Due January 15

❑Draw and label the stages of Meiosis - make this really nice; something you would want to put on display. There is no lab report due.

❑Take the 10.2 Section Quiz (you may use your notes- not your book)❑ Study and take the chapter 10 test ❑Read section 11.1 take notes and answer the following:

Define:Trait - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Heredity - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Genetics - ____________________________________________________________True-breeding plant - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________cross-pollination - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Gene - ________________________________________________________________Alleles - _______________________________________________________________Dominant allele - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________recessive allele - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Phenotype - ___________________________________________________________Genotype - ____________________________________________________________Answer: 1. Who is the “father of genetics”?______________________________________2. What did he use for his experiments? _________________________________3. What trait did he use in his experiments? ______________________________4. What did he cross first - what two colors? _____________________________ what

color was the first generation of flowers? ______________________________

5. What color showed up in the second generation of flowers? _______________6. What did Mendel prove with his experiment? (page 218 second paragraph)

_________________________________________________________________7. Copy the words down at the bottom of page 218.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. In working with genetics what type of letter do you use for the dominant alleles? __________________________________ and for the recessive? _______________

❑Read section 11.2 and answer the following: DefinePunnet square - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Probability - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer:1. Read the Basic Laws of how traits are passed again. 2. Draw and label figure 11.9

3. Copy the Punnet square (figure 11.10)

4. Probability can be expressed as a fraction or a percent - you need to know how to calculate both. Convert these fractions to percents: 2/5; 1/4; 2/10; 1/2. Convert these percents to fractions 75%, 30%, 25%, 60%

❑Print and read the lab. Be prepared for the lab in class. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/pdf/DragonGenetics2Protocol.pdf

Due January 22

❑Complete your lab report. Look over your notes from class - complete your notebook❑Complete the quiz for chapter 11.1. ❑Complete the quiz for 11.2. ❑Read section 11.3, take notes and answer the following:❑Define: Incomplete dominance - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Co-dominance - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Polygenic traits - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer:1. A male has ______ and ______ chromosome in his cells; a female has _____

chromosomes in her cells.2. During meiosis the sex chromosome pairs separate. Females always produce eggs

with a ______ egg, while males produce sperms with either ____ or ______.3. Explain incomplete dominance in regard with the flowers. Notice how different letters

are used. 4. Explain co dominance.

❑Complete the chapter assessment on pages 233 - 235 (omit the math and writing skills)

❑ Print and read the lab. Review graphing if needed.

Genetics:Phenylthiocarbamide says WHAT? A Genetics Lab That Applies to You!A student discovery lab into an invisible, TASTE ABLE trait passed from generation to generationA Genetics Lab That Applies To You!Have you ever wondered why your hair is so straight? How you got your cute freckles or your beautiful brown eyes? You get those traits from your parents! But did you know that some traits CAN’T be seen? In this lab, you’ll determine if you have a trait that can be TASTED! Then, trace it through your family to determine if your parents have the same trait you do.Objective: To determine if you are a Taster or Non-Taster and then apply that information to predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes for your parents.Hypothesis: Hypothesize as to whether you think you will be a Taster or a Non-Taster. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Here’s What You’ll Need to Conduct This Experiment:One Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) paper test stripBackground:Phenylthiocarbamide is a chemical that is used to test for a genetic trait. PTC paper determines if someone is a Taster (can taste PTC) or a Non-taster (cannot taste PTC). The trait for tasting and not tasting is passed in the DNA from parent to child.What You Do:1. Remove food items from your mouth2. Place the piece of PTC testing paper on your tongue and close your mouth.

3. Describe what the paper tastes like: _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________4. Based on your results from #3, are you a Taster or a Non-taster?_______________________Data and Observations:1. How many students in the class tasted PTC? ____________________2. How many students in the class could not taste PTC? _________________

3. On a sheet of graph paper: create a bar graph of the class results for the PTC test.a. Create a title for your graphb. On the x-axis you will put the two categories: Tasters & Non-tasters.c. On the y-axis you will put the number of students.d. Make sure that your scale spans the length of the graph so you use as much of it as possible.

The Results: What Happened?4. Based on the graph above, do you think that PTC tasting is dominant or recessive for your class? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. To complete a Punnett square for PTC tasting, what letters should we use to represent Tasters and Non-tasters?a. Taster:_______b. Non-taster:_______6. Complete a Punnett square for a cross between two parents who are both heterozygous for tasting PTC.What is the genotype for Parent #1? _______ What is the genotype for Parent #2? _______Answer the following questions using the results from the Punnett square above7. What are the possible genotypes for their children? ____________________________________________________________

8. What is the ratio of genotypes for their children? ____________________________________________________________9. What are the possible phenotypes for their children? ____________________________________________________________10.What is the ratio of phenotypes for their children? ____________________________________________________________11.What is YOUR phenotype? ____________________________________________________________

12. What is YOUR genotype? (Note: If you are a taster, you cannot determine your exact genotype so you must use “T �” to indicate that the second allele is unknown.) ____________________________________________________________13. Given your genotype from #12, what genotypes are possible for your parents? List all combinations. Ex: TT x tt ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________14. Given the genotypes in #13, what phenotypes are possible for your parents? List all combinations. Ex: Taster x Taster ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. If you are a Taster, do both of your parents have to be Tasters? Explain using the answers you provided in questions 13 and 14. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16. If you are a Non-taster, is it possible that both of your parents could be Tasters? Explain using the answers you provided in questions 13 and 14. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17. Partner up with a student in the classroom. Pretend that you have offspring with your partner and complete the following using your genotype given in #12 above:

List all of your possible crosses Ex: Tt (you) x Tt (partner) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18. List all of the possible phenotypes of your OFFSPRING given the crosses from #17 above. Draw your own Punnett Squares below.

The next two pages are extra credit:

�

�

Due January 29 ❏Complete your lab report❏Complete the quiz on 11.3❏Complete the test on chapter 11❏ Read section 12.1

❏Define:DNA replication - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Base sequence - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Protein synthesis - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mutation - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Genetic disorder - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer:1. What does DNA look like? ____________________________________________2. What do we call its shape? ____________________________________________3. What are the four bases found on the ‘rungs’ of DNA? _____________________________________________________________________________________________4. List the base pairs. ____________________________________________________5. What do genes control? _______________________________________________6. What does the order of base pairs along a gene tell a cell what to make? _________ ____________________________________________________________________7. How many different amino acids are there? _________________8. Where does protein synthesis take place? ______________________________9. How is RNA different from DNA? ________________________________________10. What are two different reasons that mutations occur? _______________________

____________________________________________________________________11. What happens when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21? ____________________________________________________________________________________

❏ Read section 12.2

❏ Define:Selective breeding - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Genetic engineering - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________DNA fingerprinting - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Genome - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mitochondrial DNA - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer:1. How did Native American use selective breeding to produce maize with the most

corn? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________2. Explain how genetic engineering has helped food supply. _____________________ ___________________________________________________________________3. DNA is unique to you. Explain how DNA fingerprinting is useful in identifying people.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Where else is DNA found, besides the nucleus? _____________________________5. From whom is all that DNA inherited? _________________________________

�

�

�

Due February 5:❏ Write a lab report for the DNA extraction lab.

❏Take the quiz for sections 12.1 and 12.2 (one quiz for two sections); you may use your notes but not your book.

❏Take the test; you may use one 3 by 5 card as your ‘cheat sheet’

❏Read section 15.1 (we skipped a unit)❏Definesystematics - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________evolutionary tree - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer: 1. Who was Carolus Linnaeus and what contribution did he make to the study of living

things? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How are systematics and taxonomy similar? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. How are cladograms different from a dichotomous key? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Study the kingdoms and characteristics that define them. Use page 309 to help.

Due February 12❏Take the online quiz for 15.1

❏ Read section 15.2

❏ Define:

Algae - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fungi - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hyphae - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________spore - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer: 1. What led to the diversity of life as we know it? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? ______________________________________3. When does asexual reproduction allow for genetic variation? _____________4. What must be present for natural selection to occur? _________________________5. How many species of algae have been classified? __________________6. Explain how alternation of generations works. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________Draw the diagram to help explain it:

7. What is one main importance difference between fungus and plants? _________________________________________________________________________________8. What are all fungus made up of? _______________ Describe their cell wall.

____________________________________________________________________

9. How do fungus get their food? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Copy the diagram 15.9

11. What is a spore? How do fungi reproduce using spores? ___________________________________________________________________

12. Explain sexual reproduction in fungi. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

There is no test for chapter 15! ❏Read section 16. 1Define: Cuticle - _______________________________________________________________Vascular tissue - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Non vascular plants - ____________________________________________________Vascular plants - ________________________________________________________Rhizoids - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Seed - ________________________________________________________________

Gymnosperms - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Angiosperms - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cotyledon - ___________________________________________________________Answer:1. List the three common characteristics all plants share:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How are plants classified? ______________________________________________3. How are vascular plants further divided? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. What are the similarities between green algae and plants? ___________________________________________________________________________________________5. How do cells in nonvascular plants obtain water? __________________________________________________________________________________________________6. List three seedless vascular plants. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. Copy the diagram on the bottom of page 326 that details the fern’s life cycle.

8. When does a seed form? _____________________________________________9. Copy figure 16.7

10. List three gymnosperms. ______________________________________________11. What are the two types of angiosperms? __________________ _______________12. What are the four difference between monocots and dicots?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

❏ Print and read the lab before class.

Name_______________________ Date _____________

Mushroom Dissection Lab

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to acquaint students with various parts of a typical fungus while practicing observation skills.

CAUTION: Although the mushrooms used in this lab are intended for food, DO NOT EAT OR TASTE THE MUSHROOMS USED IN THE LAB.

Background: Fungi are critical parts of most ecosystems and an important part of the diet of many students (and teachers). Mushrooms in the genus Agaricus are raised commercially and sold in most grocery stores. The mushroom is actually the fruiting body or reproductive structure of a fungus. In this lab activity students will locate and identify the principle parts of the typical mushroom and study them with both dissecting and compound light microscopes.

Materials:

Mushroom, Forceps, Microscope slide and cover slip, Water ,Paper towels, Microscope, Eye Dropper

Procedure: 1. Get a mushroom from your teacher and place it on the paper towels in front of you.

Examine it closely. On a sheet of paper draw a diagram of your mushroom, labeling the cap, stem and gills. If the gills are not visible, remove the tissue called a veil) protecting them gently with your forceps. Be careful not to touch the gills with the forceps.

2.Grasp the cap firmly with one hand and the stem with the other hand. Gently wiggle and/or twist the stem until it breaks away from the cap.

3.Pinch the stem between your fingers until it breaks into two or more long pieces. Gently pull the pieces apart. The thin, hairlike filaments you will see where you split the stem are the hyphae. Place the stem section under the dissecting microscope and examine the hyphae. What do they look like? Describe them and draw them.

4. Place the stem pieces on a corner of your paper towel and turn your attention to the cap. Look at the underside of the cap to study the gills. Each gill is lined with thousands of small structures called basidia. Using your forceps, gently remove one gill from the cap. You will get better results if you GENTLY grasp the gill near where it attaches to the cap. Try to avoid touching the free edge, the one along the bottom of the gill, with your forceps. The basidia you want to see under the microscope are fragile and easily damaged if you aren't careful. Ask your teacher for assistance if you are having trouble removing a gill.

5.Place the gill on a microscope slide and use the standard procedure for preparing a wet mount.

6. Place the slide on the microscope and examine the gill under low power. Look at the edge of the gill that was not attached to the mushroom and look for the little finger-like projections. Switch the microscope to high power. Look at the finger- like projections under high power. These are the basidia. If your mushroom is mature the basidia may have spores attached to them. Notice how tiny the basidia and the spores are. If you are having difficulty finding either basidia or spores, ask your instructor for assistance.

7. After completing your observations, clean off your slide and cover slip and place them as directed by your instructor. Wrap the mushroom pieces in your paper towel and dispose of them in the appropriate trash

container. Return the microscope to the proper locations.

Your data will be your drawings with labels. You MUST draw.

Questions to consider - these are good to include in your conclusion:

1. Fungi reproduce by spores. How are spores structurally different from seeds?

2. How are spores dispersed?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing by spores?

Due February 26❏ Complete your lab report

❏Take the quiz for section 15.2

❏Take the quiz for section 16.1

❏ Read section 16.2

❏Define:Xylem - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Phloem - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Epidermis - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Stomata - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Tropism - ______________________________________________________________

Answer:1. What two things make up the shoot system? ________________________________2. What are the two types of vascular tissue? _________________________________3. What are the 2 main functions of the root? To collect ______________ and water

from the __________ and to __________________________4. How do root hairs benefit the plant? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Draw and label the cross section of the figure in 16.11

6. What do plants use to take in water? _____________________________

7. Copy the bold part about stems on page 332. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Draw and label the cross section of the dicot stem and the monocot stem:

9. Describe a herbaceous stem. ____________________________________________10. What is the main function of leaves?______________________________________________________________________11.The structure of leaves is related to their _______________________.12. Draw and label the diagram 16.

13.What do guard cells do? ________________________________________________14.What are the two forces by which water moves? _____________________________ and ___________________________________________ circle the stronger force.15.Why does capillary action occur? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________16. Explain how transpiration works. _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________117. Why do some plants turn to face the light? ____________________________________________________________________18.List three ways that plants respond to stimuli. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prepare:Read in The Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments pages 285 - 291 (Observing stem structures and Observing leaf structure).. Please bring in colored pencils so that your drawings are accurate.

And read the following:

Steps for Observing Stem Structures

1. Place a prepared slide of a dicot stem on the microscope stage and observe. 2. Draw what you see and label: pith, vascular bundles, cortex, and epidermal layer. 3. Note the arrangement of vascular bundles in a ring toward the other edge of the

pith; this is typical characteristic of a dicot stem.4. Center a vascular bundle in the field of view, and change to higher magnification to

oversee the details. Note that the vascular bundle comprises a group of larger, thick- walled xylem cells surrounding the smaller, thin walled phloem cells.

5. Place a prepared slide of a monocot stem on the microscope stage and repeat the steps above, making careful notes on the characteristics that differ.

Steps for Observing Leaf Structures1. Gather a collection of leaves both from dicot and monocot species.

2. Using your naked eye and the magnifying glass examine the structural features of each leaf. Be sure to note the top and bottom of surfaces. Your drawings should be accurate and detailed. Notice the vascular system arrangement, the size, pattern, an density of the stomata. Label the monocot and dicot leaves (remembering that monocot leaves are typically narrow and and have parallel venation while dicot leaves are broader and branching venation.

3. Examine prepared slides of monocot and dicot leaves. For each, note and identify and label the following: cuticle, epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, air space, vascular bundles and their sheaths, and stomata and their guard cells. For your dicot specimen identify spongy mesophyll cells and palisade mesophyll cells. Note differences between the two.

4. Make a wet mount slide of a leaf sample: cut two small piece of the leaf and place one upright on the slide, the other down on the slide. You may use a coverslip to keep the leaf from curling up on the edges.

5. Record your observations from your leaf.

Due March 4❏Complete the lab report. (this will include all your sketches, make sure they are neat

and labeled)❏Take the quiz for section 16.2.Read Section 16.3Define:Flower - _______________________________________________________________ Pollination _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Stamen - ______________________________________________________________ Pollen - _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Pistil - _______________________________________________________________ Stigma - ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Ovary - ______________________________________________________________ Ovule - _______________________________________________________________ Fruit - ________________________________________________________________ Germination - __________________________________________________________Answer:1. How do flowering plants reproduce? By ______________________________2. To what purpose do flowers serve to the plant? ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Draw and label the parts of a flower:4. How are the flower parts usually arranged? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. Why are the petals sometimes colorful? ____________________________________ 6. Draw and label figure 16.21

7. Into what does each ovule develop?_______________8. Why does a seed go dormant? ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

❏Complete the chapter assessment (just the sections we usually complete); we will review the answers in class - do not turn it in.

❏The following steps will prepare you for the lab:

❏If you have flowers in your yard, please bring one.

❏ Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbEj5Hy3NHE

❏ Extra background and preparation: http://extension.illinois.edu/gpe/case4/c4facts1a.html

❏ Read the procedure for the lab: A good way to learn about the reproductive parts of a plant is by dissecting a flower.

Lilies, irises, or any flower with large parts work well for this project. Use flowers from

your yard or check with a local florist for free discarded flowers. You will need a scalpel or sharp knife to cut through the flower parts, and a magnifying glass to view pollen

and other small parts of the flower. (Adult supervision recommended.)

Start by identifying each main outside part of the flower. Beneath the petals, there

should be smooth, leaf-like projections called sepals. The male part of the flower is

called the stamen; there are usually multiple stamens on each flower. The long stalk of

the stamen is called the filament. At the top of the filament is the anther, which holds

pollen. The female part of the flower is called the pistil. At the top of the pistil is the

stigma, which collects pollen and carries it down though its hollow body, called the style,

to the ovary, where the pollen fertilizes the flower's eggs. Some flowers have all male or

all female parts (melons and pumpkins for example), and are called imperfect. Most

flowers are perfect: they have both male and female flowers.

1 The first step in this dissection is to remove the sepals and petals, by pulling

them down toward the stem. If you have a microscope, look at the tip of the petal

on a low magnification. If you don't have a microscope, use your magnifying

glass to examine the petal. What is the petal's texture like?

2 Next, remove the flower's stamens; break or cut them off of the stem. Examine

the pollen with your magnifying glass or microscope. Can you see what shape

each pollen grain is? Make a drawing of the pollen.

3 As you dissect the flower, you should be able to identify the plant as either a

monocot or a dicot. Almost all grasses are monocots, as are irises, lilies, and

some other flowering plants. Monocots have petals in multiples of three and

usually have parallel veins in their leaves. Most woody and common flowering

plants are dicots. They have petals in multiples of four or five and have branched

veins in their leaves.

4 After you have finished with the pollen, remove all parts except the pistil so that it

remains alone on the stem. Carefully cut the pistil in half lengthwise, making sure

that your fingers are out of the way. Use your magnifying glass to look at the

inside of it. You should be able to see that the style is a long, hollow tube that

carries pollen from the stigma to the ovary. You might be able to see tiny eggs, or

ovules, in the pistil's ovary.

If there are any buds or half-opened flowers that were on the same stalk as your flower,

pull them open and identify any of the parts that you can find. Do any look different than

on the opened flower?

Due March 11

❏ Write a formal lab report. Your data should include several sketches with labels. Make sure your conclusion includes vocabulary

❏ Take the chapter 16 testRead Section 17.1Define:Invertebrate - _________________________________________________________Muscle tissue - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nervous tissue - _______________________________________________________Asymmetrical - ________________________________________________________Radial symmetry - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bilateral symmetry - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Skeletal system - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nerve - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Nervous system - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reproductive system - _________________________________________________Hermaphrodite - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Answer:1. What are the two main groups of the Kingdom Animal? ________________________And __________________________________2. What percentage of all animals are invertebrates? _________3. List the seven characteristics that all animals share:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. What is a gut? ________________________________________________________5. What is a body cavity? _________________________________________________6. List the organ systems: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

❑watch:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HHS1uPFSo Please note how much time is spent on the external observation. You will want to become very familiar with the earthworm’s digestive system.

❑ Download, print, and read the lab carefully. http://www.shellyssciencespot.com/Worksheets/Animals/Invertebrates/EarthwormDissectionLab.pdf

Students who have not prepared for the lab will NOT be allowed to participate. You MUST be prepared; you MUST act mature. We will be working with sharp instruments which can cause injuries. Any student who misbehaves will NOT be allowed to complete the lab. You get one chance. I strongly suggest you practice knife skills at home.

Due March 18

❑Finish your lab. You do need to write a formal lab report for the earthworm dissection. We went over in class how to do this. Use your lab notes and instructions to help guide you. Include your drawings with labels. Your conclusion should not include your opinions on whether the lab was gross or really cool; it should showcase what you learned. There was a lot to learn in this lab - digestive system, external anatomy, circulatory system, etc…

❑Take the quiz for section 17.1

❑Read section 17.2 1. How are sponges different from other animals? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How do sponges reproduce? ____________________________________________3. What is included in the phylum cnidarians? _________________________________4. Do cnidarians have a radial symmetry?______ do they have a body cavity? _______5. Copy the bold part from the paragraph on page 360: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. What is the simplest animal that has bilateral symmetry? ______________________7. What is the simplest animal that has a complete gut that runs from mouth to anus?

__________________________(is this the earthworm) ________________8. What makes annelids unique? _______________________________________9. Why are earthworms important? __________________________________________10. List three animals that are part of the Phylum Mollusca? ____________________________________________________________________________________________11. Typically, the body of a mollusk has ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________12. Draw and label a mollusk:

13. Where is the mollusk’s mouth located? ___________________________________14. List the attributes of the arthropods (in bold on page 363) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. List the three distinct regions of an arthropod. ___________________

_____________ ____________________16. What types of eyes do arthropods have? ____________________________17. List a typical life cycle that happens during metamorphosis.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. Copy the part in bold about Echinoderms on page 364. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Explain the water vascular system of Echinoderms. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Complete this chart:

Phylum Symmetry Body Cavity Examples

Porifera

Cnidaria

Flatworm

Roundworm

Annelid

Mollusk

Arthropod

Echinoderm

❑Download, print and READ the lab: https://d3jc3ahdjad7x7.cloudfront.net/zXlNNbpi2Rg0WpD0LLkW5Zyep2Wc58weXTQRJL9aerRbGXW0.pdf

❑Go to this site and become familiar with the lab:http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/squid_virtual.html

Students who are NOT prepared will NOT be allowed to participate in the lab. You learned a lot last week about how to behave in a dissection lab. There is NO room for immature behavior. Students who break rules will NOT be allowed to participate.

Due March 25

❑Complete a formal lab report. Include drawings from the lab. Use the lab instructions to guide your thinking. Your lab report must include: title, background, purpose, materials, (no hypothesis - this is not an experiment), procedure, data (drawings), and conclusion.

❑Take the quiz on section 17.2

❑Read section 17.3

Define:1. Notochord - _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ 2. Vertebrae - __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Epithelial tissue - _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4.Connective tissue - ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Ectotherms - _________________________________________________________ 6. Endotherms - ________________________________________________________ 7. Lateral line system - ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Gills - _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Lung - ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10. Amniotic egg -_______________________________________________________

11. Mammary glands -____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 12. Placenta - __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 13. Cornea - ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ 14. Retina - ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 15. Optic nerve - ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Answer:1. List the classes of vertebrates. ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. What do the vertebrate protect? __________________________________________ 3. What are your ears made of? ____________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of the skeletal system? ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the two body cavities that vertebrates have? ________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the four types of tissues that vertebrates have? _____________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the difference between ectotherms and endotherms? __________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the difference between external and internal fertilization? _______________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9. What are the three classes of fish? _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10. List three adaptations of fish. ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 11. Write the bold part on page 371 describing amphibians. _____________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 12. Describe the eggs of an amphibian. ____________________________________ 13. Describe the life cycle of a frog. _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ 14. Write the bold part on page 372 describing reptiles. ________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 15. What are the most important adaptations for birds? _________________________

______________________________________________________________________ 16. What makes mammals unique? _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 17. What is the cerebrum responsible for in the brain? __________________________ 18. What is the cerebellum responsible for in the brain? _________________________

❑ Our lab tomorrow is to identify the four different types of tissue types. Study page 368 to

prepare for the lab. Read and examine the tissue samples from the Illustrated Guide to Home

Biology Experiments:https://books.google.com/books?

id=dn0gsTgsMYwC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq=observing+four+tissue+types&source=bl&ot

s=5DdzH4t_CI&sig=M_vCekkKuTT5rtAKk4xmnGF_FPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdsqHEvffKAhWJdx4KHcwZAmQQ6AEISzAI#v=onepage&q=observing%20four%20tissue%20type

s&f=false

Due April 1

**You have a project due on May 6. Please download the project information guide on

the website. **

❏Write a formal lab report; use pictures you drew from the lab for the data. Your completed lab

MUST include examples of the four tissue types. (do this before break)

❑ Take the chapter 17 test; this covers a great deal of information - STUDY. (there is a study

guide on the website) - please do this before break!

❑ Read 18.1

❑ Define:

Circulatory system - _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

valve - ________________________________________________________________

Arteries - ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Capillaries - ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Veins - ________________________________________________________________

Blood - _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Plasma - ______________________________________________________________

Red blood cells - ________________________________________________________

White blood cells - ______________________________________________________

Blood pressure - _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Respiration - __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Respiratory system - ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Alveoli - ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer:

1. What does each cell need? __________________________________________

2. What is the waste they get rid of? _____________________________________

3. What makes up the circulatory system? ______________ ______________________ and

_____________________________

4. What is your heart made of? ______________________________________

5. What is a contraction? _____________________________________________

6. How many chambers are in the heart? ______

7. From what side does the blood enter? _____________

8. Where does the blood go then? __________________

9. It comes back to the heart to the ______ side and then goes to the ____________.

10.List the three types of blood vessels. ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

11. How much blood is in your body? _______________________________________

12. What is the main function of blood? __________________________________ and

__________________________________________________ it also

___________________________________________________________________

13. What percent of your blood is plasma? ________________

14. What percent is red blood cells? ________ and white? ____________

15. White blood cells are part of your __________________ system.

16. What is your largest blood vessel? ___________________________

17. What generates blood pressure? ________________________________

18. Draw the diagram showing the bronchiole, alveoli, and capillary.

19. Study the figure 18.5 - you need to understand this.

❑ Visit this website and study:http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/circulatory/

heart/heart_dissection.html❑ Download, print, and read the lab (we will complete the entire lab in one day)http://

www2.mbusd.org/staff/pware/labs/SheepHeartDissection.pdf

Any student who is NOT prepared will NOT participate in the dissection.

Due April 15

❏ Complete a formal lab report on the sheep’s heart dissection. Use your drawings for the data

along with measurements you took.

**You have a project due on May 6 . Please download the project information guide on the

website. **

❑Read section 18.2

❑Define:Integumentary system - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sweat glands - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Endocrine system - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hormone - _____________________________________________________________Pancreas - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feedback control system - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Digestive system - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Excretory system - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Testes - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ovaries - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer:

1. What is your body’s largest organ?___________________________2. List three functions of the integumentary system. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Draw and label the cross section of the skin:

4. Which gland is called the “master gland” and why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. What does epinephrine do? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ what is more commonly called? ________________________________________________6. What does the pancreas release? _______________________________________7. Explain the Feedback Control System. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Learn the path of the digestive system:

�9. What does the male reproductive system produce? ________________________10.What do the ovaries produce? _______ _______________ and _______________

Prepare: (you may want to practice blowing up a balloon)

The Respiratory System: Name: _____________________ Don’t Hold Your Breath – Lung Capacity Lab Objective: To compare the amount of air taken in during various breathing exercises.

Background: Lung Capacity is the amount of air contained within the lungs during various breathing activities. It can be measured in several ways:

• TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air in the lungs after a very deep inhalation. This would include vital and residual capacities.

• RESIDUAL LUNG CAPACITY is any air left in the lungs after a deep exhalation. Even after you breathe out everything in your lungs, there is still some air in there!

• VITAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air you can forcibly exhale in a single breath. So after inhaling as much air as possible, vital capacity would be measured by blowing it all out until you can blow no more.

• TIDAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air you breathe normally. This is not a deep breath, but the type of breathing you would do if you were reading a book or washing the dishes. Here’s What You’ll Need to Conduct This Experiment: Ruler, Balloon, String

What You Do:

Stretch out your balloon

1. Measure your Tidal Capacity.

a. In order to do this, take a normal breath in. Place the balloon to your lips and exhale a normal breath into the balloon. DO NOT force air into the balloon.

b. Pinch the open end of the balloon and place the ballon on the table. Holding the balloon measure the diameter of the balloon with the string or ruler.

c. Record your information in the chart below. Release the air and complete steps 1 - four more times.

2. Measure you Vital Capacity (BIG BREATH IN & OUT)a. In order to do this, take a BIG breath in. Place the balloon to your lips and

exhale as much as possible. b. repeat the steps (b and c) from above.

� The Results: What Happened?

Calculating your lung capacity: Use the following formula to calculate your lung volume for each of the measurements in your chart on the previous page. Place your answers in the chart under “Volume of Air”.

Tidal Capacity Ballon Diameter (cm)

Tidal Capacity Volume of air (cc)

Vital Capacity Balloon Diameter (cm)

Vital Capacity Volume of Air (cc)

1

2

3

4

5

Average

TOTAL LUNG VOLUME = (balloon diameter)3 𝝅

6

Answer the following questions

1. What is meant by the term “lung capacity”?

2. How did your tidal and vital lung capacity differ? Explain why might you see that difference?

3. Compare your data to other members of your class. What are some reasons you might see differences?

4. How might an athlete’s vital lung capacity compare to a non-athlete?

5. How could a habit like cigarette smoking affect your lung capacity?

6. Give an example of surroundings that might affect your lung capacity in a positive way.

7. Give an example of surroundings that might affect your lung capacity in a negative way.

Due April 22

❑Complete a formal lab report. Your data should be in the forms of a table and a graph.

❑Project

❑Take the chapter 18 test. (there is not a quiz for 18.2)

❑Read Section 19.1

❑Define:Axial skeleton - _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Appendicular skeleton - __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Periosteum - ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Compact bone - ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Cancellous bone - ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

❑Bone marrow - ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

❑ Joint - _______________________________________________________________

❑Hinge joint - __________________________________________________________

❑Ball and socket joint - __________________________________________________ Ligament - ___________________________________________________________

Muscular system - ______________________________________________________ Tendon - ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ Flexor - _______________________________________________________________

Extensor - _____________________________________________________________

1. How many bones does a baby have? ____________ what happens to these bones? ________________________ how many bones does an adult have? __________

2. What are the four functions of the skeletal system? ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

3. Draw and label the cross section of the bone on page 410.

4. List the types of joints mentioned in this chapter and a brief description of each. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

5. What do ligaments join? _______________

6. What are the other two types of muscle tissue? ______________________________ And ________________________________

7. What is the major function of the skeletal system? ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

8. Do you control involuntary muscles? ________ list two ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

9. Explain the relationship between flexor and extensor muscles. __________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

10. What type of exercise increases your muscles? _____________________________

❑ Prepare for the frog dissection lab

Due April 29❑ We are skipping 19.2 and there is not a test for chapter 19

❑ Take the quiz on 19.1

❑Project

❑ Read section 20.1

❑ NO lab report

Define:Central nervous system - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Peripheral nervous system - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Nerve impulse - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Withdrawal reflex - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Sensory nerves - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Motor nerves - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Cerebrum - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Cerebellum -______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Medulla - ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Answer: 1. What are the major divisions of the nervous system? AND what do they do?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the three parts of a neuron? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why does a withdrawal reaction occur? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Trace the route of the withdrawal reaction. (use page 432) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How many nerve impulses does your body fire off in a second? ________________6. How many dendrites can a single neuron have? ____________________________7. In just one cubic millimeter of your brain, how many connection are there between

cells? _____________________________________________________________8. What are the two types of tissues that make up your nervous system?

__________________________________________________________________9. What is gray matter responsible for?

___________________________________________________________________10. What is white matter responsible for? _____________________________________11. What is the largest part of your brain? _______________________________AND

what does it do? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12. What does the cerebellum do? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. What does the medulla control? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

❑Read Section 20.2Define: photoreceptors - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Optic nerve - ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________Cone cells - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Rod cells - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer: 1. What does refracted mean? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Explain using the information on page 435 how sight works. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What is color? (top of 436) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. True or False - Red has the highest energy and violet the lowest. 5. Which photoreceptor responds to color? ___________________________________6. Which photoreceptor responds to light intensity? ________________________And what shade do they see? ________________________________________________7. Why do colors seem washed out at night? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. How many rods cells does the average eye have? ___________________________9. How many cone cells does the average eye have? __________________________10. How often does the brain process the 137 million dots per second? ____________11. What are the three primary colors? ______________________________________12. If you see green, what does your brain ‘think’? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. What percentage of males are color blind? ___________ Females? ____________

14. How is color blindness most often caused? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. What is the most common type of color blindness? ______________________________________________________________________

❑ Start organizing your notebook - your semester 2 exam is open notebook. You will want to make tabs for your notebook so you can find information easy.

Due May 6No lab report!YOUR PROJECT IS DUE!❑Read section 20.3 and take notes❑Define: reflection - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________refraction - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________lens - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________focal point - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________focal length - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________virtual image - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________real image - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________pupil - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________image - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer: 1. At what speed does light travel? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What kind of lines does light travel? _______________________________________3. What occurs when a light bounces off a surface? ______________________________________________________________________

4. Draw the figure 20.11 on page 440 and label: 5. What is the angle of incidence always equal to? _____________________________________________________________________6. What kinds of materials will light pass through? __________________________________________________________________________________________________7. Is the speed of light changed when it passes through different materials? ________8. If you put a glass rod in a glass of water explain why the glass rod looks bent. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. What is an axis? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. What are the two type of lenses, and what are their differences? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11. Draw and label the diagrams on page 442 showing the differences between concave and convex lenses.

12. Explain in your own words how you see your image in a mirror. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. Which can see a real image? a convex or concave lens

14. What is the focus? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. What controls the amount of light that enters your eyes? ______________________16. What is the pigmented part of your eye called? _____________________________17. What is the fovea? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18. What is one way that the lens in your eye is different from the lenses we use in science class? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19. What is the cornea? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

❑Read section 20.4

❑Define: wave - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________frequency - __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________pitch - ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________cochlea - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Answer: 1. What are sound waves? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. When is a sound wave created? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. True or False: The molecules in a sound wave are pushed by the vibrations and create a layer of higher pressure.

4. How are sound waves measured? ________________________________________5. Which has the higher pitch? A siren or a bass guitar6. How is the loudness of sound measured? __________________________________7. What is the typical dB of a conversation? ___________________________8. How do we recognize voices? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. What does the other ear do? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. What does the middle ear do? What important parts are located there? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11. What does the inner do? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12. How does the cochlea work? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

❑Prepare your model and bring to class.

Due May 13

Prepare your notebook for the semester two exam.

Review and make sure everything is complete.

The exam will begin at 9:15. Please bring two sharp

pencils, an eraser, your notebook, and a book to read

when you are finished.

Happy Summer!!!