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Dukić, The Turks picture in Croatian literary culture until18th Century

I. regionality

The adjective " Croatian" in the title of this essay is in a sense an anachronis , !ecause theCroatian nation is only in the course of the second half 1th Century !uilt , and only at that

tie is the narrative a!out the #istory of the Croats constructed $hich of iigration to the

%driatic &ea , a!out the " glorious " tie of the edieval state and the " &ad story " of

political fragentation in the early odern period to conteporary national " re!irth " is

sufficient . In the 18th century is the area of today's Croatian state !y the !orders of the forer

(uropean and %sian great po$ers carved up ) %t this tie there are Istria and Dalatia in the

(astern %driatic part of the *enetian +epu!lic up to its deise in 1-- / Du!rovnik is a

relatively since the 10th century autonoous, tri!utary political unit $ithin the ttoan

(pire/ &lavonia has !een the #a!s!urg recon2uest at the end of 1-th century and after a!out

1-3 years of ttoan rule in the #a!s!urg 4onarchy incorporated , $here the so5called

6anal Croatia iethat part of the Croatian half des7ngarisch 5 Croatian onarchy , that of $as not con2uered

the ttoans is since 19-th.

The dialects as $ell as the literary language and literary cultures of the &lav :opulation in this

area have different and relatively autonoous developed , so that one of the later ethnocentric

standpoint this literary situation as referred to regionalis . In the early odern period , d .

# . in the 18th century , one can distinguish four Croat regional literatures )

1. The ost developed Du!rovnik literature in the literary ;tokavski <anguage, $ith

respecta!le +enaissance and 6aro2ue poets eg D=ore Dr=ic' , &isko 4encetic' , 4avro

*etranovic' , >ikola >aljeskovic' , 4arin Dr=ic' , Dinko +anjina , Doinko ?lataric' , Ivan

6unic' , Ivan @undulic' , Aunije :alotic' located in alost all the ajor genres of the tie

religious and <ove poetry , *ersepisteln , &hepherd Draa , coedy, tragedy , *ersepik ,

tragicoedy

2. The Dalatian literature in the 10th century originally caka$ischen in literary language

$ritten 4arko 4arulic' , :etar ?oranic' , #ani!al <ucic' , :etar #ektorovic' , 6arne

Barnarutic' and during the early 4odern gradually under the influence of superior

Du!rovnik literature stoka$isiert 6artul Basic' , %andrija *italjic' , Ivan Dra=ic' , :etar

Banavelic ' Aeroli Bavanjin . %fter a golden age of literary production in the +enaissance

Dalatian literature is increasingly provinciali=ed and in the 18th century ainly !y the

literary activity of ranciscan %ndrija Bacic' 4iosic' , ilip @ra!ovac characteri=ed.

3. The eisting since the last third of the 10th century kajka$ische <iterature fro the

north$estern part of today's Croatia , $here the kajka$ische Dialect is spoken . Thekajka$ische literature is to <ate 18th century arked ainly !y religious thees eg Auraj

#a!delic' , Auraj 4ulih , & tefan ?agre!ec , #ilarion @asparoti . Thereafter, ho$ever, until

her deise in the id5 1th century it is ainly through translations of coedies and novels

fro the @eran literature as it $ere oderni=ed .

4. The &lavonian literature in stoka$ischen language that only in theselves Developed 18th

century !y the #a!s!urg recon2uest , initially in the first half of the century in a religious and

didactic Direction , !ut then also in the direction of a secular and popular literature eg . 6.

4atija %ntun +elkovic' , %da Tadija 6lagojevic' , Aoso Brpotic' , 4atija :etar Batancic' .

Despite the naturally occurring contacts !et$een the a!ove5entioned4ust <iteratures of the

regional character of the Croatian early odern $ill al$ays keep literary culture in ind .



%lso the act that the entire production of the then Croatian $riter a very iportant <atin and

less significant Italian , @eran and has #ungarian coponent , ust not !e disregarded.

II . The presence of Turks in Croatian literature of the 18th Century

6asically, the Turks picture is the ost a!undant of tourist iage Croatian literary culture

throughout the early odern period, naely ainly in the function of the iage of the eney.

In the 18th century can !e #o$ever, notice that the interest in the topic Turks copared to the

t$o previous centuries has fallen. :ossi!le reasons ay !e the decline of ttoan po$er after

the second siege of *ienna in 108E and a relatively long period of peace in the Croatian

countries in 18th century ention a!out 1-1851-88. The follo$ing ta!le, classified !y

regions and genres, $hich includes %uthors of the ost iportant Croatian 18th Century %rt,

$here Turks play a central role, and !eyond t$o $orks that a Take special position) &o the

first and only Croatian journal note!ook are in the 18th century The trip to Aerusale fro

1-9 !y A. :letikosa, as $ell as the only preserved draatic tet $ith the Turks &cene led

Audith victri #olofernis.

&pecifically, it involves the follo$ing $orks )

str. 119F11E.

&oe coents ust !e added to the ta!ular representation , !ecause they relativi=e the

inforation taken fro it )

5 The proposed genre terinology sees not so strict and precise to !e. 7nder the nae

of " chap!ooks " are such . 6.Gerke that $ere $ritten for the siple , uneducated

audience , !ut at the sae different content, style and genre5specific features have.

(aples are a iture of verse and prose in Bacic' and @ra!ovac , secular and

religious thees in @ra!ovac , or eleents of a relatively neutral ethnographic F

cultural and historical representation $ith :olitico propagandistic , josephinistischen

ideas at the 6lagojevic'.>ach Criterion of the epected audience are the $orks under

the heading " historiography " as chap!ooks , ho$ever, have a chronological &tructure.

5 The regional !oundaries are a!iguous . %ntun Ivanosic' eaple a &lavonian $riter ,

that is, he $rites in the &lavonian <anguage , his occasional poes , ho$ever, in

?agre! , so in 6anal5 Croatia , printed and $ritten for the local audience . %ndrija

Bacic' 4iosic' is a Dalatian ranciscans sein Gerk +a=govor ugodni !ut read very

fast in all Croatian countries and soeties even iitated see the $ork of (erik

:avic' in the overvie$.

ro the overvie$ of the ost iportant Croatian tets of the 18th century , in $hich Turks

also play a role , can !e the follo$ing conclusions dra$)

5 The ost iportant genre is the popular *ersepik , ho$ever, is the Turks topic in draa only

in a &lavonian poss 5like !uffoon gae as Intere==o a !i!lical draa $as perfored in 1--3

, a presence .

5 The eisttheatisierte political event is the $ar of the #a!s!urgs 4onarchy and +ussia

against the Turks 1-8851-9 .

5 The nu!er of $orks in $hich Turks play a central role , is relatively lo$. >onetheless,

canonical and $idely read $orks of Croatian literature of the 18th century aong the , = . 6.

%ndrija Bacic' 4iosic' or 4atija %ntun +elkovic' .



5 The Du!rovnik literature is particularly poorly represented and its scope and influence !y

less iportant / all the $orks are in their Tie reained unpu!lished . The &lavonian

literature corresponding to relatively rich in $orks that involve the Turks topic , !ut even

these The stateent should !e put into perspective ) It is, in fact $orks for the siple

audience $ere $ritten in a relatively short tie have eerged and usually !roach only one

political event , naely the $ar 1-8851-95 The entire literary corpus of Croatian literature in the 18th century , $hich includes the

Turks topic , is one of the lo$er aesthetic +egisters , in contrast to the previous century, $hen

the Turks topic in the very a!itious epic $orks !y Ivan @undulic' san , until the 1th

century . :u!lished , :etar ?rinski sigecka !sida , *enice 1000 and jaketa :alotic'

Dionoric' Du!rovnik ponovljen , until 1C . :u!lished is treated

5 % ajority of Croatian authors, $ho in the 18th century over Turks have $ritten , is part of

the Catholic clergy . The laity are ) Griter, historian and pu!lisher :. Bnight *ite=ovic' ,

la$yer &plit A. Bavanjin , Giener official %T 6lagojevic' and &lavonian !order officer 4. %.

+elkovic' .

III . Who are the Turks in Croatian literature of the 18th Century ?

The ter "Turk" has in the Croatian literature of the 18th century t$o eanings )

1 &oldier of the ttoan ary . In this eaning, the $ord coes into epics a!out the $ars

against the ttoans !efore .

9 The 4usli &lav 5speaking neigh!ors iosanischen 6osnia and #er=egovina . This

regionali=ed , restricted eaning the ter "Turk" in the ajor canonical $orks of the forer

Croatian literature %. Bacic' 4iosic' , 4% +elkovic' , . @ra!ovac used .

6asically, the interest is for the Turks in the Croatian literary Culture of the 18th century in a

sense !ecoe provincial. The interest applies only to the great conteporary $ar events, the

peranent Christian54usli !order skirishes and in a very liited &cope and $ith an

already stereotyped content of history Turks and the ttoan (pire. In this period, there is

siply no Gorks, neither in Croatian nor in the <atin language, the interest for the ttoan

culture per se or for the heartland of the ttoan &ho$ epire, as in the t$o preceding

centuries, for eaple, at <udovik Crijevic' Tu!eron Coentarii de tepori!us suis,

rankfurt 103E/ De Turcaru origine, ori!us et re!us coentarius, iren=e 1E, 6artol

Hurević <i!ellus vere Christiana lectione dignus Diversas res Turcharu !revi tradens,

+oe 19, eliks :etancic' De itineri!us in Turcia, *ienna 199, Ivan @undulic' and

jaketa :alotic' Dionoric' $as the case.

% reader of the Croatian literature in the 18th century can !est !e in infor the Chronicle of :avao +itter *ite=ovic' over the Turks. #is $ork $as printed already in 100 in ?agre!, then

as $ell as t$ice ore in +eprinted fro the 18th century and !y other authors $ith

inforation the latest story adds. %lthough in *ite=ovic's $ork ttoan #istory occupies a

lot of space after 1E33, there are ostly notes a!out change of rulers and soeties very

etensive descriptions auchu the ttoan5Christian $ars, $hich in principle as a

su!stantive conditional genre eature ust !e interpreted. In the t$o additions Gork in the

18th century you can still find less inforation !ecause the Teresian $ars or the Central and

Gestern (uropean political events Turks have the thee even further displaced. The $ork

Bora!ljica pisa &vetoga of %ndrija Bacic' 4iosic' is a recent eaple of the sae @enus,

!ut its structure is ore conservative and its contents less etensiveBacic' repeated and often

paraphrased thees fro his ain $ork +a=govor ugodni. &oething interesting is therepresentation of the Turks is in



Chap!ook of ilip @ra!ovac, in $hich soe are chronical passages #o$ever, the $ork of

@ra!ovac is a sad eaple of an intolerant 4entality "Triple Confiniu" 5 to the eney

cap include all >on5Catholics, $oen and, according to the principle of local aniosity,

even soe Catholics fro their o$n hoe. The ttoan culture itself for @ra!ovac no

independent thee) % stereotypical poleical stateent the 4usli religion and an e2ually

stereotypical history ttoan con2uests in (urope are "turkologischen" the ain eleents of Contents of his $ork. The really " signified " are the 4usli neigh!ors . @ra!ovac provides

the !est solution for the proselytis the " intolera!le " coeistence.

IV . Stereotypes about Turks

%n analysis of the literary representation of a collective entity a :eople, nation Is the ain

task of the literary iagology. The Interpretation of the results of such an analysis is alost

inevita!ly a narrativisierte +e F construction typical iages F ideas, in the synchronous and

diachronic aspects, internal differences $ithin a single literature, genre5related, content andfunctional characteristics undJglichst coparisons are taken into account $ith other

relevant individual literatures sollten. In the Croatian early odern iaginaries or in availa!le

Tet aterial, soe stereotypes a!out Turks have developed, the ediu5 to other &outheast

(uropean and early odern Christian Cultures are characteristic. Turks F ttoans are

priarily as a con2ueror, aith eneies and perpetrators of violence sho$n. These three

negative reason Ideas are often linked narratively) % description of the ttoan Con2uest of

the Christian state is often like a catalog of acts of violence constructed, $ith a sy!olic

se2uence, the lighter of the " secular "violence to the ore severe cries against the Christian

<eads faith)

)opis paljenja i uništavanja) aruli!" olit#a suproti#a Turko$

&uch eaples are for the first period of the Christian5 ttoan conflicts in the 1th and 10th

centuries, characteristic , especially for the <atin anti5Turkish speeches and epistles or for the

Croatian political ccasional poetry 4. 4arulic' , 4. *etranovic' and soe anonyous

%uthors . In later centuries , as the golden age of the ttoan Con2uests is long gone , this

cople of ideas reains logically as a coponent of the ideological , identity foring "

culture of ree!rance and politics of eory " , especially for the popular historiography

characteristic.

The three concepts entioned can !ut under a specific also assue positive connotations

coparative vie$point. The ttoan con2uests =. 6. ight as achieveents of a strong, $ell5organi=ed state and a conteporary (uropean ilitary forces superior ary !e interpreted.

The Christian "frKhturkologischen" Griters $ho is interested in the ttoan culture itself

$ho often have the organi=ation of the Turkish ary courage, ilitancy and asceticis of the

Turkish soldiers as $ell as the hierarchical and praised a 7ntertLnigkeitsgeist e!ossed

structure of the ttoan state =. 6. <udovik Crijevic' Tu!eron and 6artol Hurevic'. The

other, positive evaluative side of faith eney stereotype is the idea of the @od5fearing

4uslis $ho can serve as a odel for the Christians even $ith <. Crijevic' Tu!eron and 6.

Hurević. inally, can the perpetrator stereotype easily convert the hero stereotype) Mou just

have a christlichpa=ifistische +eplace adjustent !y a seculari=ed and ilitary.

T$o good canonical eaples fro the Croatian early odern literary Culture 4arko

4arulic' for the first and %ndrija Bacic' 4iosic' for the second stereotype. The Turks aretherefore not at %ndrija Bacic' 4iosic' just as faith eney attackers, !ut also as !rave, highly



courageous soldiers sho$n. 6ehind a valued positively such +epresentation is the patriarchal

value syste of !order guards at the Dalatian ttoan5*enetian !order, after the

unnecessary Duels egdani as a sport and the predatory raids on the other state territory as

soething noral, everyday, even during the official peace period $ere considered. The last

poe in. Bacic's 6ook +a=govor ugodni $as even dedicated eclusively to 6osnian hero,

aong $hich include the 4usli !order guards. Mour &lavic rigin and language, or their conversion to Isla $as ephasi=ed.

In the Croatian literary culture of the 18th century $e find again a relatively unifor, !ut

copared to the 1th and 10th centuries su!stantially altered cople of ideas a!out Turks.

This notion change can !e eplained !y the change in the political situation. (ven the

conteporary Croatian $riters consider the unsuccessful second Turkish siege of *ienna in

108E and the su!se2uent <eopoldinische +econ2uest of southern #ungary as a turning point

of the ttoan :o$er in (urope =. 6. @ra!ovac and Bacic'. The old, previously only

sporadically epressed hope for an early deise of the ttoan po$er, ie for eaple, on the

epulsion of the Turks fro (urope after the !attle of <epanto in 1-1 and after the Aanissary

re!ellion in 1099, is to since 108E an anti5Turkish stereotype =. 6. in A. Brpotic'. &aid

soe$hat siplified, has the Christian sense of inferiority into a feeling of superiority turnedagainst the Turks. In the literature on the Turkish $ar 1-885 1-9 reaches its clia this. In

the forer partly for propaganda intoned, poetic $orks that the +ussian and #a!s!urg Depict

victories over the ttoan ary, one often finds the otif of :ity for the defeated Turks,

especially $ith the affected civilian population A. Brpotic', 6. 6osnjak, A. 4alevac. eric'.

%lthough the said otif in the older Croatian literature, in the defeats of Turks can !e sho$n,

see, it is only $ith its fre2uency in late 18th century to a stereotype. This can !e eplained in

three $ays)

firstly as a reflection the real political situation and perhaps of conteporary artial la$N,

secondly, as an epression of the ne$ sensi!ility and

thirdly, as a strategy of indirect &el!stlo!s. In each

6ut the case is this stereotype a "shock a!sor!er" for the !lack and $hite aiology. The sae

is true for the figure of the "old $ays") % $ise, elderly Turk advises his younger fello$s in

vain to avoid the fight $ith Christians. These stereotypical figure also appears in several early

odern Croatian $orks in $hich Turkish defeats or crises of the ttoan Gere discussed

(pire %. Bacic' 4iosic', %. Ivanosic'.

The ne$ characteristic of the 18th century sense of superiority against the Turks has a

negative judgental and only later , in 1th century doinant stereotype of Turkish cultural

inferiority concreti=ed . %n early eaple of this stereotype can !e found in 4atija %ntun

+elkovic's canonical $ork &atir iliti divji Covik . This &lavonian Griter and during the &even

Mears' Gar !et$een %ustria :russia 1-0 5 1-0E $as arrested in rankfurt an der der and

$ith the @eran (nlightenent achieveents in education , agriculture and #ousekeepinghas failiari=ed critici=ed in his $ork , as spokesan for the theresianisch 5 Aoseph's

oderni=ation , the forer &lavonian society .

(verything he perceives as conservative, priitive and econoically daaging, he referred to

the etaphorical epression "Turske skule" literally "Turkish schools"/ actually, "Turkish

custos", $hich the +eains of the ttoan everyday culture in &lavonia and the forer

6osnian 4usli culture are eant. The sae stereotype can also !e found in the epic $orks

of A. Brpotic', Batarine II i put u Criea and Aose II :jesa voevoda austrijanski i

rosijanski. In this essay only the ain stereotypes a!out Turks $ere short descri!ed. or

copleteness, one can add that in the Croatian literary culture of the 18th century a fe$ ore

stereotypes ind over Turks. irst, you should use the cople of ideas ention a!out"Turkish hedonis" $hich in itself otives concreti=ed as polygay and enjoyent of eating,



drinking and seual intercourse A. Bavanjin, . @ra!ovac, %. Bacic' 4iosic', Audith victri

#olofernis, A. Brpotic'. Ouite often, in the 18th century, the old stereotype of the "Turks as

a fraud" used . @ra!ovac, %. Bcic' 4iosic', A. :letikosa, (. :avic', A. Brpotic', 6. 6osnjak

*. conclusion

The Turks picture in Croatian literature of the 18th century can !e descri!ed as a phase in the

history of the Turks iage, fro 1th to 1th century enough to understand . Its ain features

are)

1 in the anchoring popular , soeties populist and propagandistic literature /

9 restriction of interest to the 4usli neigh!oring area 6osnia /

E the feeling of superiority , caused !y the conteporary political events and epectations .

%ll three features referred to also live in 1th century on. %re the old , doinant ,

stereotypical iage of the eney !ut then also an alternative , positive iage of odern

Turkey refor policy !y 4ahud II . in the political ne$spaper Ilirske >arodne novine and the positive ideas a!out the 6osnian 4uslis of %nte &tarc(vic' and his follo$ers faced .

The only $ay I kno$ trace the odern confessional and ethnic Tolerance of the Turks in the

Croatian culture of the 18th century located in $ritten in Italian, poleical, ethnographic

actory sserva=ioni sopra diversi pe==i del *iaggio in Dala=ia del &ignor %!ate %l!erto

ortis, coll'aggiunta della vita di &ocivi=ca *enice 1--0 !y Ivan <ovric'. In descri!ing the

conteporary social situation in his hoe lifts started out that $e ust eliinate the greed of

officials fro etinction !y !andits #aiduks first, and the cra=y !elief that you $ere $ith the

assacre of Turks a plenary indulgence ac2uisitions as if the Turks predators and not

ordinary people $ould) "4a :ria di estirparli Pthe #aiduks, DDQ converre!e, che finissero i

delitti, che si l'cangiasse avari=ia de '4inistri, e che cessasse la pa==a creden=a di ac2uistar 2uasi una Indulgen=a plenaria assacrando i Turchi, coe se fossero

!estie nauseanti, e non uoini, coe noi. "13

Ivan <ovric' $as !orn in the Dalatian hinterland in &inj, studied 4edicine in :adua and

died as a t$enty5three. #is resue and in particular the early death of a true enlightener are

availa!le for this topic ore as sy!olically.

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