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PROJECT

E-WASTE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

SOMIL MAURYAWASEEM AKHRAMSHASHWAT VISHWAKARMA

India fifth biggest generator of e-waste in 2014: U.N. report

India is the fifth biggest producer of e-waste in the world, discarding 1.7 million tonnes (Mt) of electronic and electrical equipment in 2014, a UN report has warned that the volume of global e-waste is likely to rise by 21 per cent in next three years.

The ‘Global E-Waste Monitor 2014’, compiled by U.N.’s think tank United Nations University (UNU), said at 32 per cent, the U.S. and China produced the most e-waste overall in 2014.

India is behind the U.S., China, Japan and Germany.

Electronic waste,abbreviated as e-waste is a non-biodegradable waste.

It consist of disgarded old computers,TVs,refrigerators,radios-basically any electrical or electronic appliance that has reached its end of life.

E-waste in India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tonnes.

Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India.Maharastra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu,Andra Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh,WestBengal,Delhi,Karnataka,Gujrat,Madhya Pradesh,Punjab.

India is the fifth highest generator of electronic waste.

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Most e-waste in the world in 2014 was generated in Asia at 16 MT or 3.7 kg per inhabitant. The top three Asian nations with the highest e-waste generation in absolute quantities are China (6.0 Mt), Japan (2.2 Mt) and India (1.7 Mt).

The top per capita producers by far are the wealthy nations of northern and western Europe, the top five being Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Denmark, and the U.K.

The lowest amount of e-waste per inhabitant was generated in Africa (1.7 kg/inhabitant). The continent generated 1.9 Mt of e-waste in total.

In 2014, people worldwide discarded all but a small fraction of an estimated 41.8 Mt of electrical and electronic equipment — mostly end-of-life kitchen, laundry and bathroom equipment like microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers.

While only 7 per cent of e-waste last year was made up of mobile phones, calculators, personal computers, printers, and small information technology equipment, almost 60 per cent was a mix of large and small equipment used in homes and businesses, such as vacuum cleaners, toasters, electric shavers, video cameras, washing machines, electric stoves, mobile phones, calculators, personal computers, and lamps. — PTI.

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SILICON CHIPS

E-waste have similar properties as of sand because of large amount of silicon in computer chips.Silicacan replace sand in concrete mixture upto 40% ,as it has angular shape which increases compressive strength of concrete

Compressive strength of concrete with silica chips is 50% more than compressive strength of concrete incorporation of fly ash.

Amorphous. This term simply means that microsilica/silica fume is not a crystalline material. A crystalline material will not dissolve in concrete, which must occur before the material can react. Don't forget that there is a crystalline material in concrete that is chemically similar to microsilica/silica fume. That material is sand.While sand is essentially silicon dioxide (SiO2), it does not react because of its crystalline nature.

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Silicon, the principal ingredient in beach sand, is a natural semiconductor and the most abundant element on Earth except for oxygen.

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Silicon dioxide (SiO2). This is the reactive material in microsilica/silica fume. Trace elements. There may be additional materials in the microsilica/silica fume based upon the metal being produced in the smelter from which the fume wasrecovered. Usually, these materials have no impact on the performance of microsilica/silica fume in concrete. Standard specifications may put limits on some of the materials in this category .

Physical PropertiesThe primary physical properties of microsilica/silica fume are shown in Table 2.Following is a discussion of each of these properties. Note that the major physical properties are included in the standard specifications for microsilica/silica fume.Particle size. Microsilica/silica fume particles are extremely small, with more than 95% of the particles being less than 1 μm (one micrometer). Particle size is extremely important for both the physical and chemical contributions (discussed below)of microsilica/silica fume in concrete. A photograph of portland cement grains and microsilica/silica fume particles is shown in Figure

Bulk density. This is just another term for unit weight. The bulk density of the as-produced fume depends upon the metal being made in the furnaceand upon how the furnace is operated. Because the bulk density of the as-produced microsilica/silica fume is usually very low, it is not very economical to transport it for long distances.

Specific gravity. Specific gravity is a relative number that tells how microsilica/silica fume compares to water, which has a specific gravity of 1.00. Microsilica/silica fume has a specific gravity of about 2.2, which is somewhat lighter than portland cement, which has a specific gravity of 3.15. Thus, adding microsilica/silica fume to a concrete mixture will not “densify” the concrete in terms of increasing the density of the concrete.

FIGURE 1. Photomicrograph of portland cement grains (left) and silica fume particles (right) atthe same magnification. The longer white bar in the microsilica/silica fume side is 1 micrometer long. Note thatACI 234R, Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete, estimates that for a 15 percent silica-fumereplacement of cement, there are approximately 2,000,000 particles of silica fume for each grain ofportland cement.

Silicon chips have similar properties as of sand as both have common chemical structure of [SiO3].

Because of large amount of silicon in computer chips.Silica can replace sand in concrete mixture upto 40% ,as it has angular shape which increases compressive strength of concrete.

Compressive strength of concrete with silica chips is 50% more than compressive strength of concrete incorporation of fly ash.

Today silicon chips are everywhere. Intel creates industry-leading and world-first silicon products.

These Intel chips are some of the most complex devices ever manufactured, requiring advanced manufacturing technology. Step into a modern "fab" where Intel makes its chips, and you’ll discover a range of sophisticated processes spanning close to a million square feet of space.

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Intel chips power Ultrabook devices, smartphones, tablets, high performance computing, data centers, and the Internet. They automate factories and are embedded in automobiles and everyday devices.

The most sophisticated processor can contain hundreds of millions or billions of transistors interconnected by fine wires made of copper. Each of these transistors acts as an on/off switch, controlling the flow of electricity through the chip to send, receive, and process informations.

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PROPERTIES Silica

specific gravity 1.01

absorption(%) <0.2

color white & dark

shape angular

crushing value <2%

impact value <2%

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Colour coded resister used in PCBs are made up of nickle coated ceramic material.

As we know ,tiles used for floor finishing are made up of ceramics,these material from resistor can be utilise for manufacturing of tiles with improved durability.

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The properties of ceramic materials, like all materials, are dictated by the types of atoms present, the types of bonding between the atoms, and the way the atoms are packed together. The type of bonding and structure helps determine what type of properties a material will have.

Ceramics usually have a combination of stronger bonds called ionic (occurs between a metal and nonmetal and involves the attraction of opposite charges when electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal); and covalent (occurs between two nonmetals and involves sharing of atoms). The strength of an ionic bond depends on the size of the charge on each ion and on the radius of each ion.

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Ceramic used for making resistor are arecoatted with nickle alloy,which increases its strength upto 25%.

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Ceramic used for making resistor are arecoatted with nickle alloy,which increases its strength upto 25%.

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E-waste CFLs AND Bulbs are made up of molten glass.

Glass is a amorphous material which is made up of sand, limestone[CaMg(CO3)2] and soda ash.

Glass is a pseudo solid and are amorphous in nature which have high compressive strength i.e 1000MPa.

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DENSITY 2500KG/m^3.

Compressive strength 1000MPa

Tensile strength 40MPa.

Elasticity 70 Gpa.

Poisson ratio 0.22.

Linear Expansion 9*10^-6

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Glass used in the construction of bulbs are heated to its molten state and cooled to a lower temperature.When this bulb gets fused ,this glasses cannot be reuse hence contribute to e-waste .This glasses can be use in crushed form in concrete mix to increase the compressive strength of it.

Glass are pseudo liquid or super cooled liquid,areamorphos in nature,isotropic,brittle(good in compression) .

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Germanium is a metalloid. A metalloid is an element that has characteristics of both metals and non-metals. Germanium is located in the middle of the carbon family, which is Group 14 (IVA) in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other.

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Physical properties

1) Germanium looks like a metal. It has a bright, shiny, silvery color. But it is brittle and breaks apart rather easily, which metals normally do not do.

2) The ability of semiconductors to conduct electricity depends greatly on the presence of small amounts of impurities. The addition of an impurity to a semiconductor is called doping. Doping a semiconductor has significant effects on its ability to conduct an electric current.

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