e 2 0 2 h istory c n hi c vol - xvi (12), february - 2018...

UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-167 Vol-XVI (12) February-2018 149

Research Link - 167, Vol - XVI (12), February - 2018, Page No. 149-151

H istoryAn International,Registered & RefereedMonthly Journal :

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Co-Operative Dairying : An Instrument of RuralDevelopment (with special reference to Gujarat)

DR. PRIYANKA ARORA

Post-doctoral Research Scholar (Department of History), B.B. Ambedkar University,

Dairying in India is one of the most ancient and prominent subsidiary occupations toagriculture. It plays a vital role in improving the rural economy by supplementing farmers'incomes and reducing disguised unemployment by utilizing the available idle family membersof the farmers' families. Apart from its role in milk production, the dairying sector contributesa huge quantity of organic manure, which is one of the major inputs in our agriculture.Gujarat is one of the leading states in the Indian dairy sector. The state is a pioneer in Dairydevelopment through cooperative organization being the starting point for the �Operation Flood�.

Keywords : Dairying, Gujarat, Co-Operatives, Rural Development.

Introduction :Dairying in India is overwhelmingly a rural activity

and practised by millions of small holders as a part of mixedfarming systems, wherein households combine crops andanimal husbandry. In such a system, dairy animals besidesgenerating food for household consumption provide draughtpower (for cultivation of crops and transportation of goodsand services) and dung as manure and fuel while sustainingon crop residues and by-products. This synergy betweencrops and animals not only sustains household food securitybut also contributes to the sustainability of the agriculturalproduction system and environment conservation bysubstituting the non-renewable chemical energy use in cropproduction(Apte,1993). According to InternationalCooperative Alliance (2005), a cooperative can be definedas �an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily

to meet their common economic, social and cultural needsand aspirations through a jointly owned and democraticallycontrolled enterprise�.Dairy cooperative is thus, an

association of small land-holders, milk producers, marginalfarmers and landless labourers organised to produce milkand milk products, collection of milk, carry out researchto maintain the quality of milk and bovine, manage the farm,production of fodder and marketing the milk and milkproducts. Dairy cooperatives are acclaimed as an effectiveinstrument for the economic uplift of the rural poor. TheNational Commission on Agriculture in its interim reporton milk production of 1971 recommended the integrateddevelopment of all sections of the rural people in the ruralareas and in this context, recommended the increasingdemand for milk in large cities, towns and industrial areas

should go to small and marginal farmers, and landlesslabourers. Every effort should be made to promote as muchmilk production possible through this section of ruralpopulation it advised. The Commission suggested anintegrated rural development approach based on a systemof producer's Cooperatives as developed in Kheda (Kaira)district of Gujarat. The paper aims to trace the developmentof dairy sector as an organised occupation with cooperativeorganization playing a prominent role in making dairy asuccessful and established venture in Gujarat andsimultaneously, highlighting its role in transforming thesocio-economic changes in the rural sector particularly, inGujarat and highlights the contribution of dairying bothdirectly in improving rural income and employment, andindirectly in development of rural overheads likeconstruction of roads and approach roads, primary facilitiessuch as rural electrification and health services, buildingof schools and other public social service organizationsand bringing development particularly in the rural sector.Equally significant, is the role and contribution of womenwho are actively involved in the dairying activity.

The earliest attempts of dairy development can betraced back to British rule, when the Defence departmentestablished military dairy farms to ensure the supply of milkand butter to the colonial army which did not had any impacton the supply of milk to the urban consumers which was ofmajor concern to civilian authorities. (Huria and Acharya,1980). With the growth of population in the urban areas,and to some extent, World War-II gave an impetus to privatedairies with modestly modernized processing facilities.PolsonsKeventers and the Express Dairy were some of the


pioneer urban processing dairies. These dairies contractedmiddlemen for milk supply and milk producers andconsumers were exploited. Therefore, despite modernizedprocessing facilities, dairying remained unorganized.Withthe initiation of India's First Five-year plan in 1951,modernization of Dairy industry became a priority for theGovernment. To stimulate milk production Governmentimplemented, the Integrated Cattle DevelopmentProject(ICDP), and the Key Village Scheme(KVS), amongother similar programmes. But, still the government dairiesset up were unable to meet the demands of consumers inthe urban areas as there was no organized system of milkprocurement.

In the mid-1940s, when the milk producers in Kairaasked for a proportionate share of the trade margins, theywere denied. The milk producers went on strike, refusingto supply milk to Polsons. (A private dairy at Anand-procured milk from milk producers through middlemen,processed it and then sent the milk to Bombay, some 425kms away) (Kortens,1981). Therefore, on the advice ofSardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader in the India's independencemovement, the milk producers registered the Kaira DistrictCooperative Milk Producer's Union now popularly knownas AMUL, in 1946. The Kaira union procured milk fromthe affiliated village level milk societies. This was thegenesis of organised milk marketing in India, a pioneeringeffort that opened a new vista for dairy development in thecountry(Gupta,1987)

The strategy for organized dairy development in Indiawas actually conceived in the late 1960s, within a few yearsafter the National Dairy Development Board was foundedin 1965. In October 1964, on the occasion of theinauguration of Amul's cattle feed plant, the then PrimeMinister Lal Bahadur Shastri, spent the night as the guestof a village cooperative society near Anand (Gujarat).Impressed by the socio-economic changes brought aboutby the milk cooperatives, expressed the desire for a nationallevel organization to replicate Anand Model dairycooperatives throughout the country and to make availablemulti-disciplinary, professional dairy expertise to dairiesin the public and cooperative sectors. Thus, in 1965,National Dairy Development Board was registered underthe Societies Registration Act, the Charitable Trust Act andthe Public Trust Act and headquarters were established atAnand.

With the launch of Operation Flood in 1970, it helpedthe dairy farmers direct their own development, placingcontrol of the resources they create in their own hands.The bedrock of Operation Flood has been the village milkproducer's cooperatives, which procure milk and provideinputs and services, making modern management andtechnology available to members. Its objectives were toincrease milk production, augment rural incomes, fair pricesfor consumers. Launched in three phases, i.e. Phase I-(1970-1980)-It linked 18 of India's premier milk-sheds with

consumers in India's four major metropolitan cities, i.e.,Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta and Madras); Phase II- (1981-85)-It increased the milk sheds from18 to 136; 290 urbanmarkets expanded the outlets for milk. By the end of 1985,a self-sufficient system of 43,000 village cooperativescovering 4.25 million milk producers had become a reality.)Phase III-(1985-1996) -It enabled dairy cooperatives toexpand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procureand market increasing volumes of milk. This phaseconsolidated India's dairy cooperative movement adding30,000 new dairy cooperatives to the 42,000 existingsocieties during Phase III.

The Indian dairy sector acquired substantial growthmomentum from the Ninth Plan onwards achieving an annualoutput of 137.6 million tonnes of milk during 2013-14representing sustained growth in the availability of milk andmilk products of the growing population and for whom milkand milk products constitute an important part of food andnutritional supplement. More than 70 million ofapproximately 147 million households are dependent ondairying for their livelihood. A majority of milk producershave one or two milch animals, and these small producersaccount for some 70 per cent of the milk production. Onan average, 22.5 per cent of the income of rural householdsis contributed by milk. There are about 100,000 village milkcooperatives with 11 million farmers own 68% of milchanimals and contribute nearly 62% of total milk produced.Around 63% of the available animal protein in Indian dietcomes from milk(GOI,2001). The first co-operative milkunion in Gujarat was set up in 1946 and in 1970-71, Gujaratstate had 11 co-operative milk union with 3,079 membersand 1,736 primary producers' societies with 3.3 lakhmembers. Kaira Co-operative Milk Producer's UnionLimited started functioning in June 1948, with two villagesproducing just 250 litres of milk per day. By 1970-71 theunion had 706 affiliated societies with 1,80,000 farmerneeds. The quantity of milk collected during 1969-70 was1,24,000 tonnes and the farmers were paid Rs. 19.39 crores.The average daily collection of milk was about 3.40 lakhlitres and to Anand and neighbouring town about 50,000litres increasing to 13,572 (thousands kgs per day) with17,025 dairy cooperatives in 2013-14.

Therefore, dairying was seen as an instrument ofdevelopment, generating employment, alleviating povertyand ensuring regular incomes for millions of rural people.According to World Bank, 1999 �Operation Flood can be

viewed as a twenty-year experiment, confirming the RuralDevelopment Vision�. Rural development implies both the

economic betterment of people as well as greater socialtransformation. Increased participation of people in therural development process, decentralization of planning,better enforcement of land reforms and greater access tocredit and inputs to go a long way.in providing the ruralpeople with better prospects for economic development.Improvements in health, education, drinking water, energy


supply, sanitation and housing coupled with attitudinalchanges also facilitate their social development. RenownedSociologist B.S.Baviskar explains that �Operation Flood was

considered a means of overcoming the barriers of caste,class, and power, something earlier rural developmentprograms had been unable to do.� The milk cooperatives

also gave assistance for various welfare programmes/purposes and initiated many rural development activities inthe village through various funds raised out of their savings.(Patel V.M., 1987)The trust named Tribhuvandas Foundationfunded by village level dairy cooperative societies and Amulwas set up to lay emphasis on the prevention of disesases,infant and child care, care of pregnant mothers, childnutrition and income generation activites. In 1992,Amulintroduced scholarship schemes to encourage outstandingchildren of farmers in pursuing higher studies.It alsoundertakes Self Managing Leadership Programme forwomen resource persons through BrahmakumariIswariyaVishwa Vidyalaya at Mt. Abu to bring a value based approachin development process. The setting up of women dairycooperative societies has led to the empowerment ofwomen. The dairy cooperatives in AMUL brought out manybenefits to the milk producers in the village throughproviding a guaranteed market for milk at a fixed price,supply cattle feed at a reasonable cost, regular and efficientveterinary and extension services at the village and there isno parallel to what AMUL has done for the milk producersin Kheda. (Baviskar, B.S.,1990).Conclusion :

The pace of dairy development in Gujarat was veryfast due to assured market, reasonably good prices for milksupplied to the dairy and easy access for all to health careservices offered by the co-operative dairy sector. The policyof the state government is to support dairy developmentthrough the co-operative sector. Thecooperative movementin this sector starting with Amul Dairy in Kheda district hasspread to the districts of Mehsana, Sabarkantha, Banaskantha,Vadodara and Surat. An additional reason for givingimportance to dairy development is the scope for ruralemployment, reduction of pressure of urbanisation andscope for socio-economic changes in rural Gujarat. Thestate aims at the development of animal husbandry anddairying as an important sector of the state economy becausethe gross value of output from livestock constitutes about20 percent of the gross value of the output from agricultureand livestock together that helps generate the best alternativeadditional income and employment for poor, rural farmers.Milk and milk products constitute the main livestockproducts by contributing about 80% gross value of outputfrom livestock. (Narayan B.K.,1971). Thus, the success ofthe dairy industry has resulted from the integrated co-operative system of milk collection, transportation,processing and distribution, conversion of the same to milkpowder and products, to minimize seasonal impact onsuppliers and buyers, retail distribution of milk and milk

products, sharing of profits with the farmer, which areploughed back to enhance productivity and needs to beemulated by other farm produce/producers. Due toprocessing facilities in Gujarat being spread outgeographically value-added products like ice cream,Shrikhand, butter milk etc have place more disposableincome in the hands of rural households besides leading tominimal wastage of milk.

References :

(1) Apte, D.P. (1993) : �The Role of Cooperative Dairy

Schemes in Rural Development in India�, In: Attwood and

Baviskar(eds.), Who Shares Cooperatives and RuralDevelopment, Oxford University Press.

(2) Huria, Vinod K. and Acharya, K.T. (1980) : �Dairy

development in India: Some Critical Issues�, Economic and

Political Weekly, vol.XV(45&46) Nov 8-15.(3) KortenD.C. (1981) : �Rural development programming,

The learning process approach�, pg-1-8, Rural Development

Committee, Winter 1981, Rural Development ParticipationReview-2, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A, Cornell University.

(4) Gupta P.R. (1987) : �Dairy in India�, Rekha Printers

Private Limited, New Delhi.(5) Government of India (2001) : Annual Report2000-01,

Department of Animal husbandry and Dairying, Ministry ofAgriculture.

(6) Patel V.M. (1987) : �Impact of Milk Cooperatives in

Gujarat� Indian Dairyman, vol.39 (6), June.

(7) Baviskar, B.S. (1990) : �Dairy Cooperatives and Rural

Development in Gujarat� In Doornbos M, and Nair, K.N.(Eds.),

Resources, Institutions and Strategies: Operation Flood andIndian Dairying, Sage publications, New Delhi.

(8) Narayan B.K. (1971) : �Spread effects of Dairy

Enterprise- A case study of Anand� A report of research project

by Small Industry Extension Training Institute, Hyderabad.

UGC -APPROVED - JOURNAL


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dh xbZ gSA lsfV~B vius leqnk; vkSj jkT; ds fodkl ds fy,

vusd dk;Z djrs FksA jkT; ds vU; dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk

O;kolkf;d ,oa f'kYih laca/kh dk;ks± esa Hkh Js.kh* lykg nsus dk

dke djrs FksA ^egko.k* ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktx`g dk lsfV~B

'kkld vkSj O;olkf;d leqnk;ksa dh lgk;rk djrs FksA¼15½

Js.kh laLFkk dk ,d [kkl dk;kZy; gksrk Fkk] tgk¡ ij

blds lHkh lnL; ,d lkFk cSBdj lHkh izdkj ds leL;kvksa

dk funku djrs FksA laxBu ds leLr vkenuh lnL;ksa ds chp

,d leku ls ck¡V fn;s tkrs FksA ;fn izca/kdÙkkZ _.k esa izkIr

/ku dks Js.kh ds fgr esa O;; djds O;fDrxr dk;ks± esa [kpZ dj

nsrs Fks rks ml /kujkf'k dks ykSVkuk iM+rk FkkA

Js.kh laxBu ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks lk/kkj.k vke lHkk ls

lgefr izkIr djuh iM+rh FkhA blds rgr Jsf"Bu~ la?k esa ,d

izeq[k vf/kdkjh gksrs FksA fo'kk[knÙk us bUgsa ea=kh ds led{k

crk;k gSA X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa Jsf"B;ksa dk LFkku

m¡pk FkkA lsfV~B;ksa dk LFkku okf.kT;&dsUnzksa ds Lokfe;ksa dks

izkIr FkkA tSls&,sgksy esa o`fr la?k vius ekyksa ij BIik yxkrs

FksA bl rjg Hkkjr esa o`fr la?k dk izpyu yEcs le; ls FkkA

Js.kh laxBu vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lEiUu gksrs Fks] Qyr% os

fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd dk;ks± dk lEiknu djrs

Fks] tks lekt vkSj ns'k nksuksa ds fgr esa gksrs FksA tu dY;k.kdkjh]

/kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] oS/kkfud] lSfud vkfn fofHkUu dk;Z muds }kjk

gksrs FksA Jsf.k;ksa ls jktdh; dks"k dks vkenuh Hkh i;kZIr ek=k

esa feyrs FksA foifÙk vkSj ladV dh ?kM+h esa jkT; dks bl Jsf.k;ksa

ls _.k Hkh izkIr gksrk FkkA

o`gLifr Le`fr ls fofnr gksrk gS fd tufgr esa Jsf.k;ksa dh

vksj ls foJkex`g] iaFk'kkyk] lHkkx`g vkfn cuok;s tkrs FksA

lkFk gh os lekt ds xjhc vkSj vlgk; O;fDr;ksa dh Hkjiwj

lgk;rk djrs FksA nqfHkZ{k ds le; ihfM+rksa dh j{kk djuk Hkh

budk ije dÙkZO; FkkA¼16½

/kkfeZd {ks=ksa esa Hkh bu Jsf.k;ksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk FkhA ckS)]

tSu vkSj fgUnw /keZ ds vusd efUnj vkSj nsorkvksa dh izfrek,¡

bu laxBuksa ds funsZ'k ij cuk;s x;s FksA eUnlksj vfHkys[k ls

Kkr gksrk gS fd js'ke ds O;kikfj;ksa us ,d HkO; lw;Zeafnj dk

fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA bl eafnj dk th.kksZ)kj Js.kh&laxBuksa ds

}kjk djk;k x;k FkkA¼17½

Xokfy;j vfHkys[k ls fofnr gksrk gS

fd rSfyd Js.kh rsy vkSj ekyh Js.kh us efUnj dks ekyk nsuk

Lohdkj fd;k FkkA tqUuj ds ,d vfHkys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

vukt O;kikfj;ksa us ,d xqQk rFkk ,d dq.M nku esa fn;k FkkA

O;kikfjd Jsf.k;k¡ dHkh&dHkh viuh eqnzk,¡ Hkh pykrh FkhaA


bykgkckn ds ^lgtkfr* uked ,d izkphu Vhys dh [kqnkbZ ls

ekS;Z;qxhu ,d eqnzk izkIr gqbZ gS] ftl ij izkd`r esa ^lgtkfr;s

fuxel* fy[kk gSA blls Li"V gS fd lgtkfr uked dksbZ uxj

jgk gksxk vkSj mlh LFkku ds O;kikfjd laxBu us ;g eqnzk

izpfyr fd;k gksxkA r{kf'kyk ls izkIr rhljh lnh bZ- dh

eqnzkvksa ij usxe* vafdr gS] tks mudh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr dh vksj

bafxr djkrk gSA eqnzkvksa ds vfrfjDr eqgjksa dk Hkh izpyu FkkA

ukyUnk] dks'kkEch vkSj oS'kkyh ¼olk<+½ ls izkIr eqgjsa budh uSxe

O;oLFkk dk fp=k mifLFkr djrh gSA ;kfu dqekjkekRe vkSj

uxjJsf"B dh rjg lkFkZokg vkSj fuxe Hkh viuh eqgjsa izpfyr

djrs FksA

cSad dh Hkwfedk esa Js.kh la?k dk egÙo %

Js.kh laxBu vFkok fuxe cSad ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrs

FksA cSad ewyr% vke yksxksa dks _.k nsus dk dke djrk FkkA

lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa vkSj vfHkys[kksa esa Hkh blds izek.k feyrs gSaA

Js.kh la?k egktuh ¼cSafdax fcftusl½ dk Hkh dke djrs FksA

pUnzxqIr f}rh;] foØekfnR;] dqekjxqIr vkSj LdUnxqIr us

fHkUu&fHkUu rjg ds dkeksa esa Js.kh la?k ds cSadksa dk mi;ksx

fd;k FkkA Js.kh la?k dks"kkxkj ds lkFk dj* olwyus dk Hkh dke

djrk FkkA dfua?ke dk er gS fd of.kd la?k vius flDds

pykrs FksA dkeu izLrj vfHkys[k ls fofnr gksrk gS fd dqEgdkjksa

rFkk deZdkjksa ds fodkl ds fy, vyx&vyx jde nsus dh

O;oLFkk FkhA¼18½

bruk gh ugha] cfYd ;s Js.kh laxBu cktkj ds Hkko dks

fu;af=r djrh Fkh] vFkkZr~ os oLrqvksa ds Ø;&foØ; ewY;ksa ij

Hkh utj j[krs FksA Jsf.k;ksa ds lnL; nwj&nwj rd O;kikj ds

fy, tkrs Fks vkSj vius la?k ds O;kolkf;d ykHk esa lg;ksx

iznku djrs FksA lekt esa bu Jsf.k;ksa dks oS/kkfud vkSj U;kf;d

nksuksa izdkj dh izfr"Bk dk;e Fkh] tks le;≤ ij la?k ds

}kjk vuqikfyr gksrs jgrs FksA xkSre us ,slh O;oLFkk dh ljkguk

dh gSA¼19½

dkSfVY;] o`gLifr ,oa ;kKoYD; us Hkh Js.kh ds

lSfud&'kfDr dk mYys[k fd;k gSA lkfgfR;d lzksr jkek;.k

vkSj egkHkkjr esa Hkh Js.kh la?k vkSj cSafdax dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

fu"d"kZ %

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd izkphu Js.kh O;oLFkk Lora= vkSj

fodflr laLFkk Fkh] tks laoS/kkfud fu;eksa ls vkc) FkhA lkFk

gh ;g laLFkk jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd ,oa

U;kf;d n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh dkQh ifjiDo FkhA rkRi;Z ;g fd

blus lekt ds gj igyw dks Nwus dk dke fd;k lkFk gh Js.kh

la?k us fujUrj ns'k ds vkfFkZd vk;keksa dks Hkh deksos'k izHkkfor

fd;kA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ b.Msdj % , fgLVªh vkWiQ n xqIrk] i- 195-

¼2½ _Xosn % galk bi Jsf.k'kksa ;rUrsA

¼3½ vFkZ'kkL= % 5-2&,dsu f'kYisu i.;su ;s thofUr rs"kk lewg%

Js.kh v"Vè;k;h] 2-1-59 Js.kk;% drkfnfe%A

¼4½ iwoksZDr] 2-4-

¼5½ es?kkfrfFk] euq- 8-41] ,d dk;kZiUuk of.kddq#dqlhn

pkrqfoZ/kn;%A

¼6½ ferk{kjk 2-192-

¼7½ ohjfe=kksn;] 7-333-

¼8½ ukjn] 1-7-

¼9½ egkHkkjr] ouioZ 249&16-

¼10½ dkS"khrfd czkã.k] 16-7] :nzkS oS iwx%A

¼11½ ohj fe=ksn;] iwxk% gLR;'okjksgkn;%A

¼12½ ;kKoYD;] 2-30-

¼13½ Fkkij] jksfeyk % Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] i- 84-

¼14½ ?kks"kky] MkW- ;w-,u- % Dykfldy ,t] i- 193-

¼15½ iwoksZDrA

¼16½ ogLifr Lefr] 178-

¼17½ bf.M;u ,f.VDoSjh&20-

¼18½ ;kKoYD; 2-187&190-

¼19½ ohjfe=ksn;] i- 423-



izkphu Hkkjr esa xf.kr] foKku] T;ksfr"k] O;kdj.k] n'kZu]

lkfgR; vkfn esa gh ugha] cfYd dkuwu ds {ks= esa Hkh fodkl

gqvkA ;g izkphu xzaFkksa o Vhdkvksa ls izekf.kr gksrk gSA ^^izkphu

fof/k lkfgR; dk NksVk Hkkx gh le; ds ifjorZu dks lgu dj

ik;k vkSj tks cpk og cgqr gSA** fgUnw fof/k dk mn~xe osnksa o

Le`fr;ksa ls gqvk gSA ftlesa fopkjksa o fl)kUrksa dk leUO; ns[kus

dks feyrk gSA bu Lefr;ksa esa izeq[k rkSj ij euqLefr] ;kKoYd;

Lefr] fo".kq Lefr] ukjn Le`fr] ikjk'kj Lefr] vikLrEck] of'k"V

o xkSre Le`fr;ka 'kkfey gSaA ;g /;ku dk fo"k; gS fd ;s dkuwu

fdlh lHkk ;k 'kklu }kjk ikfjr ugha Fks] tSlk fd orZeku Hkkjr

esa dkuwu fuekZ.k laln dk dk;Z gksrk gSA ;s dkuwu tks bu

Le`fr;ksa esa mn~?kkfVr gq, gSa] mudh jpuk rRdkyhu laLd`r ds

egku fo}kuksa }kjk dh xbZ Fkh] ftUgsa fof/k dk fo'ks"k Kku FkkA

le; ds lkFk&lkFk bu Le`fr;ksa dks ljy o Li"V cukus ds

mÌs'; ls fo}kuksa us bu ij fuca/k o Vhdk,¡ Hkh fy[kuh vkjaHk

dj nh FkhA fotukus'oj }kjk ferk{kjk* uke dh Vhdk ;kK~;oyD;

Le`fr ij fy[kh xbZ FkhA fteqrogu us Hkh ^n;kHkkxk* iqLrd

fy[kh] ;g iqLrd fdlh ,d Le`fr ij vk/kkfjr uk gksdjk

vusdks Le`fr;ksa ij la;qDr :i ls Vhdk FkhA uank iafMr }kjk

jfpr n�kd feeka'k* fo'ks"k :i ls n�kd&xzg.k lEcaf/kr dkuwuksa

ij jfpr iqLrd gSA vkxs pydj Vhdkvksa ij Hkh Vhdk, fy[kh

xbZA ^fojvfe=ksn;* uked Vhdk ^ferk{kjk* ij fy[kh xbZ FkhA

ftlus ferk{kjk ds ^cukjl* laxBu dks tUe fn;kA izkphu

dky esa] Hkkjr esa izFkk ij vk/kkfjr dkuwu Fks] D;ksafd ml le;

orZeku dh rjQ fdlh izdkj dh laln ;k lafo/kku dh /kkj.kk

izpfyr ugha FkhA izFkk ij vk/kkfjr dkuwu o U;k;&O;oLFkk dh

lcls cM+h detksjh ;g Fkh fd dqN fo"k;ksa ij ;s pqi Fks] rks

dbZ fo"k;ksa ij vfuf'pr Fks] ftl dkj.k Hkze dh fLFkfr iSnk gks

tkrh FkhA izFkk ij vk/kkfjr fu;e lekt o O;fDr ds thou

dks lapkfyr djrs FksA izFkk ij vk/kkfjr fu;e crkrs Fks fd

e`R;q gksus ij lEif�k dk cVokjk fdl izdkj gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq

fularku nEifRr dh e`R;q ij lEifRr dk cVokjk dSls gks] bl

ij vfuf'prk O;kIr FkhA bl vfuf'prk dks nwj djus ds fy,

fo"k; ij xgu v/;;u o iqLrdksa dh vko';drk le; dh

ekax Fkh( tks Le`fr;ksa o fVdkvksa ds :i esa gekjs lkeus

miyC/k gqbZA ;g lR; gS fd izFkk ij vk/kkfjr dkuwu ges'kk

fyf[kr Le`fr;ksa o Vhdkvksa ij izkFkfedrk ikrs jgs] ijUrq izFkk

vk/kkfjr fdlh fu;e o dkuwu dks izekf.kr djuk bruk vklku

dke ugha gksrk FkkA fgUnw&fof/k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k Fkk

ftls ^ferk{kjk* o ^n;kHkkxk* dgk x;kA ^ferk{kjk* dk izpyu

lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ¼caxky o vklke dks NksM+dj½ esa FkkA caxky o

vklke esa ^n;kHkkxk* dh 'kk[kk izpfyr FkhA buesa eq[; vUrj

bl dkj.k Fkk fd fo}kuksa }kjk ^fi.Mk* 'kCn dh vyx&vyx

/kkj.kk,¡ o O;k[;k,¡ izLrqr dh xbZ FkhA ijEijkxr fgUnw /keZ ds

vuqlkj tks O;fDr] e`rd ds Jk) dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS( rks

fgUnw thou ds vuqlkj e`rd dh lEifRr ij mlh dk vf/kdkj

gksxkA vr% Jk) deZ dks lEif�k ds vf/kdkj ls tksM+k x;k FkkA

^izouk&Jk)k* uked laLd`r iqLrd esa crk;k x;k gS fd dkSu

O;fDr Jk) dk;Z lEiUu djus ds ;ksX; gSA blds vuqlkj(

izFke vf/kdkj iq= dk] mlds i'pkr ikS= dk o mlds i'pkr

ij&ikS= dk LFkku vkrk gSA ^n;kHkkxk* esas O;fDr tUe ls

lEif�k dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha djrk] blds foijhr ^ferk{kjk*

esa tUe ds lkFk gh O;fDr ;g vf/kdkj izkIr dj ysrk gSA

oSfnd&dky esa jktrU= 'kklu iz.kkyh Fkh] lk/kkj.kr%



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2



Research Link

ØeeÛeerve Yeejle ceW vÙeeÙe-JÙeJemLee ceewÙe&keâeue lekeâ

[[email protected] kegâceej

ieVeewj, meesveerhele (nefjÙeeCee)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ØeeÛeerve Yeejle ceW vÙeeÙe-JÙeJemLee keâe DeOÙeÙeve, ceewÙe&keâeue lekeâ efkeâÙee ieÙee

nw~ efnvot efJeefOe keâe Godiece JesoeW Je mce=efleÙeeW mes ngDee nw, efpemeceW efJeÛeejeW Je efmeæebleeW keâe mecevJeÙe osKeves

keâes efceuelee nw~ Ùee%eJeukeäÙe mce=efle, efJe<Ceg mce=efle, veejo mce=efle, heejeMej mce=efle, Deheemlecyee, JeefMe° Je

ieewlece mce=efleÙeeB Meeefceue nQ~ Ùen OÙeeve keâe efJe<eÙe nw efkeâ Ùes keâevetve efkeâmeer meYee Ùee Meemeve Éeje heeefjle veneR

Les, pewmee efkeâ Jele&ceeve Yeejle ceW keâevetve efvecee&Ce mebmeo keâe keâeÙe& neslee nw~ Ùes keâevetve pees Fve mce=efleÙeeW ceW

GodIeeef�le ngS nQ, Gvekeâer jÛevee lelkeâeueerve mebmke=âle kesâ ceneve efJeÉeveeW Éeje keâer ieF& Leer, efpevnW efJeefOe keâe

efJeMes<e %eeve Lee~ meceÙe kesâ meeLe-meeLe Fve mce=efleÙeeW keâes mejue Je mhe° yeveeves kesâ GösMÙe mes efJeÉeveeW ves Fve

hej efveyebOe Je �erkeâeSB Yeer efueKeveer DeejbYe keâj oer Leer~


iSr`d vk/kkj ij jktrU= vk/kkfjr Fkk] ijUrq _Xosn esa ,sls Hkh

mnkgj.k gSa] tc yksxksa us nq"V jktkvksa dks xn~nh ls mrkj dj

yksdrkfU=d rjhds ls u;s jktk dk pquko fd;kA jktk fujadq'k

ugha gksrk Fkk( mls lHkk o lfefr uked laLFkkvksa dh lykg ds

vuqlkj pyuk gksrk FkkA jktk dk eq[; dk;Z( vius jkT; dks

ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls cpkuk] turk dks U;k; iznku djuk]

vijkf/k;ksa dks ltk nsuk o dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk FkkA

jktk ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og jkT; dss dkuwu ds

vuqlkj 'kklu pyk;sxk rFkk lcds lkFk ,d leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa

esa leku U;k; djsxkA jktk lsuk dk eq[; lsukifr o jkT; dk

eq[; U;k;k/kh'k gksrk FkkA jktk n.M ls Hkh Åij Fkk] blfy;s

mls ^vn.M;* Hkh dgk x;kA _XoSfnd&dky esa ^{kfriwfrZ* dk

fu;e ykxw Fkk] ftlds vuqlkj e`R;q dks izkIr gq, O;fDr ds

ifjokj o lEcfU/k;ksa dks /ku fn;k tkrk Fkk o mudh {kfriwfrZ

vijk/k djus okys ds }kjk dh tkrh FkhA izFkkvksa o ijEijkxr

fu;eksa dks jkT; ds dkuwu ds rkSj ij ekU;rk izkIr Fkh ftldh

vogsyuk jktk }kjk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA n.M( vijk/k

dh izo`f�k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA lk/kkj.kr% n.M dk mÌs';

vijk/kh dks ltk nsuk rFkk ftlds lkFk vijk/k dkfjr gqvk]

dks U;k; o {kfriwfrZ }kjk larq"V djuk FkkA n�kd iq= xzg.k

djus dk dkuwu Hkh oSfnd&dky esa izpfyr FkkA

jktk U;k; dk lcls cM+k vf/kdkjh FkkA lrZdrk ds

mÌs'; ls xqIrpjksa dk tky fcNk gqvk Fkk] ftldh otg ls

vijk/k dh nj cgqr gh de gksrh FkhA Mk0 jk/kk dqekj eq[kthZ

ds vuqlkj ^^U;k;&O;oLFkk cgqr gh m�ke Lrj dh Fkh vkSj ;g

vk¡[k ds cnys vk¡[k] nk¡r ds cnys nk¡r o fdlh izdkj ds cnys

dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr ugha FkhA e`R;q&n.M t?kU; vijk/kksa ds

fy, fn;k tkrk FkkA lk/kkj.kr;k] lk/kkj.k vijk/kksa ds fy,

vkfFkZd&n.M o tsy dh ltk nh tkrh FkhA** vr% ;g Kkr

gksrk gS fd _XoSfnd% dky esa U;k;& O;oLFkk( izkd`frd&U;k;

ds vkn'kZ ij vk/kkfjr FkhA m�kj&oSfnddky esa Hkh U;k; ds

iz'kklu esa] jktk dk LFkku loZizeq[k dk jgkA og dkuwu ?kksf"kr

dj ldrk Fkk rFkk /keZ dk ikyu djok ldrk FkkA ijUrq jkt

dk;Z esa vf/kdrj layXu gksus ds dkj.k mlus viuh U;kf;d

'kfDr;ksa dk izLFkkiu ^v/;{kks* dks djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k Fkk]

rkfd U;k;&izcU/ku esa vuqfpr nsjh ls cpk tk ldsA lk/kkj.k

o nhokuh ekeyksa dks lk/kkj.kr;k( lqyg&lQkbZ dh i)fr

viuk dj gy dj fn;k tkrk FkkA xzke Lrj ij NksVs&NksVs

eqdneksa dks xzke&tt* o xzkec}hu* }kjk lqy>k;k tkrk FkkA

QkStnkjh vijk/kh izdj.kksa esa cnys dh Hkkouk dks ekU;rk nh

tkrh FkhA czkã.k dh gR;k dks t?kU; vijk/k ekuk tkrk Fkk

rFkk ns'k&nzksg dks Hkh t?kU; vijk/k dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk FkkA

bu vijk/kksa dh ltk e`R;&n.M fuf'pr dh xbZ FkhA

NBh 'krkCnh bZ0iw0 esa Hkkjr esa ex/k lkezkT; dk foLrkj

Hkkjr ds cM+s Hkw&Hkkx ij FkkA ekS;Zdky esa U;k;&O;oLFkk dkQh

fodflr gks pqdh FkhA nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh( nksuksa izdkj ds

dkuwu izpfyr FksA jktdh; vf/kdkjh bu dkuwuksa dk ikyu

djokrs FksA vijkf/k;ksa ds fy, dBksj n.M dh O;oLFkk Fkh] tSls

dksM+s yxkuk] thHk [khapuk] flj dkV ysuk vkfnA dqN QkStnkjh

ekeyksa esa tSlk vijk/k gksrk Fkk] oSlk gh n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA

n.M nsrs le; vijk/kh dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk /;ku Hkh j[kk

tkrk FkkA** lekt esa jhfr&fjoktksa dk fo'ks"k egRo FkkA leqnk;ksa

esa] cgqr lh ckrksa dk fu.kZ; jhfr&fjoktksa ds vk/kkj ij dj

fy;k tkrk FkkA bl dky dh U;k;&O;oLFkk o.kZ&O;oLFkk ij

vk/kkfjr FkhA czkã.k rFkk {kf=; dks vijk/k djus ij gYdk

n.M fn;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd oSls gh vijk/k ds fy, 'kwnz dks

dBksj n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA

ekS;Zdky esa] jktk U;k;&iz'kklu ds f'k[kj ij Fkk] ijUrq

mls lk/kkj.kr% igys ls izpfyr o LFkkfir dkuwu dk gh ikyu

djuk gksrk FkkA jktk U;k;&iz'kklu dk izeq[k Fkk] ijUrq U;k;

ds fo'ks"k vk;ksx ( 'kgjksa o ns'k esa izpfyr Fks] tks egkeU=* vkSj

^jtqdkl* uked vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs FksA nhokuh o

QkStnkjh ds vyx&vyx U;k;ky; FksA ekS;Zdky esa ns'kh; o

{ks=h; U;k;ky;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA izR;sd U;k;ky;

us rhu U;k;k/kh'k o rhu vk;qDr gksrs FksA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL=

esa nks izdkj ds U;k;ky;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA nhokuh

eqdnesa lquus okys U;k;ky; dks /keZLFkh; U;k;ky; o QkStnkjh

o vijkf/kd d`R;ksa ls lEcfU/kr eqdnes lquus okys U;k;ky; dks

^dVad'kks/ku U;k;ky;* dgk tkrk FkkA ;s U;k;ky; lk/kkj.kr;k

fHkUu&fHkUu iz'kkldh; 'kgjksa] ftyksa] tuin&laf/k] laxzgkuk]

nzks.keq[k vkSj LFkkuh; esa fLFkfr FksA /keZLFkh; U;k;ky;ksa dk

{ks=kf/kdkj( le>kSrksa] lfU/k;ksa] migkj] Ø;&foØ;] fookn] m�kjkf/

kdkj] lhek lEcU/kh fookg rd FkkA **d"Vd'kks/ku U;k;ky;ksa

dk {ks=kf/kdkj ( vijkf/kd d`R;ksa] pksjh] ywV] gR;k] ekj&ihV]

yM+kbZ&>xM+s o ;kSu vijk/kk s a rd FkkA** /keZLFkh; o

d.Vd'kks/ku U;k;ky; ds vfrfjDr xzke U;k;ky;ksa dk o.kZu Hkh

vFkZ'kkL= esa vk;k gS( ;s xzke U;k;ky; vius {ks=kf/kdkj esa ns'kh;

o {ks=h; U;k;ky;ksa ls LofuHkZj Fks] bu U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ; xk¡o

ds gh izcq) o fo}ku cqtqxksZ }kjk fd;s tkrs FksA mUgsa U;k; dh

'kfDr;k¡ nh tkrh FkhA Mk0 fndf'krj ds vuqlkj U;kf;d&O;oLFkk

esa U;k;ky;ksa dk mfpr oxhZdj.k miyC/k FkkA xzke Lrj ds

U;k;ky; ls ysdj loksZPp; U;k;ky; rd dh O;oLFkk

miyC/k FkhA LFkkuh;&lkekftd&O;ogkjksa o izFkkvksa dk lEeku

ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA vihy;h U;k;ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk

ds dkj.k fuEu U;k;ky;ksa ds vkns'kksa ds fo:) Åijh U;k;ky;ksa

esa vihy dh tk ldrh FkhA ,slh O;oLFkk ds gksrs gq, Hkh jktk

viuh iztk ls lh/ks f'kdk;rsa izkIr dj ldrk Fkk rFkk mudk

fuokj.k leL;k dh izo`f�k o U;kf;d vko';drk ds vuqlkj

dj ldrk FkkA jktk] okLro esa vihy dk lcls cM+k U;k;ky;

Fkk rFkk lkFk gh U;k; dk izkjafHkd {ks=kf/kdkj Hkh j[krk FkkA og

lHkh izdkj ds eqdneksa dks lqu ldrk Fkk o vius vkns'k ns

ldrk Fkk] tks lHkh lEcfU/kr i{kksa ij leku :i ls ykxw gksrs

FksA nhokuh eqdneksa esa fgUnw&dkuwu tks fd fgUnw&'kkL=ksa esa fn;k

x;k gS] dks viuk;k tkrk FkkA ^^;wukuh ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj&

ekS;Z dky esa vijk/k U;k;&lafgrk dk ikyu dM+kbZ ls fd;k

tkrk FkkA** ^^fl)kUr( ;g Fkk fd tks nks"kh gS( mUgsa izrkM+uk nh


tk ldrh gS^^A izrkM+uk ds 18 fu;e ¼Code½ Fks vkSj dksM+s

yxkus dh lkr vyx&vyx fdLesa FkhaA ;g laKku dk fo"k; gS

fd ;wukuh fo}ku eSaXLFkuht vkSj dkSfVY; nksuksa us gh dBksj

n.M&fo/kku ds izpyu dks izekf.kr fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZ% vr% rRdkyhu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk

gS fd ^dkuwuh izrkM+uk* dk fu;e tSls( dksM+s yxkuk vkfn dk

iz;ksx cM+s o [kqys rkSj ij vijkf/k;ksa ls vijk/k Lohdkj djokus

esa fd;k tkrk FkkA ekS;Zdky dh U;k;&O;oLFkk dh lQyrk ds

ckjs esa eSxLFkuht dk ;g dguk fd ekS;ksZ dh dBksj U;k;&O;oLFkk

ds ifj.kkeLo:i( vijk/k o pksjh tSls d`R; ;nk&dnk gh gksrs

Fks vkSj vke yksxksa dk ljdkj o U;k;&O;oLFkk ij bruk

fo'okl Fkk fd yksx vius ?kjksa dks [kqyk NksM+ nsrs Fks o fdlh

izdkj ds rkys ugha yxkrs FksA vr% ;g dguk mfpr gksxk fd

ekS;Zdkyhu U;k;&O;oLFkk vius mÌs'; esa lQy jghA

vr% mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd U;k;&O;oLFkk

,d Øfed izfØ;k ls xqtjrh gqbZ fodflr gqbZ gSA izkphu

lkfgR; esa U;k; dh /kkj.kk ij egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gqvk gSA Jqfr;ksa]

Le`fr;ksa] egkdkO;ksa] osnksa] iqjk.kksa vkfn egRoiw.kZ lkfgR;( izkphu

Hkkjr dh tkudkjh ds egRoiw.kZ L=ksr fl) gq, gSaA fo}kuksa us

bu xzUFkksa dh izekf.kdrk Hkh fl) dh gSA vr% izkphu Hkkjr esa

U;k; dks ,d ifo= d�kZO; ds rkSj ij ns[kk x;kA izkphu

lkfgR; ds v/;;u o fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd jkT;

dk;Z esa jktk dh Hkwfedk pqukSrhiw.kZ Fkh rFkk og gh 'kklu dh

vk/kkjf'kyk FkkA ;|fi jktk ij Hkh U;k; o /keZ ds cU/ku yxs

FksA ,slk gksrs gq, Hkh jktk U;k;&O;oLFkk o fgUnw jktuhfr dk

,d izeq[k igyw FkkA vr% izkphu Hkkjr esa U;k;&O;oLFkk dkQh

mUur Fkh o izkd`frd U;k; ds fl)kUrksa dk lk/kkj.kr;k% ikyu

fd;k tkrk FkkA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ f=ikBh] vkj0,l0 % nh vjyhZ oSfnd ,st] i0 37-

¼2½ izlkn] MkW0 ekrk % Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] i0 24-

¼3½ nhid] MkW0 dqynhijkt % Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl] Hkkx&1

¼ljLorh izdk'ku½] i0 102-

¼4½ Ýkoys] MsfoM % oSfnd vk;Zul ,.M Åfjtu vkWQ

floykbZts'ku] i0 79-

¼5½ nhid] MkW0 dqynhijkt % Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl Hkkx&1]

i0 105-

MeesOe-he$e Yespeves mebyebOeer efveÙece

(1) MeesOe-he$e 1500-1700 MeyoeW mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~

(2) efnvoer SJeb ceje"er ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes ke=âefleosJe 10

(Kruti Dev 010) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW YespeW~

(3) hebpeeyeer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes Deveceesue efueefhe (AnmolLipi)

Ùee Dece=le yeesueer (Amritboli) Ùee pee@Ùe (Joy) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj

�hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW YespeW~

(4) Deb«espeer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e �eF&cme vÙet jesceve (Times New

Roman), SefjÙeue heâeW� (Arial) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� Ùee

�ceeF�eâesmeeheä� Je[&� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(4) MeesOehe$e keâer efJeefOe - (1) Meer<e&keâ (2) Syem�^skeä� (3) keâer-Je[&dme

(5) ØemleeJevee/ØeJesMe (5) GösMÙe (6) MeesOe heefjkeâuhevee (7) MeesOe

ØeefJeefOe SJeb #es$e (8) meebefKÙekeâerÙe lekeâveerkeâ (9) efJeJesÛeve Ùee efJeMues<eCe

(10) megPeeJe (11) efve<keâ<e& SJeb (12) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer~

(6) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer Fme Øekeâej oW -

For Books :(1) Name of Writer, "Name of Book", Publication, Placeof Publication, Year of Publication, Page Number/numbers.For Journals :(2) Name of Writer, "Title of Article", Name of Journal,Volume ....., Issue ....., Page Numbers.Web references :http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/interpret/exhibits/hill/hill.html

(7) iegpejeleer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e njske=â<Cee (Harekrishna),

�sjeheâeW� Je®Ce (Terafont Varun), �sjeheâeW� DeekeâeMe (Terafont

Aaksah) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(8) MeesOehe$e keâer meeheä�keâe@heer efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ kesâ F&-cesue DeeF&[er

[email protected] hej Yespeves kesâ yeeo ne@[&keâe@heer, MeesOehe$e kesâ

ceewefuekeâ nesves kesâ Iees<eCee he$e kesâ meeLe nmlee#ej keâj �efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ� kesâ

keâeÙee&ueÙe keâes Øesef<ele keâjW~



ifjp; %

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu dk Nk=ksa ij fo'ks"k vlj iM+kA

jktsUnz izlkn dh fxj¶rkjh dh [kcj feyrs gh iVuk ds Nk=ksa

dk ,d fo'kky tqywl iVuk dh izeq[k lM+dksa ls xqtjrk gqvk

fo'ofo|ky; ds vkgkrs esa igq¡pdj ,d lHkk esa ifj.kr gks

x;kA Jh lwjt nso lHkk dh vè;{krk dj jgs FksA Hkk"k.kksa esa

jktsUnz ckcw dh fxj¶rkjh dh HkRlZuk dh x;hA dkaxzsl dh uhfr

,oa dk;ZØe ds izfr leFkZu O;Dr fd;k x;kA vktknh dh

yM+kbZ esa vkxs vkdj Hkkx ysus dh Nk=ksa ls vihy dh x;hA¼1½

10 vxLr dks gh iVuk ds Nk=ksa us fo/ku lHkk Hkou

ij >aMk Qgjkus dk ladYi fd;kA 11 vxLr dks lqcg esa

tc Nk=ksa dk tqywl iVuk lfpoky; ds ikl igq¡pk] rc

ogk¡ 20 gtkj yksxksa dh HkhM+ bdV~Bh gks x;hA vaxzstksa Hkkjr

NksM+ks* vkSj ^djks ;k ejks* ds ukjs ds lkFk gkFk esa frjaxk

>aMk fy, yksx vkxs c<+ jgs FksA muds ukjksa ls vaxzst

'kkldksa ds dku QVus yxsA tqywl jksdus dk vkns'k gqvk

exj ;s dc #dus okys Fks\ iVuk ds ftyk/kh'k MCyw- th-

vkpZj dks xksyh pykus dk vkns'k gqvkA ns[krs gh ns[krs

lkr Nk= vktknh ds cfy osnh ij dqckZu gks x,A 25 xaHkhj

:i ls ?kk;y gks x,A mu lkr 'kghnksa ds uke bl izdkj

gSa&mekdkar izlkn] ujsUnziqj ¼lkj.k½] jkekuan flag] 'kgknr

uxj&elkS<+h ¼iVuk½ lrh'k izlkn >k] [kjgjk ¼Hkkxyiqj½]

txifr dqekj] [kjk<+ vkscjk ¼x;k½] nsohin pkS/kjh] tekyiqj

flygV] jktsUnz flag] ouokjhpd ¼lkj.k½] jkexksfoUn flag]

n'kjFk ¼iVuk½¼2½ ;s tgk¡ 'kghn gq, ogh ij iVuk lfpoky;

ds lkeus vkt mudk ,d Lekjd cuk gqvk gS] ftls 'kghn

Lekjd ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA¼3½



Sin

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Research Link

mekdkar izlkn flUgk dh e`R;q iVuk dkWyst vLirky esa

gq;hA tc ?kk;y voLFkk esa vLirky igq¡pk;k x;k] rc mUgksaus

mipkj djus okys MkDVj ls iwNk&^MkDVj esjh ihB esa xksyh rks

ugha yxh*\ MkDVj ds ugha dgus ij mudk psgjk izlUurk ls

ped mBkA mUgksaus Hkkjr ekrk dh t;dkj dh vkSj fxjs rks mBs

ughaA¼4½

lfpoky; xksyh dkaM dh [kcj QSyrs gh uxj esa lHkh

nqdkusa rqjUr can gks x;hA vf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr jks"k {kksHk ,oa ?k`.kk

yksxksa ds eu esa Hkj jgh FkhA uxj esa ruko vkSj mÙkstuk FkhA

lfpoky; ds vusd deZpkjh us tqywl laè;k le; xnZuhckx esa

fudykA budk usr`Ro ih- ,p- Mh- ds LVksj dhij Jh Mh- ih-

f=ikBh dj jgs FksA tqywl xksyh dkaM ds fojks/k esa ukjk yxk jgk

FkkA¼5½

12 vxLr dks iVuk esa iw.kZ gM+rky jghA fo|kFkhZ] odhy]

nqdkunkj pkgs os fgUnw gks ;k eqfLye lHkh us blesa viwoZ mRlkg

ds lkFk Hkkx fy;kA blh fnu ^fcgkj izns'k dkaxzsl dfeVh* ds

egkek;k ckcw iVuk LVs'ku ij fxj¶rkj dj fy, x,A dkykarj

esa os dV~Vj lektoknh gks x,A cEcbZ dh vksj ls iVuk taD'ku

igq¡ps Jh lR;ukjk;.k flag] iz/kkuea=h] fcgkj izkarh; dkaxzsl

desVh LVs'ku ij iqfyl dh fgjklr esa ys fy, x,A¼6½

iVuk ds ftyk/h'k MCyw- th- vkpZj us /kkjk 144 ds

vUrxZr vf/klwpuk tkjh djds 13 vxLr ls iVuk flVh vkSj

iVuk vuqeaMy esa pkj ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds tek gksus ij

izfrca/k yxk fn;kA 13 vxLr ds 7 cts 'kke ls 5 cts Hkksj rd

bu {ks=ksa esa d¶;wZ yxk jgkA¼7½

ck¡dhiqj tsy Økafr dk fctyh ?kj cuk jgk FkkA jktsUnz

ckcw] Jh d`".k ckcw] vuqxzg ckcw] vc rks lR;ukjk;.k ckcw lcds

1942 keâe Yeejle ÚesÌ[es Deeboesueve Deewj he�vee Øeceb[ue kesâ meceepeJeeoer

MeesOeeLeea (Fefleneme efJeYeeie), ceieOe efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, yeesOe ieÙee (efyenej)

megOee kegâceejer

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e 1942 keâe Yeejle ÚesÌ[es Deevoesueve Deewj he�vee Øeceb[ue kesâ meceepeJeeoer mes

mecyebefOele nw~ 1942 kesâ Yeejle ÚesÌ[es Deevoesueve ceW efyenej keâe Ùeesieoeve meJeexheefj jne nw~ je°^efhelee cenelcee

ieeBOeer kesâ Dee£eve hej mechetCe& efyenej �eâebefle ®heer Deeie ceW ketâo heÌ[e~ Fme Deevoesueve ceW meYeer Jeie& kesâ ueesieeW

ves GlmeenhetJe&keâ leLee ÂÌ{ efve§eÙe kesâ meeLe efnmmee efueÙee~ Fme Deevoesueve ceW efkeâmeeve Deewj cepeotjeW ves Yeer

yeÌ{-ÛeÌ{keâj efnmmee efueÙee~ Fme Deevoesueve ceW he�vee Øeceb[ue kesâ meceepeJeeefoÙeeW kesâ meeLe MeerueYeõ Ùeepeer

keâe Yeer efJeMes<e Ùeesieoeve jne nw~


lc ogk¡ ekStwn FksA lc esa mRlkg Fkk vkSj Økafr dh ,d ,d

[kcj muds mRlkg dks nksxquk&pkSxquk dj jgh FkhA¼8½

13 vxLr dks izkar Hkj esa vusd LFkkuksa ij jsy dh iVfj;k¡

m[kkM+us ,oa rkj dkVus dh okjnkrsa gksrh jghA Mkd?kjksa] jsyos

LVs'kuksa rFkk ljdkjh bekjrksa dks tyk;k x;k rFkk iqfyl ij

vkØe.k fd, x,A

^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu* ds nkSjku 'khyHknz ;kth QkjoMZ

CykWd ds vè;{k FksA mudk laca/k Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ls Hkh

FkkA

12 vxLr dks cf[r;kjiqj Fkkus ij turk us >aMk Qgjkus

dk fu'p; fd;kA pkjksa vksj cjlkr dk ikuh FkkA ftls

lR;kxzfg;ksa us uko ls o rSjdj ikj fd;kA Fkkus okys Hkh vkpZj

lkgc dh rjg n`<+ izfrK Fks fd >aMk ugha Qgjkus nsaxsA mUgsa

lR;kxzfg;ksa us vius izksxzke dh lwpuk ns nh FkhA blfy,

vuok:y gd nkjksxk fiLrkSy fy, pkSdlh dj jgs FksA viuh

ihB ij mlus gfFk;kj can vkSj yV~B/kj iqfyl vkSj pkSdhnkjksa

dks Hkh tqVk j[kk FkkA ij jke oj.k flag] lkjfFk* /kM+/kM+krs gq,

Fkkus ?kql x,A >aMk Qgjkus dh ps"Vk esa fxj¶rkj gksdj ds

gokykr esa can dj fn, x,A turk fcxM+ mBh vkSj gokykr

ls mUgsa NqM+k ysuk pkgkA fdUrq iqfyl dk bartke dkQh

tcjnLr Fkk tc rd iqfyl esa HkxnM+ u eprh rc rd Fkkus

esa turk dk ?kqluk lgt u FkkA blfy, turk us Fkkus ij

<sys cjlkuk 'kq: fd;kA Jh ukFkw izlkn ;kno turk dks <sys

Qsdus ls jksd jgs Fks vkSj lkFk gh Fkkus esa ?kqls tk jgs FksA

vuok#y gd us Fkkus esa nkf[ky gksus ls euk fd;k vkSj mudh

vksj fiLrkSy lh/kh dhA ij ukFkw izlkn th csijokg c<+rs x,

vkSj Nkrh esa nkjksxk dh xksyh ysdj 'kghn gks x,A¼9½

mudh 'kgknr us cf[r;kjiqj esa [kycyh epk nhA turk

vkos'k esa vk x;h vkSj bruh rk;nkn esa bdV~Bh gks x;h fd

iqfyl ls dqN djrs /kjrs u cuk vkSj lkjFkh th gokykr ls

NqM+k fy, x,A¼10½

jsyos vkSj lapkj vLr O;Lr gks pqdk FkkA D;ksafd vusd

LFkkuksa ij jsy dh iVfj;k¡ m[kkM+ nh x;h FkhA lkSHkkX; ol

fdlh ;k=h dks pksV ugha vkbZ vkSj dksbZ cM+h nq?kZVuk ugha gqbZA

esu ykbu ij xkfM+;ksa dk vkuk tkuk #d x;kA D;ksafd dbZ

LFkkuksa ij jsy dh iVfj;k¡ m[kkM+h tk pqdh FkhA Mkmu iatkc

esy ij vkØe.k gqvk vkSj Mqejk ,oa vU; LVs'kuksa ij HkhM+ us

vkØe.k dj ds dkxt&i= fou"V dj fn,A vU; izdkj dh

{kfr Hkh igq¡pkbZ x;hA Qrqgk esa Mkd?kj ywV fy;k x;kA

cf[r;kjiqj Fkkuk ij vkØe.k djds nkjksxk dk vkokl tyk

fn;k x;kA nkjksxk us HkhM+ ij xksfy;k¡ pykbZ ftlls ,d O;fDr

ekjk x;k vkSj dqN vU; ?kk;y gq,A¼11½

turk }kjk iqfyl

Fkkuksa ij /kkok cksyus dh ?kVukvksa esa fcgkj lcls vkxs FkkA¼12½

fcgVk esa Hkh lR;kxzfg;ksa us 80 cksxh okyh fefyVªh xkM+h

ij /kkok cksy fn;kA mlesa ,d cksxh fdjklu dh FkhA blesa

vkx yxk nh xbZA phuh] rsy] xqM+ vkfn phtksa dh ywV gks xbZA

fcgVk phuh fey ds bathfu;j iky lkgc us fjap] fiykl vkfn

midj.kksa lfgr lR;kxzfg;ksa dk lkFk fn;kA jsy dh iVfj;k¡

[kksy nh tkrh Fkh] mu iVfj;ksa dks pkV esa fxjk fn;k FkkA bl

rjg jsyxkfM+;ksa dk vkokxeu BIi gks tkrk FkkA jsy Mªkboj jsy

dks tksM+rs gq;s vkrk Fkk rc dgha lsok cgky gks ikrh FkhA

fcgVk jsyos ØkWflax ij iqfyl us xksyh pykbZA djhc 4&5

yM+ds 'kghn gks x,A ljdkj dk gokbZ geyk Hkh djus dk

bjknk FkkA ysfdu phQ lsØsVjh ¼eq[; lfpo½ th- ih- xkWMosys

ds gLr{ksi ls fcgVk ij gokbZ geyk #dkA vaxzst flikgh xkao

dks ?ksj dj ?kj&?kj dh ryk'kh ysrs FksA¼13½

13 flrEcj dks Jh ';keukjk;.k flag vkSj Jh yky flag

R;kxh ds lkFk cf[r;kjiqj Fkkuk ds fcjtw feYdh esa t;

ukjk;.k yky fxj¶rkj dj fy;s x;sA muds lkFk 4 eYykg Hkh

idM+s x,A rhuksa fxj¶rkj O;fDr;ksa dks dqN vkifÙktud dkxtkr

j[kus ds vfHk;ksx esa nks&nks o"kZ dh ltk nh xbZA buds ikl ls

dkaxzsl ds dqN ifji= ,oa cqysfVu vkfn cjken gq, FksA iVuk

ftyk dkaxzsl dfeVh ds lfpo vo/ks'oj dqekj flUgk dks 23

flrEcj 1942 dks fcgkj 'kjhQ Fkkuk esa idM+ fy;k x;kA¼14½

ljdkj us fonzksfg;ksa dks dqpyus ds fy, dBksj dne

mBk;sA ljdkj }kjk xksjh iqfyl ,oa Hkkjrh; lsuk dk lgkjk

fy;k x;kA xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa iqfyl vkSj lsuk Hksth

x;hA vkUnksyu dks u`'kalrkiwoZd nck fn;k x;kA dHkh&dHkh

lsuk vkxtuh vkSj ywVikV esa yx tkrh FkhA xk¡o ds xk¡o tyk

fn, x,A cPps] cw<+s rd dks 'kkjhfjd ;kruk,¡ nh tkus yxhA

tks xk¡o v'kkar Fks] ml ij Hkkjh tqekZuk yxk;k x;kA tgk¡ tkus

ds fy, dksbZ ekxZ ugha Fkk] ogk¡ ljdkj us gokbZ tgktksa ls

xksfy;k¡ cjlkbZA efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa lesr gtkjksa yksxksa dks canh

cuk;k x;kA

xzkeh.kksa ds vukt ls Hkjs gq, feV~Vh ds crZuksa dks QksM+

nsrh Fkh] bl rjg iqfyl xzkeh.kksa ij vR;kpkj djrh FkhA¼15½

vukt ds crZu QksM+us dh ?kVuk ls irk pyrk gS fd og

xzkeh.kksa dks Hkw[ks ejus ds fy, etcwj djrh Fkh] rkfd Lora=rk

:ih vkUnksyu esa fdlku fQj flj u mBk ldsA ij xzkeh.k

dgk¡ #dus okys Fks\ os n`<+ ladYi ds lkFk Lora=rk ds lej

esa dwn iM+s FksA u mudks ?kj dh fpark Fkh u ifjokj dhA muds

flj ij dsoy ,d /kqu lokj Fkk&^vaxzstksa Hkkjr NksM+ksA*

ljdkj viuk neu pØ izkar Hkj esa pyk jgh FkhA ns'k dh

vktknh dh iqdkj ij Nk=ksa dh Hkkjh la[;k] Lora=rk laxzke esa

dwn iM+sA 13 vxLr] 1942 dks ,d ljdkjh vf/klwpuk tkjh

dh x;h] blesa iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds pkalyj us iVuk ds lHkh

dkWystksa vkSj Nk=koklksa dks orZeku vkikrdky ds dkj.k ,d

eghuk ds fy, rqjUr can dj fn;kA¼16½

jktsUnz ckcw us viuh vkRedFkk esa fy[kk gS fd u ekywe

fdrus gh vkneh iqfyl vkSj QkSt dh xksfy;ksa ds f'kdkj gq,A

fdruksa ds ?kj tyk;s vkSj ywVs x,A fdruksa dks vU; izdkj dh

vdFkuh; ;kruk,¡ lguh iM+hA¼17½

1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu

ls ;g Li"V gks x;k Fkk fd vaxzstksa dh lÙkk ds fy, pqukSrh

dsoy uxjksa rd lhfer ugha oju~ xk¡oksa esa Hkh ekStwn FkhA¼18½

vkUnksyu ds nkSjku 'khyHknz ;kth us xk¡o] xyh&xyh esa tkdj

ns'k dh turk dks vktknh ds fy, yydkjk FkkA¼19½


1942 dh vxLr Økafr vaxzstksa }kjk nck nh xbZA fcgkj esa

Økafrdkjh usrkvksa us i= if=dkvksa ds ekè;e ls tu tkxj.k dk

dk;Z fd;kA ljdkj ds l[r vkns'k ds ckotwn os ugha >qdsA

lpZykbV] bf.M;u us'ku vkfn v[kckjksa dks can dj fn;k

x;kA iVuk esa Msyh U;wt uked ljdkjh lekpkj&i= gh Nirk

jgkA yxrk Fkk ekuks 'ke'kkuh 'kkafr loZ= fojkteku gks x;h gSA

lekpkj lsalj dkuwu dk fojks/k ds- Jh- Jhoklu dh vè;{krk esa

6 vDVwcj 1943 dks fd;k x;kA i=ksa ds izdk'ku ij jksd yxkus

laca/kh vkns'k dh fuank dh x;hA vusd fof/k;ksa ls ljdkj us

neu pØ pykdj jksd yxk;saA Ldwy] dkWyst can dj fn;s

x;sA /khjs&/khjs fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vk;kA 25 ekpZ] 1943 ls lpZykbV

us iqu% viuk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kA¼20½

bl dky esa 'khyHknz

;kth xqIr :i ls QkjoMZ CykWd dk dk;Z djrs jgsA

1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku Hkwfexr gksdj

;kth th us viuk dk;ZØe fnYyh vkSj cEcbZ esa gh pykdj ns'k

dh vktknh ds fy, dk;Z fd;kA fnlEcj] 1943 esa cnys gq, os"k

esa os cEcbZ esa fxj¶rkj gks x,A fnYyh ds yky fdyk esa budk

dksVZ ek'kZy gqvkA oh- ,y- lqUnj jko ds lg;ksxh ds :i esa

vius dk;ZØe dks vkxs c<+krs ;kth th us lEiw.kZ nf{k.k Hkkjr

dh ;k=k dhA 1946 rd os nf{k.k Hkkjr esa jgsA bu ;k=kvksa dk

izca/k oh- ,y- lqUnj jko us fd;k FkkA eqdqUn yky ljdkj ml

le; izfrf"Br usrk Fks] tks baVd ds laLFkkid lnL; Hkh FksA

eqdqUnyky ljdkj us ;kth th dks lfØ; lg;ksx fn;kA ns'k

dh vktknh ds ckn 'khyHknz ;kth vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lora=rk

lsukuh ds vè;{k jgsA os vkthou oSKkfud lektokn dh

odkyr dhA

egkRek xk¡/kh }kjk pyk;s x;s Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds

nkSjku ;kth th us Hkh fgLlk fy;k FkkA vkUnksyu ds iwoZ ;kth

th 1940 esa MhQsUl vkWQ bafM;k :Yl ds vUrxZr fxj¶rkj gq,

Fks vkSj gtkjhckx tsy esa FksA os ekpZ] 1942 esa fjgk gq, FksA

1939 esa dkaxzsl us rhu o"kks± ds fy, mUgsa ikVhZ ls fudky fn;k

FkkA tc Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu izkjEHk gksus okyk Fkk rc

'khyHknz ;kth dk iqu% dkaxzsl esa Lokxr gqvkA20 ml le;

'khyHknz ;kth QkjoMZ CykWd ds vè;{k FksA bl rjg ;kth th

dkaxzsl vkSj QkjoMZ CykWd nksuksa ny ds fy, Lora=rk laxzke esa

dk;Z dj jgs FksA

dkaxzsl dk;Z lfefr us o/kkZ dh cSBd ¼14 tqykbZ] 1942½

esa la?k"kZ ds fu.kZ; ij viuh Lohd`fr dh eqgj yxk nhA vxys

eghus vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl dfeVh* dh cSBd gksus okyh FkhA

ftlesa bl izLrko dk vuqeksnu gksuk FkkA ;g ,sfrgkfld lHkk

cEcbZ ds Xokfy;j VSad esa gqbZA bl lHkk esa turk dk mRlkg

ns[krs gh curk FkkA vanj usrk fofHkUu eqíksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ

dj jgs Fks vkSj ckgj tu lewg meM+ jgk FkkA usrkvksa ds fu.kZ;

dks tkuus dh mRlqdrk bruh Fkh fd [kqys vf/kos'ku esa tc

Hkk"k.k gksus yxs rks gtkjksa gtkj dh HkhM+ ds ckotwn lHkk esa iwjh

'kkafr FkhA

fu"d"kZ %

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds

le; fcgkjokfl;ksa dk Hkjiwj lg;ksx jgkA Lora=rk&lsukfu;ksa

us ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, viuh tku dh ckth yxkdj

vaxzsth gqdwer dks Hkkjr ls tkus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k FkkA

bl nkSjku iVuk ize.My ds Økafrdkfj;ksa vkSj lektokfn;ksa us

c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;k FkkA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ nÙk] ds-ds- % fcgkj esa Lokra«; vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl*] Hkkx

3] i- 31-

¼2½ vkpk;Z] /kesZUn % iwoksZDrA

¼3½ JhokLro] MkW- ,u- ,e- ih- ¼1998½ % fcgkj esa jk"Vªh;rk dk

fodkl*] fcgkj fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] iVuk] i"B 135-

¼4½ lpZykbV & 12 vxLr] 1942-

¼5½ nÙk] ds- ds- % iwoksZDr] i- 43-

¼6½ ukjk;.k] cynso % ^vxLr Økafr*] i- 59-


¼8½ ukjk;.k] cynso % iwoksZDr] i- 59-

¼9½ iwoksZDr] i- 62&63-

¼10½ iwoksZDr] i- 63-


¼12½ gkse iksfyfVdy & 3@52@1943 ,u- ,- vkbZ- ubZ

fnYyhA

¼13½ flag] t;jke ¼QkjoMZ CykWd ds usrk½ ls lk{kkRdkj] 22-

7-2001-


¼15½ Lokeh foeykuan ljLorh ¼Lora=rk lsukuh½ ls lk{kkRdkj]

26-8-2001-


¼17½ izlkn] jktsUnz % vkRedFkk] i- 693&94-

¼18½ ;kth] lR;kuan % ^xk¡/kh lqHkk"k ds l'kDr] lukru lkFkh]

Js"B lsukuh 'khyHknz ;kth*] i- 5-

¼19½ ;kth] lR;kuan % ^'khyHknz ;kth , eYVh LIysaMksjM

thfu;l*] i- 9-

¼20½ ;kth] lR;kuan % ^xk¡/kh lqHkk"k ds l'kDr] lukru lkFkh]

Js"B lsukuh 'khyHknz ;kth*] i- 5-


e 2 0 2 h istory c n hi c vol - xvi (12), february - 2018...

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