

HPWH (kWh)

Perc

ent o

f tim

e HP

WH

is on

or o

ff (w

ithin

9-d

ay c

old

wea

ther

per

iod)


• Targeting homes with design loads of 10 to 15thousand Btu per hour—current WA code housedesign load is 20 to 30 thousand Btu per hour

• NEEA is providing recruitment, technical assistanceto builders, engineering and monitoring through itsNext Step Home program

• BPA is providing program management, buildingcode support, installation support, lab testing, dataanalysis and reporting

• At least 6 field sites with at least one located inHeating Climate Zone 2

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Project Design


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System Engineering

• System engineering for the combinationsystems is complex

• NEEA has retained the services of JonathanHeller PE at Ecotope to provide the supply sideengineering


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Monitoring and Analysis

• Monitoring and analyzing the performance of twoloads from the same source is challenging

• In the field study there are more than double thenumber of sensors in the dedicated water heatingresearch

• The lab study is designed to capture the interactionof the two loads

• The lab will have two chambers to simulate outsideair temperatures and heating loads simultaneously


• Bundle Design, Bellingham, designed and builta house as a Living Building candidate

• It is the first combination space and waterheating system installed using the split systemCO2 refrigerant heat pump

• It is in the context of this first installation thatthe technical design and monitoring issues forthe entire project are solved

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First Installation


• Occupied by afamily of 4

• Operational inDecember, 2014

• Using about 30kWh/day thiswinter for all uses

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Bellingham Site


Analysis

Performance as a Water Heater

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kWh per 100 gallons water delivered

HPWH Performance

0

5

10

15

20

25

kWh/

100

gallo

ns


• 2.7 people per household (PNW average)– Use 41.7 gal/day

• Sanden CO2 HPWH saves ≈ 0.15 kWh/gal– 2,280 kWh/year savings

Savings Potential


• Inputs– Savings: 2,280 kWh/yr– Life: 15 years

• Outputs:– If incremental equipment & install cost is ≤ $3100,

Total Resource Cost is >1 under 6th Power PlanAssumptions

– Current incremental cost for volume purchase andin-house installation ≈ $3,500 to $4,000

Cost Effectiveness for Efficiency Value Only


• Cost is impacted by location of manufacture,the number of units built, quantity purchased,the skill and experience of the installers andtheir relationship to the provider.

• Sole use is the most difficult case. Thecombined space and water heating efficiencyvalue is much higher and the incremental costis much lower, resulting in a higher cost-effectiveness

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Cost Considerations


• Source: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/subsgwps.html

Non Economic Benefits

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

R-11 R-12 R-22 R-134a R-410a CO2(R-744)

Glo

bal W

arm

ing

Pote

ntia

l

GlobalWarmingPotential

OzoneDepletionPotential

R-11 7020 1

R-12 4750 1

R-22 1810 0.055

R-134a 1430 0

R-410a 2088 0

CO2 (R-744) 1 0

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/subsgwps.html


• The cost effectiveness shown was forefficiency value only

• Demand response value should be added tothe efficiency value where the unit will beused for that purpose

• When climate change impact is monetized,that will also be added to the efficiency value

• The final report will discuss and analyze all ofthese values

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Cost Effectiveness Considerations


Wrap Up

Advanced Heat Pump Water HeaterResearch

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• The split system can handle space and water heatingto minus 20 degrees F in an energy efficient house

• Its high heating capacity means it operates only one-fourth of the time in normal operation

• Is 3x as efficient as electric resistance water heatingand more efficient than current HPWH

• 40 gallon unit can produce 135 gallon per day, butruns out when shut off at 1 pm in afternoon

• Impact on climate is minimal

Conclusion


TIP 292 – Lab Test Report, Two Midterm Field StudyReports, Final Report (9/30/2015)

TIP 302 – Controlled Field Study (Lab Homes)Report, Lab Test Protocol and Report, FinalReport (9/30/2015)

TIP 326 – Lab Test Report, Two Midterm Field StudyReports, Final Report (9/30/2016)

UL listed – 2015 – a product informed byregional research

Project Outcomes

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Thanks

To Ben Larson, Ecotope, analyst and lab test coordinatorAdria Banks, WSU lead analystTo Melinda Spencer, WSU technical editorTo Bruce Carter, Fred Gordon, Rem Husted, Tom Lienhart, & Jim Maunder —

utility and ETO partner repsTo PNNL’s Graham Parker, Joe Petersen & Sarah Widder & Greg Sullivan,

Efficiency SolutionsTo Mark Jerome, Clear Result, lead installerTo David Hales, WSU lead monitoring installerTo Janice Peterson, BPA project managerTo Dave Kresta & Charlie Stephens, NEEATo Maho Ito, John Miles, & Charles Yao, Sanden InternationalTo the Regional Advanced HPWH Advisory Task ForceTo Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)


Contact Information

• Ken Eklund, Building Science & Standards LeadWashington State University Energy [email protected] Principle Investigator and Manager

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