dynamics of loads on power systems using field …
TRANSCRIPT
DYNAMICS OF LOADS ON POWER SYSTEMS USING FIELD MEASUREMENTS
May 7984 Engineering and Research Center
U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation
Division of Research and Laboratory Services
Power and instrumentation Branch
ds on Power Systems Using easurements
I 7. AUTHOR(S) I 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION
J. R. Schurz and T. R. Whittemore REPORT NO. I GR-82-2
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK U N I T NO.
Bureau of Reclamation Engineering and Research Center 11. C O N T R A C T OR GRANT NO.
Denver, Colorado 80225 13. T Y P E O F REPORT AND PERIOD
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS COVERED
Same 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
I 5 . S U P P L E M E N T A R Y NOTES
Microfiche and/or hard copy available at the Engineering and Research Center, Denver, Colo. Ed:WFA/BDM
6. ABSTRACT
The correct modeling of power system loads for computerized stability studies is of great importance. Because of the diverse nature of loads and because of multiple feeds to most actual loads, very little modeling has been based on field measure- ments. This report is a description of a project to monitor loads and develop more accurate models.
7. K E Y WORDS A N D DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
1 . DESCRIPTORS-- *power system operations/ power grids/ electric networks/ *system stability/ stability studies (electrical)/ *power loads/ *computer etudies/ computer models/ *field data
1. I D E N T I F I E R S - - Longmont, Colo., substations
:. COSATI Field/Group 09C COWRR: 0903 SRIM:
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. O F PAGE! (THIS REPORT)
U N C L A S S I F I E D 32 20. SECURITY CLASS 22. P R I C E
( T H I S PAGE)
U N C L A S S I F I E D
DYNAMICS OF LOADS ON POWER SYSTEMS USING FIELD MEASUREMENTS
by J. R. Schurz
T. R. Whitternore
Power and Instrumentation Branch Division of Research and Laboratory Services
Engineering and Research Center Denver, Colorado
May 1984
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of theInterior has responsibilitY for most of our nationally owned publiclands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use ofour land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv-ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks andhistorical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out-door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineralresources and works to assure that their development is in the bestinterests of all our people. The Department also has a major respon-sibility for American Indian reservation communities and for peoplewho live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration.
The information contained in this report regarding commercial prod-ucts or firms may not be used for advertising or promotional purposesand is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firmby the Bureau of Reclamation.
111
CONTENTS
Introduction .
Conclusions. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .."
. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ...'"
.'"
... . ... .'"
... . ... .'"
. ."
. .. . .. . . .. .. . ."
Equation development.......................................................................
Instrumentation. . .."
. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ."
. ... . . .. . .. . . ... . ... . .. . .. .""
.. .'"
. .. . .. . .. .
Transducer unit.............................................................................Signal conditioning and recording unit
"""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Results .
Bibliography. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. ."
. .. .'"
. . . . .. . . .. .'"
... . ... . ... . ... . .. ."
. .. .'"
. ."
. . . . .
FIGURES
Figure
1 Instrumentation system block diagram.. .. ... .. .. .. .."'"
.. ...""'"
... .2 Transducer unit block diagram..................................................3 Record schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4) "...4 Playback schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4) .......5 Analog delay schematic (cards 6 & 7) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
6 Reset/gain schematic (card 5)'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7 V oltage transducer block diagram..............................................8 V oltage transducer schematic (card 13)
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
9 Frequency transducer signal conditioning schematic (card 12) .........10 Frequency transducer schematic (card 11)
"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
11 Real and reactive power conditioning block diagram....................12 Real power, 6.P/Po, calculation schematic (card 10)
""''''''''''''''''''''
13 Real and reactive power gain dial setting calibration.....................14 Reactive power gain, absolute value, and flag pulse
circuit (Card 9)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'"
15 Reactive power, 6.Q/Qo, calculation schematic (card 8) ...................16 Disturbance sensor and record start/stop circuit (card 14) ..............17 Response curve of frequency disturbance sensor """""""""""
18 DOY and time schematic - 1 of 2 (card A)"'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
19 DOY and time schematic - 2 of 2 (card B) ...................................20 Sample of data for 6.V/v" and M/Po for 6.f = 0
'"''''''''''''''''''''''''''21 Sample of data for 6.V/Vo and M/Po for 6.f# 0
""'"''''''''''''''''''''''22 Distribution of the values obtained for m
"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii
Page
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242526272829303132
11'.. 1
INTRODUCTION
The magnitude and time response of load deviations resulting from variations in
system voltage and frequency need to be accurately represented for stability studies.
Such characteristics influence dynamic performance of power systems, yet the only
data heretofore available to be used in system studies have been calculated or
estimated [1, 2, 3, 4]1. System load stability programs currently use an exponential load
model of the form P = KVm, or a quadratic representation of the form
P =K + KJVJ + K2V2.Using this exponential model, loads are represented as constant
power (P =K), constant current (P =KV\ or constant impedance (P =KV2). The intent
of this research was to use the general form of the exponential model (P = Kvm) and
identify the value of the exponent m through actual system measurements. The
exponential model was also expanded to include the effects of frequency on power.
The general form then becomes P =Krvm, and the intent of the research is to identify
the exponents nand m through actual system measurements and to develop
instrumentation to perform the measurement.
CONCLUSIONS
An instrumentation package was developed and installed at vanous locations in
northeastern Colorado. A total of 17 different sites were monitored, 9 of which
produced a number of good data records. The remaining eight sites had very noisy
power records from which it was nearly impossible to obtain reliable data on the
power deviations.
Two system loads for which complete data were available were the Longmont NE and
NW substations. Therefore, models of these two substations were developed. Both
loads were primarily residential, with some light commercial, having 115-k V radial
taps and about 7 MW and +2 MVar loads. These two installations were monitored, at
separate times, using Ai and AV + KAP as the input to the disturbance sensor. These. .1V .1P
records were reduced to provIde V;; and p;for those records where Ai equaled zero,
lNumbers in brackets refer to entries in the bibliography.
and ~~, ~, and X for those records where all three quantities were nonzero. The
values for K, N, and m were determined, and the resulting exponential power
equations are P =0.076 r VI.4for the Longmont NE substation and P =0.076 r VI.5 for
the Longmont NW substation. Neither load had frequency dependency for the small
frequency deviations recorded.
This research showed the feasibility of field measuring the dynamic characteristics of
system loads. More data recording and data reduction for more situations and more
loads should be accomplished in the future. This study also clearly shows the need for
a means of automatic data reduction.
EQUATION DEVELOPMENT
To develop a method by which the exponents nand m can be determined, we start
with the general form of the exponential power equation:
P =KFr (1)
where P = real power,
K = constant,
f = frequency,
n = exponent of system frequency,
V = voltage, and
m = exponent of system voltage.
The derivative of equation (1) is:
dP =Knr-1rdf + Krmr-1dV (2)
Divide (2) by (1)
dP -Knr-1r-1Vdf + Kr-1fmr-1dV
P- Kr-1fr-1v
=nVdf+ fmdV
fV
2
For all nand m:
dP = n .!!L + md V
P f V(3)
Derive equation (3) in finite form:
where P = Po+ ~P
f = fo + ~f
V = v.,+ ~V
where Po= steady state power
fo = steady state frequency
v.,= steady state voltage
M = incremental change in power
~f =incremental change in frequency
~V =incremental change in voltage
Then P = Po+ M =K(fo+ ~fr (v., + ~V)m
or
P=Po(l+-if) = Kfonv.,m(l+-fr(l+*)m
Dividing by Po = Kfonv.,m
P M ( ~' )n
( ~V )m-=1+-= 1+...:::L 1+-Po Po fo v.,
Using the binomial series
1 +M
= (1 + M+n(n-1) (M )
2
+ )(1+~V
+m(m-1) (~V )2
+ )Po
nfo 2! fo
,... mv., 2! Vo
....
and multiplying:
1 +M
= 1 + M+n(n-1) (~f )
2+ +
~V+ M ~V
+n(n-1) (~f )
2 ~V+p n
J. 2' J.m
Vmn
J. Vm
2' J. V ""0 o' 0 0 00 . 00
+m(m-1) (~V\2
+ nm(m-1) M (
~V\2+
2! v.,-J 2! fo V:J....
3
Retaining only the first order terms:
MJ= nM+m~vPo fo v"
The instrumentation package measures the three quantities !f!!-,M, and ~during a0 J;; 0
system disturbance. From a disturbance when ~f is zero, m can be determined from:
(4)
m=MJ(v,,)Po ~V -¥=o
(5)
followed by the determination of n when all three quantities change from the
equation:
n=(~-m~V) ~Po v" ~f
The instrumentation package provides a selection of ~f (frequency deviation) or
~ V +K MJ (voltage and power deviation) as the quantity used to initiate recording of a
disturbance. The use of ~V + KMJ allows records to be stored in which ~f is zero. A
value for m from equation (4) can then be determined.
The output of the disturbance sensor Z will be:
z= ~V+KMJ
The use of the factor K~ as a modifier on ~V provides a means of differentiating
between a disturbance within the load monitored and one external. Within the
monitored load when a device is turned on, the power will increase and the voltage
will decrease; thus ~V and ~ are out of phase. Therefore, K is selected to be equal to
- ~for an internal load change on the load being monitored. Thus, for an internal
load change:
z= ~V+K~P=~V-(~)~= 0
A typical value for K would be about -0.1 due to the reactance of the system. For a
voltage disturbance external to the load being monitored, voltage and power will be in
phase and the output of the disturbance sensor will be:
z= ~V+K~>O (6)
4
The use of Ilf for the disturbance sensor allows records to be stored in which all three
quantities, IlV, Ilf, and IlP, are nonzero. The value of n can then be determined from
equation (6) along with the previously determined value of m (equation 5).
INSTRUMENTATION
The dynamic load instrumentation system (fig. 1) has been designed to monitor and
record power system disturbances with a frequency range of 0.1 to 1.0 Hz. The
quantities monitored are voltage, frequency, real and reactive power. A system
disturbance initiates a magnetic tape recorder to record the monitored quantities for
later analysis. A transducer connected to the station PT's and CT's provides voltage,
real power, reactive power, and a 60-Hz frequency signal to the signal conditioning and
recording package. A signal conditioning and recording unit filters and converts the
four quantities of each power system being monitored. There are four channels of
analog delay of about 1 second each to allow the tape recorder to attain the proper
speed after initiation by an event, prior to recording the disturbance. There are four
channels of FM (frequency modulation) record and playback, which also record the
DOY (day of year), hour and minute of the event.
Transducer Unit
The transducer unit (fig. 2) contains two Hall-effect watt transducers, one connected
to measure watts and the other to measure vars. Each transducer provides a low level
doc signal to the signal conditioning circuits proportional to the watts or vars
measured. There are also three step-down isolation transformers connected wye-delta,
and a three-phase bridge rectifier providing a minus 18-V doc signal for a 115-V a-c
three-phase input. One other transformer winding provides a 24-V rms, 60-Hz signal to
the frequency transducer. The transducer unit is connected to the three-phase power
system with three current plugs, three potential clips, and one neutral clip. It is also
connected to the signal conditioning and recorder unit with two multiwire shielded
cables.
5
Signal Conditioning and Recording Unit
A Telex Model 230 four-channel, two-speed, magnetic tape recorder is included which
has remote control start and stop features allowing it to be controlled by the signal
conditioning section. There are 16 printed-circuit cards in the signal conditioning and
recording unit.
Cards one through four each provide for one channel of FM record and playback (figs.
3 and 4). Recording at 95 mm/s (3.75 in/s) is on a center frequency of 6.75 kHz and is
automatically switched to 13.47 kHz for a speed of 190 mm/s (7.5 in/s). The input
sensitivity to the record channel is :i:0.54 V equals :i:40 percent modulation. The
output of the playback channel is approximately (uncalibrated) :i:5 V equals :i:40
percent modulation.
Cards 6 and 7 are each two channels of analog delay lines. Together they provide a
I-second delay for each of the four channels in order to allow the tape recorder to
attain the proper speed prior to recording the disturbance (fig. 5). The operating
range of the input signal to the delay line is about :i:0.8 V. The output of the delay line
is the input signal superimposed on approximately a 3-V doc level.
Card 5 provides an interface between the delay lines and the record channels; blocks
the doc component of the delay line output; and provides a gain adjustment for each
channel for calibration purposes, such that a :i:0.5 V signal into the delay line results in
:i:40 percent modulation (fig. 6)
Card 13 provides signal conditioning for LlV (figs. 7 and 8). The three-phase rectified
voltage signal are filtered with four poles at approximately 21 Hz. To prevent slow
changes in system voltage from biasing LlV, a high-pass filter at 0.005 Hz is provided.
Gain adjust allows the base of LlV to be varied from 20 to 50 V /unit. Thus, for a ::f:40
percent modulation on the tape recorder, a LlVof :i:l.0 to :i:2.5 percent peak could be
recorded.
Cards 11 and 12, the frequency transducer, measure frequency deviation (figs. 9 and
10). Card 11 is the frequency transducer, providing an output signal proportional to
6
rI!' !
the deviation of frequency from 60 Hz. Card 12 provides some input filtering for the
frequency transducer and an output gain adjust and offset blocking function (0.005
Hz) to prevent slow frequency changes from biasing I1f. The frequency transducer
output base is 2 V1Hz deviation from 60 Hz. The gain adjust provides a range of 0.0 to 2
V 1Hz. With the maximum sensitivity (2 V 1Hz), the largest deviation that can be
recorded is :to.25 Hz, which provides a :t40 percent modulation.
Card 10 contains the real power conditioning circuits to derive I1PIPo(figs. 11 and 12),
where I1P is the deviation in power and Po is the steady-state power at the time of the
deviation. The circuits provide a low pass filter cutoff frequency at 0.005 Hz from
which Po is derived, and low pass filtering with four poles at 23 Hz from which I1P is
obtained. These two quantities are then applied to an analog signal divider, providing
an output of I1PIPo' A gain adjust is provided to vary the output base from 10 to 40
V lunit. With this output base range, the maximum deviation in I1PIPo that can be
recorded (:t40 percent modulation) is between 1.25 and 5 percent. The gain adjust
potentiometers for the real and reactive power conditioning circuits were calibrated
(fig. 13) for these values.
Cards 8 and 9, the reactive power conditioning circuits (figs. 11, 14 and 15) derive
I1QIQo; provide a flag to indicate capacitive vars; and provide an absolute value circuit,
required by the analog divider. Card 9 contains the absolute value cirucit which
provides a negative output to card 8 regardless of the polarity of the reactive power,
and provides a flag circuit which generates a pulse every 5 seconds if the polarity of the
reactive power is capacitive. This pulse is summed with I1Q on card 8, providing a flag
to indicate reactive power polarity. Card 8 derives I1QIQo. The circuits provide a high
pass filter cutoff frequency at 0.005 Hz from which Qois derived, and low pass filtering
with four poles at 23 Hz from which I1Q is obtained. These two quantities are then
applied to an analog signal divider providing an output of I1QIQo. A gain adjust was
provided to vary the output base from 2.5 to 10 V lunit. With this output base range,
the maximum deviation in I1QIQo that can be recorded (:t40 percent modulation) is
between 5 and 20 percent.
Card 14, the event sensor (fig. 16), initiates the recording of an event~d sh~1 ~~/\~<~.',?<--- :
«-"'--1recorder off after a variable time interval. A switch on tbe card
s.\tect~?ra
.
.
IMt42002\
7 . . ~ JBurc2u of Reciamatlon
Rec:am31H:~n :,ervice Centel -~
deviation in frequency or a deviation in voltage (fig. 17) as the event to start the
recording. This gain versus frequency characteristic prevents very slow changes and
very fast changes in the selected signal from initiating a recording. The recording time
is adjustable from 5 to 80 seconds by a potentiometer on the card.
Cards A and B (figs. 18 and 19) provide DOY and time information, which is recorded
in BCD (binary coded decimal) on the frequency channel during the last one-third of
the record.
Information is recorded as follows:
StartBit
A~~~"/3\
/~r '
I 00 I I 0 1 I
DOY HOURS MINUTES
Always'0'
/'\}..
Always'0'
/8\, A--, r
I 0 I
...~(
000 I 01 0 000
n u ILJ ULJ*This digit is not recorded, as it is assumed the operator will know what quarter of the year therecordings were made.
The clock is synchronized to the 60-Hz line frequency as long as the transducer
package is connected to the recorder and the PT connections are made. During loss of
PT voltage or power to the recorder package, the clock will continue to run on battery
backup at approximately 60 Hz. A switch is provided to stop the clock in order to set
the proper DOY and time. Three pushbuttons are used to set the clock, one each for
DOY, hours, and minutes. Pressing the button will advance that quantity at a I-Hz
rate. The DOY and time can be observed on a series of LED's which are enabled by a
switch. Reading the LED's is the same as described above. The LED's must be turned
off for normal clock operation as the battery is not of sufficient capacity to power the
LED's but for a short period of time. Whenever the system is not being used, the
battery clip should be removed.
8
JI!I
RESULTS
Beginning with the set of records from Longmont NE with ~f equal to zero, 53 events
were reduced to ~ and: (fig. 20) and where ~f was nonzero (fig. 21). The value of m was0 0
then determined to range from 0.85 to 2.33, but eliminating the extreme values, m
ranged from 0.98 to 1.96. A scatter plot of these values of m (fig. 22) produced an
average of 1.43, with a standard deviation of 0.25. A slight tendency toward a normal
distribution was evident. The swing on the frequency trace (fig. 21) was about 0.35 Hz,
which was different than that on the power and voltage traces (about 0.66 Hz). On the
power swing there was no evidence of influence from the frequency swing. Evidence of
influence would be in the form of a mix of the two swing frequencies; thus, the value of
n must have been nearly zero for this record. The value of ~for this record was 1.25,
which was reasonably close to the 1.43 average value determined previously. The 16
good records from this set evaluated for ~:averaged 1.37, with a standard deviation of
0.29. These values were very close to those determined from the previous set, further
strengthening the fact that n was nearly zero for this load; that is, this load is nearly
independent of the small frequency swings recorded (less than 0.1 percent of 0.06 Hz
peak ).
Reducing the set of records of 31 events from Longmont NW with ~f equal to zero
revealed a much broader range of m values. The value m was then determined to range
from 0.1 to 5.87; but eliminating the extreme values, m ranged from 0.17 to 3.45, with
an average of 1.50, and a standard deviation of 0.69.
On the set of records where ~f was not equal to zero, there was no discernible evidence
that the frequency swing affected the power swing. Taking ~ for these records
produced an average m value of 1.39 and a standard deviation of 0.44, which was very
close to the first set of records. This load also has negligible frequency dependency for
small swings in frequency.
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] "Dynamic Modelling of Loads in Stability Studies," PAS-88, No.5, Southern
California Edison, pp. 756-763, May 1969.
[2] Akhtar, M.Y., "Frequency-Dependent Power-System Static-Load Characteristics,"
Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 115, No.9, pp. 1307-1314, September 1968.
[3] Dandeno, P.L., "System Load Dynamics - Simulation Effects and Determination
of Load Constants," A talk prepared for presentation at the symposium "Adequacy
and Philosophy of Modeling: System Dynamic Performance," in connection with
IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, July 9-12,1972, San Francisco,
California, July 12, 1972.
[4] Akhtar, M.Y., "Frequency-Dependent Dynamic Representation of Induction-
Motor Loads," Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 115, No.6, pp. 802-812, June 1968.
10
DISTURBANCE START
~SENSOR START SENSE
CARD 14 STOP
f'::. V + Kf'::.PPlJI.YBACK OUTPUT
f'::.f BANANA JACKPo
YELLOW
9FRONT PANEL
BANl'INl'I JACK
VOLTAGE RED RECORD/
~DElJI. YPLAYBACK
CARD 13 CH. 1
f'::.VLINES
CARD 1
CARD 6
PHASE -------?
CURRENTS
A B C(7)
RECORD/»FREQUENCY ~I - PLAYBACK -i
- Z m
~CARDSCH. 2 r
» m11, 12 f'::.f z CARD2 x
-i -0
:u3:
"UJ>0 »
J>z n (7)
n<J) n
9z
::><0 » OJ m
J>cAJ r -i
G>n - 0 0 -I"TlI"Tl
n n\J"I ;><::
:uI
- -i
- REAL z RECORD/ »~~DElJI.
Y(7)
PLAYBACK"1)
I I I
POWER mLINES "
CH. 3CARD 10 f'::.P
c 0z CARD 3 m
Pon n
CARD 7 -i ;><::
A B C -0
PHASEz
?-------
VOLTAGES
REACTIVE RECORD/
POWER -@-PLAYBACK
CARDS CH. 48, 9 M CARD4
Qo
I-'I-'
Figure 1.-
Instrumentation system block diagram.
1.8KVI'Q
OJit)
CJG">fTI 2K
+
" PT CONNECT IONS
A N B
A
.....~
B
BANANA PLUGS
IA IB
CT CONNECT IONS
IC IA IB
C2 1/2 ELEMENTWESTINGHOUSE
ORESTERLINE ANGUS
POWER XDCR
B' C'TERM I NAL BLOCKVOLTAGE INPUTSC
CONNECT
MNANA PLUGSFOR WYE
5K
2 1/2 ELEMENTWESTINGHOUSE ORESTERLINE ANGUS
POWER XDCRUSED AS 2 ELEMENT
VAR TRANSDUCER
SEMTECHS3BR6
TO FREQUENCY TRANSDUCER
Figure 2. - Transducer unit block diagram.
VA
VD
N
WATTS
VARS
VOLTS
COM
FREQXDCRCOMFREQXDCR
TERMINALBLOCK
+15V 12
COM~~1
.1.+ 10fdI+ 10fLf-~~O T
PI
20K CW 1K 2K2.8:S GAIN:S 5.65
-5. 5V+5.5V
10K .02 V/ANN. 7.5KCCH 2 ONLY) .004 fLf
~1.3M 10K CWlOX .002fLf 28K
3.77-4.25 10K1.12Vp P2 RECORD
19 9.53K +4.14V21 fLf
Hj~~1BIAS 10K 66 +~5 4 22!0.54V LM~~=! 40% 566 CN
VCO
8 334.8K
10K OPTIMUM ~4.25vpi-' 10K~1/4 AD7510
16
-5. 5VPLAYBACK +15V +5. 5V
ZERO
4.02K~
.0 P4
PLAY!3i"ICKVOLTS INPUT
PREAMP 0 P3 +40% = 9.45 0.538OFFSET 26.1
fo = 6.75 KHz 0.0
2N2222 -40% = 4.05 0.530
+5. 5V18.86 0.540+40% =
RECORD fO = 13.47 KHz 0.0HEAD -5.5V
-40% = 8.08 0.530DRIVE 0 P2
ZERO 0 PI 2N3251 AUC. 0.535V
CARRIERADJ.
1/4 LM348
4.02K
Figure 3. - Record schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4).
150pf
453K
49911. 49.9K4.99K
1A 4.99K12
499JlB
.047 fL f
.01fLf Tn1/4 AD7510
453K 150pf 12
fo = 2340 H3
ijj-15 V
8
~P3
10K +5.5V
6.0015,,-uf
2100Jl 6 10K
7 2N22222K
1KlOfLf lOOK
49.9K 49.9K510ft
L-IV.0015fLf
+15
220pf1K
I-'~
.0033fLf
7.5K
fo = 2561 Hz~ = 0.4
+5.5V
P4
CW1K ZERO
ADJUST
4.53K
1K.047
85 104 LM2 565
PHASELOCK
3 LOOP-g
6
7
2K
.0047fLf\:T
1/4 AD7510
~ -5.5V
-15V 1
COM 2
+15 8
1
1°rT 12KAD7510
+15V
r ~::0
Figure 4. - Playback schematic for the signal conditioning unit (cards 1-4).
+15V
2K
1000 Hz 3 1c a
R 1K 4013
---75 D - 2Q
1YK3K
-lSV
1K5.1K
K 5.1K---7 10
-lSV 10Kfl-A747
10KP-3 BIAS
1K
..... fl- A747VI
W 10K10
---75.1K
5.1K+15V
2K
1000 HZ11 13
T 1K9
401312
---7
1YK3K
-15V
1K
8
3 69.8K 0.01
1K fl-f2 69.8K 69.8K fl-A74 7
5 Y
1K12
~0.1
fl-f
0.022 fl-f4
12
11K 37
10+15V
J.1
69.8K
10
1
15
69.8K
PISAD
10241K
1K12
Z 27SL
--7~+15V
L
J1Ofl-f
--7)
1-lSV
~~2 I:0 fl-f
COMCLOCKf 0 :::::i 1 KHz
Figure 5. - Analog delay schematic (cards 6 & 7).
f 0 = 72 HzS = 0.47G = 1.0
69.8KJ
0.1
fl-f lOOK
C,3+15
(.01 +
U1Ofl-f
~ E,5«
8 9 13
0.4 COM(
8.25K 20K
CWP-I 1 $ G $ 3.4
CH 1
7 1.5,uf 22
>~]
<
SHOWN IN RESET ON POSITION
AC OR DC ICOUPLING I 20M
III
CH 2 I P-2I9 I SAME 20
» I AS «I ABOVE
II
CH 3 I P-3
3I SAME 18
» I AS «I ABOVE
II
CH 4 I P-4
5
HSAME 16
» AS «ABOVE
OFFSWI
CH 1 0 PI
CH 2 0 P2
RECORD GAIN ADJ.CH 3 0 P3
CH 4 0 P4
Figure 6. - Reset/gain schematic (card 5).
16
.....-J
~115 VRMS ~-N/pu
A WIRE-DELTA
B TRANS.AND
C3~ BRIDGE
-V~18V/pu
TRANSFORMERRATIO 115/24
+15V
- 1+ 1
. -0+.0025S)2
-bV
Figure 7. - Voltage transducer block diagram.
+ 037.3)2
52+86. 8S+137. 32
1 SK ~ 3.0
+ K30S
1 + 30S
+bV
20 - 50V/pu
PI I:SG:S3.0+15 BAL.ANCE 10K 20K
O.lfLf 0.33fLfCW
CW 49.gK lOOK P210K
20
69.8K 69.8K1. 5fL f
~75K 75K +
+ +/::"V20 TO
20M 50 V/pu
24.9K ~O.lfLf
fO = 21.2 Hz fo = 21.85 Hz
~=1.0 ~=.32499K
1 137.292
C1 + .00755)2 52 + 86.835 + 137.292
+/::,.P 499K
~PoCQ
--lICW 19 1M
10K~2
+~I
.-17 /::,.pV 200K /::,.V + K
Po
BALANCE 0 PI
0 :S KpOWER:S O. 5
GAIN 0 P2
Figure 8. - Voltage transducer schematic (card 13).
9' lOOK lOOK
----<
8 ~O'1I'f 1M
~~50HZ FROM
ISCoLAT IONO.OlfLfTRJ',NS FORMER
24 VRf'ltS1M
lOOK
++
499K
54.9K
.....\0
20M+L.f
21FROM (FREQUENCYTRANSDUCER2V/Hz CW 1.5fLf
PI10K
20M
GAIN ADJUST
0 ~ G ~ 2V /H z
3051 + 305
.015
C1 + .015)2
TO TIMER INPUT
1(
L. f OUT PUT
Figure 9. - Frequency transducer signal conditioning schematic (card 12).
O.lfLf 17
t <f--
15
(
TO FREQUENCYTRANSDUCERINPUT
GAIN 0 PI
+5V1- 14 ,I,
2Q1
13 R1 '1'1K
3 12 16.2KTP1 '-J60 Hz INPUT 4 ~11
8 5 :::10
~6 9'
68 fL f
7Q1
8POLYCARBONATE
1K
TR22K
1\.:11K0 TP2 1K 10K 10K
PI200il
10K CW15K
10K 10K- -
10K
P3 50K
1KCW
10K
5V REGULATOR
100
10fL f
+15V
10fLf
10K+5V
+
4.99K
+5V
1 - 142
Q213
3 124 ~ 11
.....
5 ::: 106 97
Q28
P2
16.2K-r
R2
. 68 fL f4.02K
lOOK0.1 fLf
L
0.068fLf
~A2
:
II
TP4
3.32K O.O'l'/fLf
J1/4 POLYCARBONATE
7510
TP8
10K
Figure 10. - Frequency transducer schematic (card II).
+15V
+15V
10K 4.02K lOOK 10K
TP6
+5V +15V
10KTP5
TP7
~
21
>--~F
2V/Hz
ZERO
0 P2
0 PII
0 P3
GAIN TRIM 0 P4
-90MV = +1800 WATTS
1 -
*2 +
NOMINAL1.0
III 1L ESTERL INE AI\GUS
52.6 il WESTINGHOUSE
- LEADII\G VARS
90 ~ = 1800 VARS
1 100
3r-:Ii-' *2 +
106 Jl ESTERLINE ANGUS
51.5Jl WESTINGHOUSE
+PO
fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 27.8 Hz~ = .316
4 143.09252 + 90.4S + 143.09
RESET
Z
x 10ZX
- 11 + .0068S
- 11 + .0068S
143.092
52 + 90. 4S + 143. 09
RESET
Z +6Q
Qo
Po GAIN ADJUST
0.9 - 1.1
- 130S
x 10ZX . 2.5 ~10 V/pu
Figure 11. - Real and reactive power conditioning block diagram.
+ Po 9V/pu
- 1
1 + .00b8S
- 1
1 + .0068S
+Qo GAIN ADJUST
-130S
18V/pu
1:5 K:5 4.0
-K
+6P9 -- 36V/pu
+6pPo
10 -40V /pu
0.5:5 K:5 2.0
-K
+6P
4.5 ---+-18V/pu
.068fL f .068fL f
lOOK lOOK .1 fL f
lOOK 20K
221K 221K1500pf
~.al"f
Vi0.1,. fPOLY-
. CARBONL\TE 1.0 ~G~ 4.30-15 +15 RESET
1.5fLf lOOK SW1
4~
~~
90.9K
fa = 23.4 Hz
1K
20KP2
fa = 23.4 Hz fa = 22.8 HzS = 0.32
+
120M
20M
+PO
+ P
-15
P3
Z
10V -HOV/pU
x 10Z
X436A +D.P
Po
Figure 12. - Real power, /1PIPo' calculation schematic (card 10).
20K+15
10M 3.57K
20K CW10KPI
PI
2,P
~ GAIN
190
OFFSET 0 P3
RESET
SW1 <f)
PoGAIN 0 P2
(j)
I--.J POWER AND VAR BASE030> VS.:;) POT. DIAL SETTINGa..
u POWER VARS POT(j)(V/pU) ev/pu)~a..
c:... I0.0a:: 10 2.5
w 15 3.40?:
20 5.0 5.680a.. 25 7.24
30 7.5 8.3235 9.1240 10.0 9.73
20
40
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.010
POTENTIOMETER DIAL SETTING
Figure 13. - Real and reactive power gain dial setting calibration.
lK 20CK 4.99K 20K21
~lK
2N2222
150K
!!
301K
9)
1.74K
+ LEAD I f\X;
VARS lK 1500pf
O.I/LfMTPOL YCARBONA.TE- ~ I
-15 +15
~.....
OPEN- l-I/L+ E VAR XDCRCLOSED - 2-1/2 E VAR XDCR
150K
150K
75K 150K
37.5K
10K
150K4
~
10K 10K
35.7K -IQ+6QI
+15V
PROVIDES A NA.RROW PULSE ABOUT EVERY 5 SECONDSWHEN PIN 9 IS POSITIVE. A POSITIVE ON PIN 9REPRESENTS LEADIf\X;(CAP) VARS.
Figure 14. - Reactive power gain, absolute value, and flag pulse circuit (card 9).
fo = 23.4 Hz fo = 23.4 Hz fo = 22.8 Hz~=0.32 21
.068,I-L f .068,I-L f
~lOOKlOOK .1,I-L f
4 lOOK~lOOK 22lK 22lK
l82K 49.9K49.9K
-1520K
+15
P3
10M
3.57K
20KCW
10K200K
PI
. 40. 7K
50KP2
cw1.5flf lOOK
RESET0.5~ G~ 2.15
SWINI~
20M
20MZ
x 10ZX436A
r19
PI6PffiGAIN~
2.5V -lOV/pU
+QO+6QQo
OFFSET 0 P3
RESET
SWI ~Po
GAIN 0 P2
Figure 15. - Reactive power, t!.Q/Qo. calculation schematic (card 8).
+15V +15pu
81M
DIP PKG
6--<PI
MINENECRAFTWI07 DIP-5
+15 CW 2 155 4 14 3 5
+30 10K1 50.4K
~4518B 10 0 . 58 fl- f 10K
0\
L
150K 4047A 2 .;- 80 14~5 10 1 11
200K13
+15V 7 8 9 12 7 15 8 9 1
FROM FREQ XDCR
PIN 21 2V/Hz
1 .6f
0.058}-lf BLK
2M ::>4117 2K
8.25K
>:( RES I STOR SELECTED TO PROVI CE THE S,llMEPICKUP SENSITIVITY FOR BOTH RECORDERS580 it AND lK it
~> SWI l10 f 10 f 402 K
+IHI+.21
~P
2.6 V+K.6p
!0> o. 2 14r- -- II I
MINENECRAFT I I IWI07 DIP-lL- - - J
5 8
f"OMENTARY CLOSETO START RECORDER
22
<~
FROM VOLTAGE CARD
PIN 2
<tIS 1:t~16J13
+15
2 8,-- -IIIIL
18
~If"OMENTARY CLOSE
:
TO STOP RECORDER
6-14L~19
lK
YEL GR OR BL
CONNECTIONS LABELED WITHLETTERS GO TO CLOCK CARD5 ~ TIME < 85 SEC
Figure 16. - Disturbance sensor and record start/stop circuit (card 14).
EVENTRECORD 0 PITIME .6 V
SWIcp
.6f
25
20
Nj
-.J
15
1
5
0
.001
(5.11) 105(1 + 25)(1 + 0.1365)
GAIN
.01
DISTURBANCE SENSOR
JUNE 1978
POT MINIM...M
.1FREQUENCY (H3)
1.0 10 100
Figure 17. - Response curve of frequency disturbance sensor.
16 16 16 1 21
OSC 13 14 + 6 6 10 + 10 14 14 + 6 6 1 + 104047 4018 1/2 4518 4018 15 7
1/2 4518
5 7 8 9 12 2 3789101215 15 8 9 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 6
~+
~START/STOP
+ ++ + + +
22
-«DISPLAY ON/OFF
~00 +15V
10+8V
1 9VN~: BATTERY
r
/~5
»10K
[>IVV\.
~
12~
OR
+
2M
lOOK
I-UJIf)
I-UJIf)
~I~20t
Figure 18. - DOY and time schematic - 1 of 2 (card A).
gl~ ~
1P-
21
T
15
T
11 COM<f---- +
2MlOOK
2~63
BL GR
lOOK
LI'
YEL
20K
2M
+
13 1
T TO CARDTPIN B PIN
13 1
T
19
~15
10K 210K 2M
11 1/4 3 +
3 4071+
~..J\0 w
>-+
0 0 ..J 0 ..J 0W ::> a::: w ::> a::: a::: w w ::> a::: w w ::> a:::a::: CL l!) a::: CL l!) l!) >- a::: CL l!) >- a::: CL l!)
1 15 14 13 4 5 6 7 1 15 14 13 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7
3 8 BIT SHIFT 11 3 8 BIT SHIFT 11 8 BIT SH I FT4021 4021 4021
9 10 9 10 10 9 16 8 11
COM11
~>-~>-
1091/44071
10
++
22~
169
..:. 101/2 4518
15
14 13 12 1011
8 2.;. 10
7 1/2 45186 5 4 3
8 9 16 15.;. 3
1/2 4518 1012 11
7 2.;. 10
1/2 4518
6 5 4 3U">(V)
NU">Z.....
-V /v
15 16.;. 6
91/2 4518 10lr12 11
/
8 1 2.;. 10
7 1/2 4518
6 5 4 3
1/44081
5
2M
4
2M T13
f 171
+ +
Figure 19. - DOY and time schematic - 2 of 2 (card B).
2M
+
II
+
2M+
II,I"
,
I> I; I..
1'1 IL,I ".
.;:
[1 "1\ lJ!i,T ;i.
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lliJllij;i j
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TT
il;l.1: I: fI'
'~F"'-;"~~,:
";unil'!!
.;';i;,HI\: ,i"!;
:;,'1" ri""lili'j!!1HIj{'fi ,qipi!#ffi
... 11
Ii, I; 1:;li<:+
" :.: ,.
..
"rj
!'~ll: .,. I'
,; l
1;lii"ll:I I!\.". 'HI\;W"
!II, ;::Hliwl;;IH~i 11111;I11Ii...
i'lIlI, IJj;:411Ifer
ItIJi!1!j;
..
14 ... ,{ 'hU4; .. h;1I:
Figure 20. - Sample of data for ~VIVo and /1PIPo for ~f = o.
I
III"'
30
~.!: ,..
I
H .. 1..
HI ..t .
.
L ..
-"
- ~.~ tr§:. ..,ie:
" ~i .~,:£:,' ,.
, ,. §~c: 1.::c
H
"'"." ~:i.:f.: ::J[:.3'
",
;' ,:fi5fF~"" .
. \11,;: r. 1.'..:" 'M~4~,.. l'I
'11n:1n*~: :,rjfflf1 L'iljl~......
~f$Hii;~~it':rf!lfrit 1~; Co, ..."
.~~ ::lS'BtE 1,.
.. ,.rr: §i:: ,.~.I Hi" ..fib'
Ii 1'l~:L ..,..
,.' ..; ;]1":=1 I
... ,¥l: ~...", ".. .n;"; j> :'.:; :
1m '".m:F. i:j~j;jF '
,... I;
~,..,:;:' Iii
11i'I
:OHI;;;'"'11
I:C-:Iill
: ':. ji , , m:1'jj
.i'ii" '-i~, ..II .~ 5l:1
I': JP'[I::: :;:.
..'
I'i
.. "i:
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"1: --+.
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;.
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~~.+--: TI:H; ;t7~_~; .-+i;
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~:~~~~~i; ...:~ ~t!1'I .': ;::J.UPJ,1;
:H
'""'Hum';., ,Ur;,:c.'fii:T;c1;~ 1
H1:l!f.ms1i"" hi.:@: [:~ ;iJ::L,j;:tl:.ttt ..
F->'1
115;: ":.t:::\,,i:
;]til'lli':::jjUll:EI Ii 1
1m:' -. ~. ':rrttii', ,.;h:J ,..iJ1';
. -. "..lU;:t'ltkii: ,.:kl'
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I-+-t-
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i'i:: c::;'",u
tiili ...:: "
"4l.:: 1.:.:':,.., H': ':i '.:e: E'i:"H ,:" ..
i1' '!-8, ,.mtF;; :::,~ : 'T:I,L:,~~; ! ."", :::' !:E~ ;
.If '1': T~ :'::'11.1: i ";.cj2..
j"... :,i' ;:~ "c;..;;; .
1-7:~j:
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in--: 1:::: 1:< .. . ti~.~ ..,,.
!:RhJ'i 1¥:7' li{"i.jji+tc!f,:':.. ,. ,.., ,..Ii:'::'"
}:!t~: ;;
:ldW .., I: i+;TdjlLi r ';:f1::: [I::""
.--.
. f1,
. t~. . t
.. ,
if : 11'118 HIIt:' itl:,,,:,.:
i ::.
':1'
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BRUSH AC
llliHillll ,...2:'fW
~}I e:j~fi:: "i]jc'Lifiil!
,'''''It:e,:.'tiIT':'fiF't'~EI\'I" i,jtt; imt:i;; tWo,I;' "..
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;:Titn'i.
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.
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'!j'm'
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F,:
:;4" 'fhti.::1" ': Ii".
tit;
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t!:fi
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~":"1"1,21
"I 'rl ,'IT-tqJJilri.Jir.::.:. , ~ ; t',:.. ;:1 i, '.dti
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Ii ~-'t"~., ..
El F."~tj .. :l' iiti:
. '.-+, qm
..++ ~d l,...
~: un ~Bfl1il;;;.ri~~: !1!; qg~-:il~~:: :1
... .. H' ,r
+
..H.
,+ ,+j ~: : Jli
'",li;.:'dW;J;iif A#i"U;i
+
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,. ,,, +. t:::~~,
"
~ + .. .. 'Ii, '..H ..
Xx x x
xxx x x Xx xx x X
1.2 1.4 1.6
I. S = 0.25~14
S= 0.25 JX = 1. 43
1.0 1.8 2.0
Figure 22. - Distribution of the values obtained for m.
:12
Mission of the Bureau of Reclamation
The Bureau of Reclamation of the U.S. Deparrment of the Interior is rewonsible for the development and conservation of the Nation's water resources in the Western United States.
The Bureau's original purpose "to provide for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the West" today covers a wide range of interre- lated functions. These include providing municipaland industrial water supplies; hydroelectric power generation; higat ion water for agricul- ture; water quality improvement; flood control; river navigation; river regulation and control; fish and wildlife enhancement; outdoor recrea- tion; and research on water-related design, construction, materials, atmospheric management, and wind and solar power.
Bureau programs most frequently are the result of close cooperation with the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, States, local govern- ments, academic institutions, water-user organizations, and other concerned groups.
A free pamphlet is available from the Bureau entitled "Publications for Sale." It describes some of the technical publications currently available, their cost, and how to order them. The pamphlet can be obtained upon request from the Bureau of Reclamation. Attn 0-922, P 0 Box 25007, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225-0007.