dtm rac thuy phuong

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, tnh TT - Hu

M U1. TM TT V XUT X CA D N Nh my x l rc thi Thu Phng c xy dng v i vo hot ng t nm 2003, n nay Nh my gp phn ng k vo vic gii quyt vn tn ng rc thi trn a bn thnh ph Hu. Tuy nhin, hin ti cng ngh x l rc ti Nh my tr nn khng cn ph hp vi yu cu ngy cng cao v cht lng mi trng. Do vy cn c s ci to, nng cp m bo gii quyt trit hn na cc vn mi trng pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Trn c s , Cng ty C phn u t Pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha tin hnh u t, xy dng, ci to nhm hon thin dy chuyn thit b cng ngh An Sinh ASC x l rc thi sinh hot ti Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, tnh Tha Thin Hu. y l mt cng ngh hin i, x l rc theo chu trnh khp kn t khu tip nhn rc n u ra sn phm. Hot ng ca nh my ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thc hin mc tiu pht trin bn vng, va gp phn gii quyt vn nhim mi trng do rc thi gy ra, va to ra cc sn phm c ch phc v cho nng nghip, xy dng,... - C quan ph duyt d n: ch u t t ph duyt. 2. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN TM. Cc vn bn php lut v k thut xy dng Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) bao gm: Lut bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc Cng ho XHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005. Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut bo v mi trng. Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi. Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v mi trng v vic ban hnh cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B trng B Y t ban hnh cc tiu chun v sinh mi trng.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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Cng vn s 2650/UBND-TC ngy 25 thng 07 nm 2006 ca U ban nhn dn tnh Tha Thin Hu v vic thng nht ch trng chuyn giao ch th u t ca Nh my x l rc Thu Phng. Cng vn s 3051/UBND-ND ngy 22/08/2006 ca UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu v vic cho php Cng ty CP u t pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha m rng din tch nh my x l rc Thu Phng. 3. MC CH CA VIC LP BO CO Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c thc hin nhm nh gi v d bo cc tc ng n mi trng do qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, t ra nhng bin php khng ch v gim nh cc tc ng bt li. 4. T CHC THC HIN TM Ch u t: Cng ty CP u t Pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha. C quan t vn lp bo co: Trung tm cng ngh mi trng Nng (DENTEC). Gim c a ch in thoi : ng Hunh Thun : 25, Hong Diu, qun Hi Chu, thnh ph Nng : 0511.226694 Fax: 0511.824120

Tham gia lp bo co TM ca d n bao gm: Nguyn Cu Thnh Nguyn Th Minh H Thanh V Phm Hu Qunh Trm

Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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CHNG 1 M T TM TT V NH MY1.1. TN NH MY Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, tnh Tha Thin Hu. 1.2. CH U T Ch u t: Cng ty CP u t Pht trin Tm Sinh Ngha. i din: ng Ng Xun Tic in thoi: 08.8464480 Chc v: Ch tch HQT Fax: 08.8461370 a ch lin h: 402 404, Phm Vn Hai, phng 5, qun Tn Bnh, TP. H Ch Minh.

1.3. V TR A L CA NH MY 1.3.1 V tr a l Nh my x l rc Thu Phng c xy dng ti thn 7, x Thu Phng, huyn Hng Thu, tnh Tha Thin Hu. Ta a l ca nh my nh sau: - N: 16023.890 - E: 107038.141 (Xem s S 01) 1.3.2 Gii hn khu t + Pha Bc + Pha Nam + Pha ng + Pha Ty : tip gip vi vng t i : gip bi rc thnh ph : gip khu x l nc thi ca bi rc v vng t i. : gip vng t i.

Tng din tch ca Nh my l 4,0ha 1.3.3 Mi tng quan ca a im xy dng nh my vi cc i tng t nhin, kinh t - x hi Tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin: - H thng ng giao thng: Cch khu vc nh my 200m v pha Ty c tuyn ng trnh thnh ph Hu, y l tuyn giao thng ln duy nht i qua khu vc. Ngoi ra cn c tuyn ng nha ni lin t nh my vi ni thnh thnh ph. - H thng sng sui, i ni: Nh my nm vng i thp, khng c sng sui chy qua. Tip gip vi nh my v pha ng c mt khe nc nh, y l khe thot nc rc t bi rc thnh ph. Nc ma t nh my cng c thot vo khe ny. Tng quan vi cc i tng kinh t - x hiTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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- Dn c: Nh my nm vng dn c rt tha tht, cch nh my 200m v pha Ty v Ty Bc c vi ba h dn sng ch yu bng nng nghip. - Cc c s cng nghip, dch v: + Cch nh my khong 150m v pha Ty l trm nghin sng (Cng ty khong sn Hu). + Tip gip vi Nh my v pha Nam l bi rc thnh ph - Cc cng trnh vn ho, di tch lch s: xung quanh khu vc xy dng nh my khng c cc cng trnh v vn ho, tn gio, tn ngng, cc di tch lch s. 1.4. NI DUNG CH YU CA D N 1.4.1 Tng vn u t cho d n Tng vn u t cho D n l 36.750 triu ng, bao gm cc hng mc sau: + Chi ph xy dng + Chi ph dy chuyn thit b + Chi ph khc : 12.000 triu ng : 23.000 triu ng : 1.750 triu ng

1.4.2 Hnh thc u t v ngun vn Hnh thc u t: trn c s nh my hin c, tin hnh ci to li mt s cng on trong dy chuyn cng ngh, lp t thm cc thit b hin i, gim bt cc cng on th cng, m bo hot ng ch bin rc thi sinh hot ca nh my theo ng tiu ch 3T ca cng ngh An Sinh (y l tiu ch do Cng ty t a ra) Ti sinh mn hu c Ti ch ph thi do Trnh chn lp (t l chn lp di 10%) n nay, vic ci to li cng ngh hon tt v nh my i vo hot ng. Ngun vn: Ch u t khai thc, huy ng tng hp cc ngun vn sau: Vn t c Vn vay t Qu Bo v mi trng Vn huy ng t cc ngun khc.

1.4.3 Cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n a. Hng mc cng trnh chnh Cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca nh my l cc khu nh xng phc v cho qu trnh sn xut c xy dng t trc, bao gm:Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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Nh tip nhn rc, kh mi Nh ra nilon Nh phn loi rc Nh sn xut ph thi do Nh tch tuyn mn ti Nh hoai hu c + phun vi sinh Nh hoai hu c Ngn x ngn + np liu Nh tch tuyn mn th Nh sn xut phn Nh sn xut nha thnh phm Kho thnh phm

: 972m2. : 486m2 : 180m2. : 884,8m2 : 486m2 : 90m2 : 864m2. : 972m2. : 540m2 : 540m2 : 630m2 : 504m2 : 289m2

Nh c in + dy chuyn tch nilon loi 1

(Xem s S 02) b. Cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr Cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr ca bao gm: H thng thot nc ma: nc ma t mt bng nh my c thu vo h thng mng thot. Sau khi lng cn ti h ga, nc ma c thi vo khe Vc pha ng ca nh my. H thng thu gom v x l nc thi: Nc thi sn xut: nc thi ra t cng on ra ph thi do c thu gom v x l ti h thng x l nc thi, sau tun hon ti s dng, khng thi ra ngoi. i vi nc r rc c thu gom vo b cha v s dng phun ln b mt rc ti cc hm nhm lm tng m cho rc. Nc thi sinh hot: c x l bng b t hoi 3 ngn, sau dn v h cha v b sung vi sinh ASC Protect ri s dng lm nc ti cy, khng thi ra mi trng H thng cy xanh: Cy xanh c tc dng ci thin iu kin vi kh hu, gim n. Ngoi ra cy xanh cn hp th cc kh c hi trong khng kh v gim lng bi pht tn i xa. Cy xanh c b tr trng xung quanh tng ro, cc khu vc sn xut, khu vc lm vic v cc khu cy xanh tp trung pha Bc, Ty Bc trong nh my. Tng din tch t dnh cho trng cy xanh l 6000 m2.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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1.4.4 Quy trnh cng ngh x l rc Khi lng rc thi Theo cc s liu thng k v d bo ca Cng ty TNHHNNMTV Mi trng v Cng trnh th Hu, khi lng rc thi ti thnh ph Hu nh sau: Nm m3/ngy m3/nm 2000 220 80.300 2005 550 200.750 2010 600 219.000

Vi khi lng rc thi nh trn m bo lng rc nh my hot ng ng cng sut. Thnh phn rc thi Thnh phn l, ho hc ca rc thi thng khc nhau tu thuc vo tng a phng, vo iu kin kh hu v cc iu kin kinh t cng nh nhiu yu t khc. Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ca mt s thnh ph Vit Nam c a ra trong bng sau. Bng 1.1 Thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ca mt s thnh ph Vit Nam TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Thnh phn (%) Cht hu c Giy G, giy vn Da, cao su, nha thng Nilon, nha V c, xng Thu tinh Kim loi X bn Nguyn liu khng phn loi Tng cng H Ni 50,3 2,7 6,3 0,7 3,0 1,1 0,3 1,0 7,4 33,9 100,0Hi Phng

TP.HCM 62,2 5,6 4,2 0,5 7,0 0,5 0,5 0,5 16,4 4,7 100,0

Nng 66,7 7,8 6,7 1,5 8,7 3,1 0,1 1,7 1,9 1,8 100,0

Tp khc 50 - 60 24 25 nh nh 12 nh nh nh thay i

50,4 5,4 2,7 1,1 3,5 4,8 1,0 0,7 15,0 15,4 100,0

Ngun: Qun l cht thi rn GS.TS Trn Hiu Nhu, Nxb Xy dng - 2001 Cng ngh x l rc thi Cng ngh x l rc thi p dng ti Nh my l cng ngh An Sinh ASC. y l cng ngh x l rc sinh hot c nhng u im ni bt nh sau: - Khng li nhim th cp do nc r rc, ton b lng nc r rc c tp trung vo b thu gom, hi m vo cc b . - X l mi hi ngay khi tip nhn rc v trong sut qu trnh x l.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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- Phn ln vt cht t rc c ti ch v ti s dng, hn ch chn lp. S cng ngh x l rc ti Nh my nh sau:


7


Mi hi

Q U Y T R N H C O G N G H E A N S I N H - A S C X L Y R A S I N H H O A N CN H A T A P K E T R A S I N H C V U K H V A C H A T N O H O A T E P H U N K H O C V A M U H O I I

X A G I A S U C V A P H E T H A I Y T E C N A P L I E U L E B A N G N C H U Y E N X L Y ( oCk h h o a ) R A C K H O G X L Y P H A I C H O L A N N P T A C H T U Y E N B A G N T A Y 5 N H O M R A C C A B I E T P H E L I E U C O T H E B A C N M A Y X E B A O , A P , C A T V A L A T I R A C H A T O T C H O T R U N G T A M C A P G I O M C N O N G , K H O V A S A C H

M U E C A N T A O A T

M A Y P H A N L O A I B AH N NG H P M A G M O G O N N TR U N G T A M N H A D E O S C G I O ( l a n 1 ) C A P G I O N O N G , K H O , S A C H I H O N H P R A C H CS G L O N G U A N ( T a h a t c a t v a t a p c h a ) c t ( l a m g i a u l a 1 ) n a t c a t v a t a p v a t S A G L O N G N ( T a c h a c a t ) t h u c T A C H T U Y E N B A N G T A Y M A G M O N G N N H A D E OH P M U N A T ,

A T C A T V A M U N V U N H U C

V I S IN H

H O N B U I o N Y M N T A C H T U Y E d Ne B , A m oG n TgM A AY B A C A T M N AH ( L o a i b o m a n g m o g , d e ) O G N H A D E n oM N O

GA D E O

h o h p n h c u H E T H O N G S A N M A Y T A S HA Y K H O V A L C S A C H N M AA I Y S MA A YG S AT U GY E N N K IM L O R U N G R2 U N G K1 I M L O A I T T N H G L O N G , T U Y E N V U N D E O A L O T S A N G MV A S A Y K H O T H I E T B T A C H

M A Y U S I N H A N D E O T A C H E I vun hu c vun h c u

M A Y B A M C A T H A T N H A D E O T A C H E I

TAH TUYE BANG TAY MAG MOG DE C N N N O

M A Y B A C A T N H O M H C U

Kh thicung cap chatottrac cabietcho cac loo t

T R U N G T T A R U N GI A T A S A M G M N T O N N C O G N H X U AA D EP H A B O N T A C H H C V I SIN H I E Uv a m a y e p o b a x e l l u l o s i d a v a m o g d e o i n

M A Y P H A N L O A I B A N G S C G I O ( l a n 2 )

T A C H T U Y E N VB AI S I GN H N TA Y ( L o a i b o m a n g m o n g d e ) o

mun h c u

vao may ep ap lc cao nha deo taiche

hon hp hu c

Bi

H O N H P H C U O N C H V N M ( L a g i a u l a C 2O ) A T B R OT A A T RU UY NE G T A m n N U S U C K H M U H C CA P G I O N O N G , K H O V A S A C H b a x c h a h ob a i x e l l u l o s i n g a n e m l au l a ci h a t o t m

H E T H O HG E NT H H A O U G T H I E N N T


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Thuyt minh: Cc cng on chun b cho qu trnh x l rc bao gm: Tip nhn rc v kh mi: Rc thi sinh hot sau khi thu gom c vn chuyn n Nh my bng cc xe chuyn dng. Ngay khi x ra khi xe, rc thi s c phun hn hp vi sinh kh mi v kh c. Cc chng vi khun Nitrosomonat, x khun Streptomyces, nm men Saccharomyces Cerevicia... s phn gii nhanh cc cht hu c mau ln men, phn gii mnh protein, kh cc kh c gy mi hi, ngn cn s hnh thnh cc kh H2S, NH3 ng thi chng cn sinh cht khng sinh chng bnh v kh cc tc nhn gy bnh, sinh cht kch thch tng trng thc vt. Sau t 5 n 8 gi mi hi s gim dn n trit tiu. Tch tuyn rc c bit: Sau khi kh c v mi hi, rc c a vo bng chuyn tch tuyn bng th cng. Ti y cng nhn s loi b rc c bit bao gm nhng loi sau: +V kh v cht n +Xc sc vt v ph thi y t+ Ph liu (kim loi, thu tinh,)

+Ph thi do (bao nilon)+ Cht hu c kh phn hu dng lm cht t (ci g, bn gh, cnh cy, chn

chiu, mng mn,)+ Ph thi khng x l c phi chn lp

+Cc vt th cng knh, dy nh cn tr my hot ng. Phn loi rc: Hn hp rc sau khi c loi b cc loi rc c bit, t ng ln lt i vo cc my p v x rc (gi l my x rc), my phn loi bng sc gi (my tuyn gi), thit b tch tuyn kim loi bng t tnh (my tuyn t) v h thng thit b phn loi rc theo kch thc bng cc sng lng quay lin tc (sng lng phn loi). Qua cm cng ngh lin hon phn loi, rc c phn thnh cc dng ring bit nh sau:+ Hn hp giu cc cht hu c v thc vt gi tt l hn hp hu c.

+Hn hp giu cc cht ph thi do gi tt l hn hp ph thi do.+ Hn hp t ct v vn hu c ti c phi trn ch phm vi sinh phn hu

ch bin thnh mn hu c vi sinh loi 2 dng ci to t. Sau qu trnh phn loi, rc thi c x l theo 3 dy chuyn khc nhau nh sau: a. X l rc hu c: bao gm cc bc + Phn loi rc hu c: Hn hp hu c c lm sch ln na bng vic tch tuyn th cng trn bng chuyn, ri qua h thng thit b tch tuyn kim loi bng t tnh. Hn hp hu c sch c bm nh, phi trn ch phm vi sinh phn hy hu c vTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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xenllulo (cc chng vi sinh Bacilus Lichemi formis, Asperqillus niger, Lacto Bacilus Sp, Cellulomonas,...) chun b chuyn sang cng on to mn hu c + hoai hn hp hu c: c 3 loi hnh . o hoai hn hp hu c ti c kim sot m v nhit . - pht trin vi sinh hiu kh nhit thp, c o trn, sc kh - pht trin vi sinh hiu kh nhit cao c sc kh, c o trn - chn c sc kh. - gim m - Thi gian cho mt qu trnh phn on l 48 ngy. Tu theo yu cu ca tng giai on , cc thng s k thut ch yu c khng ch tng hiu qu phn gii hu c v cellulo. - m - Nhit - pH - T l C/N : 40 60% : 45 800C. : 6 7,5 : 1/25

Vi cng ngh hn hp hu c phn on, cu trc vt l ca khi rc hu c b ph v, bin i mnh v tr nn ti xp. ng thi ko theo s thay i mnh cc chng vi sinh vt trong ng rc. Trong cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh s b tiu dit ht (chng thng l loi a m). Thay vo l h vi sinh vt a nhit pht trin mnh, Chng thuc cc loi vi khun a nng v x khun, ph hp vi cc h cy trng thuc vng kh hu nhit i m. S tn ti v pht trin ca h vi sinh vt a nng, cng vi s c mt ca mt s loi vi sinh vt phn hy khc lm cho khi rc hu c bin i, phn hy v gy vn, chuyn ha thnh mn hu c vi sinh. o kh b x cellulose si ngn v b thi thu hi ti cng on tch tuyn mn mn (chim t l khong 4% so vi khi lng rc ti). Sau 20 - 30 ngy s a ra tch tuyn tn thu mn hu c. B thi nu cn s a vo di ngy cng vi x cellulose si di thay cho chn lp. o di ngy b x cellulose si di (chim t l khong 8% so vi khi lng rc ti) sau khi c bm ct nh v phi trn cc chng vi sinh phn hu c bit. Thi gian t 3 6 thng ty thuc din tch nh v t l hoai thnh mn theo yu cu, sau s a ra tch tuyn tn thu mn hu c. Phng php trong nh kn c phi trn vi sinh s thay th cho vic chn lp (10%) trong qu trnh x l rc hin nay


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+ Tch tuyn mn hu c: Hn hp hu c qua giai on , c xe c gii chuyn vo bng chuyn tch tuyn mn. Ti y, my nh ti v h thng sng lng phn loi theo kch thc s phn loi hn hp hu c thnh 3 nhm: o Nhm mn th t ng i vo bng chuyn sy gim m (nhit c cung cp bi l t rc) v tip tc tch tuyn ly mn mn sn xut ra phn bn hu c vi sinh. o Nhm x cellulose si ngn c nhiu mn bm dnh theo, a tr li hm kh, cng vi b thi ca cng on tch tuyn mn mn tn thu mn hu c. o Nhm x cellulose si di dng t cung cp nhit cho qu trnh sy gim m phn hu c. + Sn xut phn hu c vi sinh: Mn hu c mn, chuyn qua thit b phi trn ch phm vi sinh c chng bao gm cc chng khng bnh, kch thch tng trng, tng cng phm cht v kh nng dit tr su bnh c trong tSau mn c dn vo h thng cn nh lng, ng bao v vn chuyn vo kho thnh phm + Ch bin mn hu c vi sinh loi 2: Ti cng on phn loi rc ta thu c hn hp t ct v vn hu c ti. Hn hp ny phi trn vi b thi ca cng on tch tuyn mn mn v phi trn vi sinh c chng s cho ra mn hu c vi sinh loi 2, c dng ci to t.


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Quy trnh x l hn hp rc hu c Giai on 1 VK Nitrosomonas XK Streptomyces NM Saccharomyces cerevisia Vi sinh vt phn hu Giai on 2 Bacilus lichemi formis, Aspergillus niger, Lacto bacilus sp, Cellulomonas Vi sinh vt phn hu

RC HU CPhn ct Cellulose MN HOAI HU C Giai on 3 Vi sinh vt: C nh m: Azotobacter spp Khng bnh: Stretomycetes spp Tr su bnh: Metarhizium anisopliaePhn gii lingin, pectin, protein, tinh bt

Ph gia

PHN HU C VI SINH

Hnh 1.1 Quy trnh x l rc hu c b. X l ph thi do S cng ngh x l ph thi do sn xut cc sn phm nha ti ch.


12


Ph thi do sau khi phn loi

Sng lng tch t ct

t ct

ng gch

Bm ct

Nc nhit cung cp t l t rc

Ra

Nc thi

x l

tun hon

Sy kh

n p to ht nha

kh thi

chp ht

x l

Sn xut cc sn phm nha ti ch

kh thi

chp ht

x l

Cng ngh x l ph thi do bao gm cc cng on sau: + Phn loi ph thi do: Dng ph thi do sau khi phn loi c a vo thit b sng lng tch t ct v tp cht. Sau , chng c tch tuyn bng tay ri a sang my bm ct. Sau khi bm ct, ph thi do c chuyn vo cc b ra c khuy trn lm sch t ct. Lng nc thi ra sau khi ra ph thi c dn v h thng x l, phn ph thi sch tip tc a sang h thng sng lng sy kh bng nhit cung cp t l t rc hu c kh phn hu. + Ti ch nha do: Ph thi do, vn sau khi qua h thng sng lng sy kh c a vo my n thnh si nha, sau qua my bm ct thnh nhng ht nha ri a n khu vc gia cng nha do ti ch. Ti y s to ra cc sn phm ng thot nc, x chu, tm an,Kh thi pht sinh ti cng on n p to ht nha, to sn phm nha c thu gom bng chp ht v x l bng dung dch NaOH long. + Hn hp t ct tch ra t qu trnh phn loi ph thi do c s dng ng p thnh gch block. c. X l rc hu c kh phn hu


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Cc cht hu c kh phn hu nh g ci, gi, c x l bng phng php t nhit cao trong l t chuyn dng. Nhit to ra t qu trnh dt c tn dng vo cc cng on sy kh, gim m trong dy chuyn sn xut. Hin ti, nh my lp t 02 l t rc hu c kh phn hu, 1 l cung cp nhit cho qu trnh sy kh ph thi do sau khi ra, 1 l cung cp nhit cho qu trnh sy kh sn phm phn bn trc khi phi trn vi cc thnh phn khc (N, P, K) thnh sn phm phn bn hu c sinh hc. y l nhng l t rc do Vin Vt liu xy dng (B Xy dng) thit k v thi cng lp t. Cu to ca l: L t c thit k gm 04 bung ring bit gn lin vi nhau l bung t s cp, bung t th cp, bung lng bi 1 v bung lng bi 2. Kt cu ny lm tng tnh cng bc trong c hai bung t, do lm tng kh nng chy trit cc kh c hi trong l.

Ghi ch: 1: Bung t 2: ng x s c 3: B trao i tn dng nhit thi 4: Qut trao i nhit 5: Qut tng p 6: Sng lng sy kh, gim m 7: Qut ht kh thi Nguyn l hot ng ca l t:

8: My khuy pha dung dch nc vi 9: B tun hon dung dch 10: Bm dung dch 11: B lng 12: Thp x l kh thi 13: ng khi thi kh sau x l 14: Qut cp kh cho bung t

+ Nguyn l hot ng ca l t cht thi rn hu c kh phn hu l s dng bung t a vng v c lp t u t iu chnh c cho c hai bung t s cp vTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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th cp nn qu trnh chy cc v cc kh xy ra ring bit theo c khng gian v thi gian, do c th kim sot v ti u ho qu trnh chy mi bung t. + Khi bt u vn hnh, u t bung t th cp hot ng, nng nhit trong bung t ln mc khong 500 7000C. Lc ny u t bung t s cp cng bt u hot ng. Cht thi rn hu c kh phn hu c a vo bung t s cp qua ca np v c y vo vng y bung c nhit cao. Tu theo loi cht thi m thi gian np vo bung t 10 20pht/ln vi khi lng thch hp. Cht thi c t trong bung t s cp ban u vi nhit khong 500 5500C. Sau mt s m t, nhit bung s cp tng ln khong 600 7000C, lng khng kh cn cung cp cho qu trnh chy s c kim sot v iu chnh thi vo thng qua cc van gi. + Khi sinh ra trong bung t s cp c dn sang t bung t th cp c nhit 700 8500C. Nhit bung s cp v th cp c iu chnh t ng hoc theo ch ci t trc. S nguyn l hot ng ca l t: Cht hu c kh phn hu

Vi t du 1

Bung t s cp 6000C

X than

Vi t du 2

Bung t th cp 8500C

Bung lng 1

Bi th

Bung lng 2

Bi th

Qut cp kh lnh

Thit b trao i nhit

My sy

Nc sa vi

Thit b x l khi thi

Cn bn thi


Kh thi sch thot ra

15


Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b x l mi trng: + Lc bi: gm 3 cp o Lng trong bung lng s cp o Lng trong y thit b trao i nhit theo nguyn l cyclon o Lng h tr bng phng php tng kch thc ht trong thp ra kh thi bng h thng phun nc vi + X l kh c hi: bao gm o X l CO bng t d oxy trong bung th cp ln 8500C. o X l kh SO2 v cc loi kh khc bng hp th trong nc vi

c tnh k thut ca l t: + Cng sut: 300 375 kg/gi + Nhit t: o Nhit bung t s cp: 600 7000C. o Nhit bung t th cp: 700 8500C. + Th tch bung t o Bung s cp: 3,15m3. o Bung th cp: 1,05m3. o Din tch ghi l: 1,575m2. + Lng du tiu th: 40lt/h (ch s dng khi khi ng l t) + Lng khng kh cp: 2000m3/h. + Lng kh thi ra khi thit b ( c ho trn): 4000 5000m3/h. 1.4.5 Cng sut x l Cng sut x l ca nh my sau khi ci to li cng ngh l 200tn/ngy, trong

thnh phn rc thi khng s dng c (thu tinh, x bn,...) chim khong 50 1-2

+ Thng s sn phm nha do ti ch (ng thot nc, tm an,...)

1.4.7 Danh mc cc loi my mc thit b Cc loi my mc thit b phc v cho hot ng ca nh my bao gm cc my mc c t trc v lp t thm mt s thit b mi mua t th trng trong nc nh sau: Bng 1.3 Danh mc my mc thit b. TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bng ti gu Bng ti xch np liu rc My ba vng Sng lng phn loi rc Sng lng sy kh s b ph thi do Cho phi trn vi sinh sn xut phn Tn thit b Bng chuyn (kh 0.8m) VT ci ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, S lng 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 17 Ghi ch 150m 25 tn/gi 20m 25 tn/gi 25 tn/gi



TT 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 My tuyn t My v My ct

Tn thit b

VT ,, ,, ,, b ,, ,, ci ,, ,, h thng ci ci ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, chic ci ,,

S lng 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 8 16 5

Ghi ch 25 tn/gi 50 tn/gi 50 tn/gi 30 tn/gi 25kg/cm2 1000 tn 1500 tn

Thit b lng sy kh v tch lc x bn Thit b o trn phi liu ph gia H thng khuy trn ng xon nhit Thit b l hi My p thu lc My p thu lc H thng sc kh cho cc hm My p ng bnh ph thi do Thng sy quay gim m mn hu c L t cht hu c kh phn hu My sng rung 2 tng 3 ca ra My tuyn gi My phun ch phm vi sinh c ng My gia cng c kh Xe vn chuyn cc loi Thit b ht lc kh thi Cu chuyn c kh ho

300-375kg/h

1.4.8 Ngun cung cp v nhu cu s dng in, nc. Cp in: ngun in cung cp cho hot ng ca Nh my l in li quc gia thng qua trm bin p 180KVA t trong khun vin Nh my. Nhu cu s dng in c tnh khong 6.500Kw/thng. Cp nc: ngun nc cp phc v cho hot ng ca nh my l nc my do Cng ty TNHH NNMTV Cp nc v Xy dng Tha Thin Hu cung cp. Ti nh my, nc c s dng cho cc mc ch sau: Cp nc sinh hot: vi s lng cn b nhn vin ca nh my l 190 ngi, nu ly nhu cu dng nc l 35lt/ngi/ca th tng lng nc cp s l 6,65m3/ngy. Cp nc cho sn xut: qu trnh hot ng ca nh my ch s dng nc trong cng on ra ph thi do. Nc thi ra sau khi ra c x l v tun hon ti s dng, do lng nc cp b sung c tnh khong 3m3/ngym.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

18


Ngoi ra, vo ma kh khi lng nc r rc khng hi m cho cc hm , chng ti s s dng nc my b sung vi lu lng khong 4-5m3/ngy.

1.4.9 Cc loi nguyn, nhin vt liu phc v hot ng ca nh my. Nguyn vt liu: nguyn liu chnh l rc thi sinh hot vi khi lng 200tn/ngy. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi ph gia, men vi sinh v cc ch phm kh mi hi, tng hot tnh phn hu rc thi Nhin liu: ch yu l du DO dng mi la cho cc l t rc v cho cc loi xe hot ng trong phm vi Nh my vi nhu cu c tnh khong 100lt/ngy. 1.4.10 Hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca d n a. Hiu qu kinh t Tng bn vng ca dy chuyn thit b, do tng c s ngy lm vic thc t ca nh my t 250 ngy/nm nh hin nay ln 360 ngy/nm. Tng hiu sut thu hi cc sn phm ti sinh, ti ch t rc. + T l thu hi phn v mn hu c vi sinh hin nay t 18 22% s tng ln 24 28% so vi khi lng rc ti a vo. + T l thu hi ph thi do ti ch hin nay t 1,4 1,8% s tng ln 2,3 2,8% so vi khi lng rc ti a vo Doanh thu x l 1 tn rc ti: Bng 1.4 Doanh thu x l 1 tn rc ti STT 1 2 3 4 Ni dung Thu bn phn hu c vi sinh (25% 1.000 500 /kg) Thu bn sn phm ht nha (2,5% 1.000 2.500 /kg) Thu bn ph liu tn thu t rc (0,7% 1.000 900 /kg) Thu ph x l rc Tng cng S tin (ng) 125.000 62.500 6.300 75.000 268.800 Ghi ch T l: 25% T l: 2,5% T l: 0,7%

Bng 1.5 Li nhun x l 1 tn rc ti TT 1 Doanh thu 2 Chi ph Ni dung n v tnh ng VN ,, S tin 268.800 202.500 19



TT 3 4 5 6

Ni dung Li nhun trc thu Thu TNDN 28% Li nhun sau thu Li nhun/doanh thu

n v tnh ,, ,, ,,

S tin 66.300 18.564 47.736 17.75%

b. Hiu qu x hi Vic ci to hon thin cng ngh sn xut ca nh my mang li nhng hiu qu x hi nh sau:

Gii quyt tnh trng ng rc trn a bn thnh ph Hu, to c cnh quan cho thnh ph, gp phn bo v mi trng. Tn dng c ngun rc thi sn xut ra cc sn phm phc v cho nng nghip, xy dng, Hn ch qu t chn lp rc thi. Ngoi ra, nhng vn nh v sinh mi trng, v sinh cng nghip, an ton lao ng v cc iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn s c ci thin.


20


CHNG 2 IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI TI KHU VC XY DNG NH MY2.1. IU KIN T NHIN V MI TRNG 2.1.1 Cc yu t kh hu Khu vc Nh my nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, chu nh hng ca kh hu chuyn tip gia min Bc v min Nam. Nhit ma ng hi lnh do chu nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc v v tr kinh ca vng. Nhit ma H hi nng do chu nh hng ca gi ma Ty Nam v a hnh dy Trng Sn. Di y l cc c trng v kh hu t cc s liu thng k nhiu nm ca cc trm kh tng thu vn khu vc tnh Tha Thin - Hu. 2.1.1.1 Nhit Nhit khng kh nh hng trc tip ti qu trnh bay hi, pht tn cc cht nhim trong khng kh v cc cht gy mi khc. Theo s liu thng k, ma nng t thng V n thng VIII, nhit cao nht xut hin vo thng VI, VII vi nhit khng kh trung bnh l 27,70C 27,80C. Nhit cao nht o c l 410C (ngy 22/5/1983) Nhit thp nht o c l 9,30C (ngy 23/12/1995). Nhit trung bnh thng gim dn theo cao tng ng: Hu 22,50C, Nam ng 24,40C, A Li 21,50C. Thng c nhit trung bnh cao nht l thng VI VII. Phn b nhit cc thng trong nm c dng 1 nh. Nhit trung bnh c xu hng gim dn t ven bin n cc vng ni cao. Nhit trung bnh cc thng o c cc trm khu vc th hin bng sau: Bng 2.1 Nhit trung bnh cc thng (0C) Thng Nam ng A Li Hu Thng Nam ng A Li Hu I 20,3 16,8 20,0 VIII 27,4 24,6 28,9 II 20,8 18,2 20,9 IX 26,1 23,0 27,1 III 23,3 20,7 23,1 X 24,2 21,5 25,1 IV 26 22,7 26 XI 22,3 19,4 23,1 V 27,3 24,0 28,3 XII 20,2 17,3 20,8 VI 27,8 24,8 29,3 24,4 21,5 25,2 21 VII 27,7 24,8 29,4

C nm



2.1.1.2 S gi nng Nng cng l yu t lm tng bc x nhit v tng nhit ca mt t, nc v khng kh. Ti Thnh ph Hu, hng nm trung bnh c khong 2.000 gi nng, s gi nng trung bnh trong ngy l 6 gi. Trong nm c t nht 5 gi nng/ngy t thng II n thng X hng nm. Thng ging l thng c t gi nng nht l 3,7 gi. Cc thng 5, 6, 7 c s gi nng nhiu nht l 8 gi. 2.1.1.3 m tng i m khng kh l yu t nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht nhim khng kh v l yu t vi kh hu nh hng n sc kho ca ngi lao ng. m v nhit cng cao th qu trnh t thanh lc cc cht nhim cng ln. m tng i trung bnh nhiu nm l 85%. Thi k m t xut hin vo cc thng ma ng t thng XI n XII vi m tng i trung bnh l 90-91%. Thi k kh nht l thng VI,VII vi m 79% trng vi thi k c nhit cao nht trong nm v c gi Ty Nam. iu ny l nguyn nhn lm tng mc hn hn trong vng. m tng i trong vng c s phn b tng dn theo cao, ti Hu l 83%, Nam ng 84% v A Li 86%. m trung bnh ti Hu dao ng trong khong 73 88%, ti Nam ng l 79 - 91% v A Li 80 92%. m trung bnh cao nht vo cc thng X,XI, XII v thp nht vo cc thng VII, VIII. m c xu hng t l nghch vi nhit v s gi nng. m trung bnh cc thng ti cc trm th hin bng sau: Bng 2.2 m trung bnh cc thng (%)

ThngNam ng A Li Hu Thng Nam ng A Li Hu

I 89 90 88 VIII 81 80 74

II 87 90 89 IX 85 89 82

III 83 87 86 X 89 91 86

IV 81 84 82 XI 91 92 88

V 80 85 77 XII 90 91 88

VI 79 81 84

VII 79 78 73

C nm 84 86 83

2.1.1.4 Bc hi Lng bc hi bng ng Piche cho thy: xu th bc hi vng ng bng cao hn vng ni. Lng bc hi ln nht xut hin vo thng VI, VII trng vi thi k m thp nht,


22


nhit cao nht. iu ny gy bt li cho sn xut, nht l ngnh nng nghip. Thng k bc hi trung bnh cc thng trong bng sau: Bng 2.3. Thng k bc hi trung bnh cc thng (mm)

ThngNam ng A Li Hu Thng Nam ng A Li Hu

I 49,7 35,0 45,1 VIII 103,1 133,7 134,5

II 54,8 37,1 40,1 IX 66,5 58,8 84,6

III 84,9 56,9 66,5 X 45,8 34,6 61,9

IV 103,7 64,8 82,9 XI 33,6 26,8 50,1

V 108,2 85,6 11,8 XII 34,5 25,7 43,2

VI 108,8 113,6 136,1

VII 116,2 144,9 143,2

C nm 889,2 837,4 1000

Ngun: S Khoa hc Cng ngh tnh Tha Thin Hu, 2003 2.1.1.5 Ch ma Kh hu thi tit chung ca khu vc l mt nm c 2 ma r rt. Ma ma bt u t thng 9 n thng 2 nm sau vi hng gi ch o l Bc v ng Bc. Ma kh bt u t thng 3 n thng 8 vi hng gi ch o l Ty Nam v Ty. Lng ma trong khu vc kh phong ph v c xu hng tng theo chiu cao ca a hnh. Lng ma nm trung bnh vng ng bng sng Hng l 2868mm trong khi ti vng ni cao Nam ng l 3500mm Ma ma bt u t thng IX v ko di trong 04 thng n thng XII. Tng lng ma trong 4 thng ny chim 70 80% tng lng ma c nm. Thi k ma ln l vo thng IX X, thng c lng ma ln nht trong nm l thng X. Ma kh bt u t thng I nm sau v kt thc vo thng VII. Tng lng ma trong ma kh ch chim khong 20 30% tng lng ma nm. Thng I v thng VIII l 2 thng chuyn tip gia ma ma v ma kh nn lng ma trung bnh 2 thng ny cng kh ln. Thi k ma t nht l vo khong thng II n IV, lng ma dao ng trong khong 40 70mm. Lng ma tng thng theo cc vng th hin qua bng sau: Bng 2.4 Lng ma trung bnh thng ti mt s im (mm)

ThngBnh in A Li

I 97,9 64,5

II 46,1 16,4

III 29,1 58,3

IV 71,1 161,3

V 135,2 194,7

VI 155,8 251,4

VII 80,1 148,1 23



Hu Kim Long Nam ng Thng Bnh in A Li Hu Kim Long Nam ng

161,3 96,4 95,7 VIII 138,3 150,0 104,0 105,6 204,9

62,6 50,8 52,1 IX 367,5 733,6 473,4 368,8 544,0

47,1 36,3 45,9 X 646,4 732,0 795,6 712,2 1036,8

51,6 54,4 81,1 XI 673,1 639,1 580,6 525,1 672,4

82,1 93,2 221,3 XII 855,8 168,8 297,4 277,0 260,9

116,7 69,4 224,5

95,3 56,5 150,9

C nm 2796,4 3018,2 2867,7 2445,7 3550,6

Ngun: S Khoa hc Cng ngh tnh Tha Thin Hu, 2003 S ngy ma: Hng nm c khong 110 150 ngy ma phn b khng u. Thng c s ngy ma ln nht l thng X v thng XI vi 15 24 ngy ma. Thng c s ngy ma t nht l thng II v thng VII vi 7 15 ngy ma. S ngy ma trung bnh cc thng th hin qua bng sau: Bng 2.5 Bng s ngy ma trung bnh cc thng

ThngBnh in A Li Hu Kim Long Nam ng Thng Bnh in A Li Hu Kim Long Nam ng

I 10,6 15,5 15,5 11,4 17,0 VIII 7,9 15,4 9,8 8,4 15,9

II 8,1 12,8 10,9 10,0 12,4 IX 13,0 21,6 15,9 14,8 18,8

III 5,7 11,8 9,7 7,3 9,2 X 15,5 23,6 20,7 18,9 21,4

IV 6,8 17,5 8,7 7,8 13,2 XI 18,7 23,6 20,7 18,9 21,4

V 11,3 18,5 9,5 9,8 16,3 XII 16,4 20,4 19,2 16,7 19,1

VI 9,3 16,9 8,7 7,3 16,0 129,9 212,4 157,4 138,3 197,8

VII 6,9 14,8 7,7 6,8 15,3

C nm

Ngun: S Khoa hc Cng ngh tnh Tha Thin Hu, 2003 Cng ma: Lng ma ngy ln nht dao ng trong khong 100 300mm. Cng c nhng nm xut hin nhng trn ma c bit ln. Lng ma ngy ln nht o c Nam ng: 518,5mm (30/10/1983), Kim Long: 470mm (28/10/1981), A Li: 758,1mm (2/9/1999)Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

24


2.1.1.6 Mt s hin tng thi tit c bit Ngoi nhng c im v kh tng, kh hu nu trn, mt s hin tng thi tit c bit cn c quan tm l nh hng ca gi Ty kh nng (gi Lo). Gi Ty kh nng l hin tng thi tit kh ph bin khu vc min Trung ca Vit Nam. Thc cht y l gi Ty Nam xut hin t n Dng thi qua Myanma, Thi Lan, Lo v sau vt dy Trng Sn trn xung vng Trung B. Lc ny gi Ty Nam chuyn thnh gi Ty kh nng thng xut hin vo thng VI n thng X. Gi Ty Nam thng thi vo 8 9 gi sng n 17 18 gi chiu. Mnh nht t thng 11 n 14 gi. S ngy b nh hng ca gi Ty kh nng vo khong 9 10 ngy 2.1.2 c im thu vn Trong phm vi 1 km xung quanh khu vc nh my khng c sng sui ln chy qua, ch c khe nc nh nm cch nh my khong 50m v pha ng gi l khe Vc. y l khe thot nc rc t bi rc thnh ph v cng l ni tip nhn nc ma t nh my. V ma nng lu lng nc khe ny thng khng ng k. 2.1.3 a hnh v a cht khu vc 2.1.3.1 a hnh a hnh khu vc l vng i ni thp c cao trung bnh t 20 50m. Mt pha ng Bc a hnh thp hn cc mt cn li. Khu sn i trng nhiu loi cy nh Bch n, Thng bo v t cng nh cch ly bi rc vi khu vc xung quanh. Khu t xy dng Nh my nm trn khu vc c san bng, trc y l sn bay trc thng, xung quanh l i bt p c trng cy xanh. 2.1.3.2 a cht t ch yu l t st kt, bt kt, ct kt thuc phc h tn lm, pha trn l b phong ho thnh st ct hoc ct sn dm. Lp y l st trm tch kh mn do. 2.1.4 Cc yu t ti nguyn, sinh hc 2.1.4.1 Ti nguyn khong sn Xung quanh khu vc Nh my l vng i ni thp, khng c cc m khong sn. 2.1.4.2 Ti nguyn sinh hc Thm thc vt ti khu vc mang tnh cht ca khu h vng i ni thp ca tnh Tha Thin Hu, che ph khng ln, a s cc loi cy bi nh sim, mua,, thng b tc ng bi thin nhin v con ngi nn khng pht trin, gi tr kinh t khng ln. cc khe hay khu vc i c trng bch n, thng, keo l trm. ng vt trn cn ch c mt s loi nhTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

25


chim, gm nhm, 2.1.5 Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin 2.1.5.1 Mi trng nc a. Nc mt: Ti khu vc nh my ch c ngun nc mt duy nht l khe Vc nm pha ng. y l mt khe nc nh v l tuyn thot nc r rc ca bi rc thnh ph, do nng cc cht nhim trong nc rt cao. c c s nh gi mc nh hng do hot ng ca nh my n ngun nc mt khu vc, chng ti tin hnh ly mu v phn tch nc khe Vc, kt qu c trnh by trong bng sau. Bng 2.6 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc khe Vc Thi gian ly mu: Ngy 12/04/2007 V tr ly mu: (xem s S 04) M1: Mu nc khe Vc, ti v tr pha di im tip nhn nc ma t nh my TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Ch tiu phn tch pH DO Florua NO3NO2COD BOD5 NH3 Cadimi Ch ng Km Du m Coliform VT mg/l ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,,,

M1 7,71 2,11 0,15 1,8 0,046 520 315 161 2,15.10-3 2,71.10-3 5,18.10-3 3,07.10-3 0,72 1,2.104

TCVN 5942-95 5,5 9 2 1,5 15 0,05 < 35 < 25 2 0,02 0,1 1 2 0,3 10.000

MPN/100ml

Ngun: Trung tm cng ngh mi trng Nng, 04/2007 Ghi ch: TCVN 5942-1995 - Tiu chun cht lng nc mt (p dng ct B) Nhn xt: Kt qu phn tch trn cho thy, cc ch tiu phn tch vt mc quy nh trong TCVN 5942-1995 bao gm: BOD, COD, NH3, du m v coliform. b. Nc ngm:


26


nh gi hin trng cht lng nc ngm ti khu vc, chng ti tin hnh thu mu v phn tch nc ngm ti thn 7, x Thu Phng. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng sau: Bng 2.7 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc ngm ti khu vc xy dng nh my. Thi gian ly mu: Ngy 12/04/2007 V tr ly mu: (xem s S 04) N1: Mu nc ging o su 8m, nh ng ng Vn t, thn 7, x Thu Phng, cch nh my 200m v pha Ty Bc TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Ch tiu phn tch pH Mu (Pt-Co) cng TDS Fe Mn Florua NH3 Nitrat (tnh theo N) SO42Cadimi Ch ng Km E.Coli Coliform VT N1 6,21 4 2,88 225 0,12 0,017 0,15 0,46 2,2 26 1,42.10-3 1,70.10-3 3,22.10-3 6,24.10-3 1.500 93.000 TCVN 5944-95 6,5 8,5 5 - 50 300 - 500 1-5 0,1-0,5 1 45 200 - 400 0,01 0,05 1 5 0 3 TC B Y t 6,5 8,5 15 300 1000 0,5 0,5 0,7-1,5 1,5 50 250 0,003 0,01 2 3 0 0

mg/l mg/l MPN/100mlMPN/

100ml

Ngun: Trung tm cng ngh mi trng Nng Ghi ch: kph: khng pht hin TCVN 5944-1995: Tiu chun cht lng nc ngm TC B Y t: Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung Nhn xt: T kt qu phn tch trn cho thy: so vi cc tiu chun quy nh, nc ging b nhim nng v vi sinh, nguyn nhn c th l do ging c o bn cnh cc chung chnTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

27


nui gia sc, v vy khng nn s dng ngun nc ny ung trc tip. Cc ch tiu phn tch khc u nm trong phm vi cho php. 2.1.5.2 Mi trng khng kh nh gi hin trng mi trng khng kh, chng ti tin hnh o c, thu mu v phn tch cc thng s v cht lng mi trng khng kh ti khu vc trong v xung quanh nh my. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng sau: Bng 2.8 Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh trong khu vc nh my Ngy thu mu: ngy 11 12/04/2007 V tr thu mu: (Xem S S 03) K1: Mu khng kh ti khu vc nh tip nhn rc thi K2: Mu khng kh ti dy chuyn ti ch ph thi do K3: Mu khng kh ti khu vc ch bin phn hu c K4: Mu khng kh ti khu vc hm rc hu c. K5: Mu khng kh ti khu vc sn xut sn phm nha ti ch K6: Mu khng kh ti khu vc vn phng TT Thng s 1 Nhit 2 m 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gi n Bi SOx NOx NH3 H2S Thng s Nhit m Gi n Bi SOx NOx NH3 VT 0 C % m/s dBA mg/m3 ,, ,, ,, ,, VT 0 C % m/s dBA mg/m3 ,, ,, ,, K1 27 82 0,14 0,32 67,5 79,1 0,19 0,042 0,024 0,17 0,13 K4 28 76 0,21 0,37 42,7 49,3 0,18 0,030 0,021 0,18 K2 28 76 0,17 0,28 72,3 84 0,26 0,031 0,020 0,15 0,12 K5 27 82 0,16 0,27 66,4 71,1 0,21 0,022 0,019 0,06 K3 28 76 0,11 0,19 71,2 82,6 0,21 0,026 0,018 0,09 0,08 K6 29 75 1,25 1,38 51,3 62,9 0,27 0,028 0,017 0,09 85(1) 8(1), 0,3(2) 10(1), 0,35(2) 10(1), 0,2(2) 25(1), 0,2(3) 28 TCVN

85(1) 8(1) 10(1) 10(1) 25(1) 15(1) TCVN



TT Thng s 9 H2S 10 THC

VT ,, ,,

K1 0,21 -

K2 0,01 -

K3 0,03 0,11

TCVN 15(1), 0,042(3) 5(3)

Ngun: Trung tm cng ngh mi trng Nng (04/2007) Ghi ch: kph: khng pht hin (1) Tiu chun v sinh lao ng - B Y t (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3733/2002/ Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B Y t (2) TCVN 5937-2005 Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh (3) TCVN 5938-2005 Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh Bng 2.9 Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc nh my Ngy thu mu: ngy 11 12/04/2007 V tr thu mu: (Xem S S 04) K7: Mu khng kh ti khu vc cng vo nh my K8: Mu khng kh bn ngoi tng ro pha ng nh my (tip gip vi bi rc). K9: Mu khng kh cch cng nh my 200m v pha Ty (trn ng vo) K10: Mu khng kh ti nh ng ng Vn t, cch tng ro nh my 200m v pha Ty Bc. TT Thng s 1 Nhit 2 m 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gi n Bi SOx NOx NH3 H2S THC VT 0 C % m/s dBA mg/m3 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, K7 29 75 K8 29 75 K9 30 72 38,8 42,9 0,27 0,021 0,015 0,04 0,007 kph K10 28 76 25,4 27,1 0,09 0,015 0,010 kph kph kph TCVN

2,52 3,34 1,41 2,18 3,17 3,54 2,48 3,07 57,2 69,8 62,5 73,4 0,20 0,11 0,025 0,018 0,017 0,010 0,12 0,23 0,09 0,44 0,27 2,016 75(3) 0,3(1), 0,35(1) 0,2(1) 0,2(2) 0,042(2) 5(2)

Ngun: Trung tm cng ngh mi trng Nng (04/2007) Ghi ch: kph: khng pht hin (1) TCVN 5937-2005 Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanhTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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(2) TCVN 5938-2005 Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh (3) TCVN 5949-1998 Mc n ti a cho php khu vc cng cng v dn c T nhng kt qu o c, phn tch trn cho thy: i vi mi trng khng kh bn trong khu vc nh my: So vi Tiu chun v sinh lao ng ca B Y t (cc v tr o t K1 K5) v cc TCVN (v tr K6) nng cc cht nhim u thp hn so vi mc cho php. i vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi nh my: im K7 c hm lng H2S vt tiu chun 2,14 ln. im K8 c hm lng NH3 vt tiu chun 1,15 ln; H2S vt tiu chun 10,47 ln. Nguyn nhn l do qu trnh phn hu rc thi ti bi rc thnh ph lm cho nng H2S, NH3 trong khng kh tng ln. Cc im o cn li c nng cc ch tiu phn tch nm trong gii hn cho php. Mt iu cn ch l cc v tr o cng xa bi rc th nng cc cht nhim c trng (H2S, NH3, THC) gim dn. Nh vy c th kt lun rng qu trnh phn hu rc thi ti bi rc thnh ph nh hng ng k n mi trng khng kh trong khu vc nh my. Nhn xt: Nhn chung khu vc xy dng nh my khng phi l vng nhy cm v mi trng do y l vng t i, khng c cc loi ng thc vt qu him, tnh a dng sinh hc khng cao. y cng l vng cch xa khu dn c, khng c cc cng trnh vn ho, di tch lch s,.. do vi vic x l cc ngun thi ca nh my c thc hin mt cch trit s khng gy nh hng ln n cht lng mi trng khu vc. 2.2. IU KIN KINH T X HI KHU VC Nh my x l rc thi nm trn a bn x Thu Phng, huyn Hng Thu, tnh Tha Thin Hu. Trn c s thu thp s liu kinh t x hi v sc khe cng ng thng 04/2007 ti a phng, chng ti tng hp cc s liu lin quan nh sau: 2.2.1 V tr a l V tr a l x Thu Phng - Pha ng: gip x Thu Chu - Pha Ty: gip x Thu Dng - Pha Nam: gip x Ph Sn - Pha Bc: gip x Thu Thanh 2.2.2 Hin trng s dng t Din tch t t nhin ca x l 2.825ha, trong : - Din tch mt nc : 52,8 ha 30Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120


- t nng + lm nghip - t rng t nhin - t cng nghip - t th c - t khc 2.2.3 Dn s v lao ng

: 1.510,61 ha : 862,8 ha : 139 ha : 417,66 ha : 879,63 ha

- t nui trng thu sn: 47,27 ha

Theo thng k nm 2006, dn s ton x l 13.171 ngi vi 3.003 h dn. T l sinh 1,37%, t l cht 0,43%, t l gia tng dn s 0,94%. Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi khong 500.000/thng 2.2.4 Gio dc v Y t cng ng Trn a bn x c 02 trng mu gio (347 em), 02 trng tiu hc (1.370 hc sinh), 01 trng PTCS (1.375 hc sinh) v 01 trng PTTH do huyn qun l. V c bn p ng c nhu cu hc tp ca con em a phng. Cng tc xo m ch c thc hin trit t nm 2003. V Y t, x c 01 trm x vi 06 ging bnh c B Y t cng nhn l n v t chun quc gia, s lng cn b y t trn a bn gm 06 ngi trong c 01 bc s. Tnh hnh chm sc sc khe cng ng ti x c thc hin tt. Theo s liu thng k ca trm x, 100% tr em c tim chng m rng, 100% s ph n mang thai v ph n trong tui t 17 - 35 c tim vacxin un vn. S lt khm cha bnh ti trm x nm 2006 l 16.807 lt. 2.2.5 C s h tng v thng tin lin lc + Giao thng: H thng giao thng trn a bn x c Quc l 1A chy qua (3km), ng trnh Quc l 1A (4km), tnh l 7 (7km). V giao thng nng thn, nm 2006 x lm mi 1.719m ng b tng v nng cp thm 4km c. + Cp in: 99% s h dn trn a bn c dng in t mng li in quc gia + Thng tin lin lc: Hin nay trn da bn x c y h thng thng tin lin lc, t l dn c in thoi l 100 dn/7 my in thoi. + Cp nc: ngun nc cp sinh hot ti x ch yu l nc ging (80%), s cn li dng nc my (20%). + Thot nc: nc thi ti a phng ch yu l thot t chy theo hng chnh l ra cc cnh ng la hoc t thm vo t.


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+ V sinh mi trng: ch c 10% s h dn trong x s dng h x t hoi. Vic thu gom rc thi hin c trin khai thc hin nhng cha trit . Phn ln rc thi sinh hot c ngi dn x l bng bin php chn lp hoc t. 2.2.6 Hin trng kinh t v nh hng pht trin kinh t ti a phng a. Hin trng pht trin kinh t: Hin trng pht trin kinh t ti x ch yu l nng nghip v tiu th cng nghip. Gi tr sn xut cc ngnh nm 2006 nh sau: Tng gi tr sn xut cc ngnh: 123,7 t ng, t 108,3% ch tiu Nng nghip: tng sn lng lng thc l 3.591,2 tn, t 105,6% Tiu th cng nghip xy dng: 43,9 t ng, t 109,7% Thng mi, dch v: 44,8 t ng, t 112% Lm nghip: trng mi 37,5 ha rng Thu sn: nui c nc ngt 54,5 ha vi doanh thu 3,27 t ng. b. nh hng pht trin cc ngnh: nh hng pht trin kinh t ca x trong thi gian ti l pht trin thng mi dch v, tiu th cng nghip xy dng, ng thi duy tr n nh sn xut nng nghip.


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CHNG 3 NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG DO QU TRNH HOT NG CA NH MY3.1. NGUN GY TC NG 3.1.1 Ngun gy tc ng do hot ng ca nh my Khi nh my i vo hot ng, cc tc ng n mi trng c th xy ra c tm tt trong bng sau: Bng 3.1: Tng hp cc ngun pht sinh nhim v tc ng n mi trng TT Ngun pht sinh Tc nhn Tc ng 1 Qu trnh ch bin phn Mi hi (do NH3, - nh hng n sc kho ngi lao hu c H2S), bi, ting n ng - nh hng n mi trng khng kh 2 Qu trnh sn xut cc Mi hi, ting n, - Gy nhim khng kh sn phm nha ti ch kh thi (HCl, - nh hng n sc kho ngi lao THC,...), nhit ng. 3 L t rc NOx, SOx, THC, ... - Gy nhim khng kh - nh hng n sc kho ngi lao ng. 4 Giao thng vn ti Bi, kh thi giao - nh hng n mi trng khng kh thng - nh hng n cng nhn xy dng. 5 Sinh hot ca cn b, Nc thi, cht thi nhim t, ngun nc mt cng nhn rn sinh hot 6 Nc ma chy trn c, cht rn l Tng c ngun nc mt tip nhn lng 7 Tc ng do rui mui - Gy mt m quan - Gy nhim mi trng, gy bnh a. Ngun gy nhim nc Ngun gy nhim nc ti nh my bao gm: Nc r rc: ti nh my, nc r rc pht sinh t hai ngun: - Nc tch ra t rc ti khi a v nh tip nhn. - Nc r do qu trnh phn hu rc ti cc hm y l loi nc thi c hm lng cc cht nhim rt cao, nu khng c bin php thu gom v x l thch hp s nh hng xu n mi trng. Theo c tnh, lng nc r rc ti nh my khong 20 30m3/ngy. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc r rc nh sau:Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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Bng 3.2 Nng cc cht nhim trong nc r rc (i vi bi rc mi) Ngun: Trn Hiu Nhu v cng s - Nxb xy dng, 2001 - Qun l cht thi rn - Tp 1: Cht thi rn th TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch tiu pH NH3 NO3 Fe SS BOD5 COD SO42VT mg/l Kt qu 4,5 7,5 10 - 800 5 - 40 50 1.200 50 - 1.000 2.000 20.000 3.000 60.000 50 1.000

Tuy nhin, theo kt qu phn tch ngun nc r rc ti bi rc Khnh Sn, Nng (y l mt bi rc mi), hm lng c th ca cc cht nhim v cht c hi nh sau: Bng 3.3 Nng cc cht nhim trong nc r rc ti bi rc Khnh Sn Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng (12/02/2003) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 pH NH3 NO3 Fe SS BOD5 COD Cd Pb Cu Zn Phenol Tng Coliform mg/l MPN/100ml Ch tiu VT Kt qu 7,77 30,05 14,52 14,80 567 1.020 2.750 4,02.10-3 7,73.10-2 6,85.10-2 8,00.10-2 0,027 4,6.105

Nc ra ph thi do


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Lng nc s dng cho vic ra ph thi do c tnh khong 40m3/ngy, nc thi ra c hm lng cc cht nhim nh BOD, COD, SS kh ln v c x l ti h thng x l nc thi. Nc sau khi x l c tun hon ti s dng, khng thi ra mi trng, do s khng nh hng n cht lng ngun nc mt khu vc. Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn: ch yu t cc cng trnh v sinh, loi nc thi ny thng cha nhiu cht hu c, cn b, cht l lng v vi khun gy bnh. Vi s lng cn b cng nhn l 190 ngi, thi gian hot ng ca nh my l 3ca/ngy, nu ly trung bnh nhu cu dng nc l 35lt/ngi/ca th tng lng nc thi sinh hot ti nh my l 6,65m3/ngy (nu ly lng nc thi bng lng nc s dng). Cc thnh phn c trng ca nc thi sinh hot c a ra trong bng sau: Bng 3.4 Cc thnh phn c trng ca nc thi sinh hot Cht nhim 1. Cht rn tng cng (TS) + Ha tan (TDS) + L lng (SS) 2. Cht rn lng c 3. BOD5 4. Tng lng ccbon hu c 5. COD 6. Nit tng (Tnh theo N) + Hu c + Amoni t do + Nitrit + Nitrat 7. Photpho tng (tnh theo P) + Hu c + V c 8. Tng coliform 9. Cacbon hu c bay hi VT mg/l MPN/100ml g/l Nng Trung bnh 720 500 220 10 220 160 500 40 15 25 0 0 8 3 5 107 - 108 100 - 400

Yu 350 250 100 5 110 80 250 20 8 12 0 0 4 1 3 106 - 107 400

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering. Treatment, Disposal and Reuse. Mc.GRAWL International Edition. Third Edition, 1991 So vi TCVN 5945-2005 (loi B) th BOD5 vt tiu chun t 2,5 - 8 ln, COD vt tiu chun t 3,12 12,5 ln.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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Nc ma chy trn: Vo ma ma, nc ma chy trn qua mt bng nh my cun theo t ct, cc tp cht,... Nhn chung nc ma kh sch, do vy nu vic qun l cht thi, qun l mt bng nh my c thc hin tt s khng gy nh hng n ngun nc mt tip nhn. Theo T chc Y t th gii (WHO - 1993), nng cc cht nhim trong nc ma nh sau: Bng 3.5 Nng cc cht nhim trong nc ma TT 1 2 3 4 Ch tiu Tng Nit (tnh theo N) Tng photpho COD TSS Nng (mg/l) 0,5 1,5 0,004 0,03 10 20 10 20

b. Ngun gy nhim khng kh Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, c cc ngun gy nh hng n mi trng khng kh nh sau: Bi: Hm lng bi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit. Vo ma kh nng, bi c th pht tn t nhiu cng on nh tip nhn, bm ct ph thi do, phi trn v ng bao phn hu c vi sinh. Tuy nhin, vo ma ma do rc a vo c m cao nn lng bi pht sinh khng ln. Hm lng bi o c ti mt s v tr trong nh my u thp hn mc cho php (Bng 2.8; 2.9) Mi hi do kh H2S, NH3 pht sinh t cc ngun: Cc cht m ng - thc vt d ln men trong thc n tha v rau qu thi c trong rc ti a vo x l. Qu trnh phn gii cc cht hu c thnh mn trong cc nh hoai Qu trnh t phn gii cc cht hu c cn dnh bm trong hc my, gc nh xng, sn bi Cc vng nc r rc xut hin ti nh tp kt rc ti v khu vc cc ca nh hoai hu c. Kh thi: pht sinh t cc ngun chnh Kh thi t l x l rc hu c kh phn hu: do nguyn liu l rc c bit vi thnh phn nh g ci, gi,... nn thnh phn khi thi l cc loi kh c hi nh CO, SOx, NOx,


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Kh thi pht sinh ti cng on gia nhit to ht nha ti ch, sn xut sn phm nha. Kh thi t hot ng giao thng vn ti trong nh my: Khi nh my i vo hot ng s c cc phng tin giao thng vn ti chuyn ch rc v sn phm. Qu trnh hot ng ca cc phng tin ny s thi ra mi trng mt lng kh thi c cha cc cht gy nhim nh bi, cc kh c hi (NOx, SOx, THC,) gp phn gy nhim mi trng khu vc. Ngun nhim ny ph thuc vo cht lng ng s, mt , lu lng dng xe, cht lng ca xe, loi nhin liu s dng...

c. nhim do cht thi rn: Cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my bao gm 2 loi: Cht thi rn sn xut: Bao gm cc loi cht thi khng th s dng trong dy chuyn sn xut ca nh my nh kim loi, cao su, thu tinh, t ,...vi khi lng c tnh chim khong 5% tng khi lng u vo (10 tn/ngy). Trong s ny c mt lng kim loi nng v mt s cht c hi khc c trong pin, c quy h hng,...Cc cht ny nu khng c kim sot cht ch v c bin php x l ph hp s gy ra nhng tc ng xu n mi trng v sc kho con ngi, c bit l nhng cng nhn lm vic trc tip. Cht thi rn sinh hot: Bao gm cc loi bao b, ph thi to ra t sinh hot hng ngy ca cn b cng nhn trong nh my. Theo thng k, Vit nam, lng rc thi sinh hot trung bnh tnh theo u ngi vo khong 0,3 -0,5 kg/ngy. Nh vy, vi s lng ngi lao ng l 190 ngi, tng lng rc thi hng ngy ti nh my l: 190 0,3 - 0,5 kg/ngi/ngy = 57 95kg. d. nhim ting n: Cc ngun gy n ti nh my ch yu l ting n do cc phng tin giao thng vn chuyn rc, sn phm v ting n do cc my mc thit b trong qu trnh sn xut (ting n cng nghip). Ting n do cc phng tin giao thng: Theo ti liu Mi trng khng kh GS.TS Phm Ngc ng, 1997 th mc n do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn ti hng nng gy ra nh sau: t ng c xng: mc gy n khong cch 7m c gi tr ti thiu l 74 dBA, trung bnh l 90 dBA, ti a l 106 dBA. t ng c Diezel: mc gy n khong cch 7m c gi tr ti thiu l 90 dBA, trung bnh l 95 dBA, ti a l 108 dBA.


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Nh vy, so vi tiu chun TCVN 5949-1998 (Mc n ti a cho php khu vc cng cng v dn c) th mc gy n ca cc phng tin vn ti nng u vt tiu chun cho php. Tuy nhin, ngun gy n do cc phng tin vn ti ch xy ra trong nhng khong thi gian ngn, khng lin tc nn tc ng khng ln n mi trng khu vc. Ting n cng nghip: Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, ting n pht sinh t hot ng ca cc bng chuyn, my nhn thu lc, cc phng tin vn chuyn trong nh my,. Theo kt qu o c ti mt s v tr trong nh my (bng 2.8; 2.9) th mc n ln nht o c l ti dy chuyn phn loi ti ch ph thi do (84 dBA), tuy nhin mc n ny vn nm trong phm vi cho php ca Tiu chun v sinh lao ng - B Y t. V vy, c th khng nh hot ng ca nh my khng nh hng nhiu v ting n n khu vc xung quanh, ch yu l nh hng n cng nhn lm vic ti ch. 3.1.2 D bo ri ro, s c trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my Cc s c, ri ro c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my bao gm: - S c chy: c th xy ra do tc ng ca ngn la trn hoc tia la (la hn, la t cc bp un nu), chy do tc dng ca nng lng in (do chp in, qu ti) hoc cng c th chy do ph hoi - S c do nc r rc: nc r rc pht sinh t khu vc tip nhn, t cc hm nu khng c bin php thu gom x l thch hp s d gy nh hng n nc mt, nc ngm ti khu vc. - S c v v kh n, ho cht trong qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn v phn loi rc thi. - S c v cc loi dch bnh i vi gia sc, gia cm trong khu vc ln cn. Cc s s trn c th gy thit hi ln v ti sn v tnh mng con ngi, nh hng nghim trng n mi trng sinh thi, 3.2. I TNG, QUY M B TC NG 3.2.1 i tng b tc ng Mi trng khng kh: bi, kh thi t hot ng sn xut v t cc ngun khc trong nh my khi pht tn vo mi trng s gp phn gy nhim mi trng khng kh khu vc. Dn c: hot ng ca nh my thi vo mi trng cc loi kh thi v bi, gy mi hi thi, cc cht nhim ny s nh hng n ngi dn trong khu vc. Tuy nhin, do nh my nm v tr xa dn c nn khng nh hng n ngi dn trong vng. Tc ng n cng nhn lm vic trong nh my do thng xuyn tip xc vi ting n v cc cht nhim c trong khng kh. 38



3.2.2 Phm vi tc ng * i vi mi trng nc: nc thi t hot ng ca nh my khng thi ra mi trng nn khng nh hng n ngun nc mt khu vc. Ch c ngun nc ma chy trn t mt bng nh my s thi ra khe Vc. Tuy nhin, ngun thi ny nh hng khng ln v khng lin tc, ch xy ra khi c ma, nhiu khi li c tc dng pha long nc khe vn b nhim rt nng do nc r rc t bi rc thnh ph. * i vi mi trng khng kh: cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my pht tn v lan truyn trong khng kh s gy nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. Tuy nhin, vi vic thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhim mt cch trit nn cc tc nhn ny ch tc ng mc nh n khng gian vng lm vic v khu vc ln cn. i vi cc khu dn c do khong cch kh xa nn s khng chu nh hng. * Thi gian b tc ng: do tnh cht c th ca loi hnh sn xut nn thi gian tc ng ca cc tc nhn nhim n mi trng l lin tc trong ngy. 3.3. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG 3.3.1 Tc ng n mi trng nc Nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my c thu gom, x l v tun hon ti s dng, khng thi ra mi trng. Ngun gy nhim nc c th l do nc ma chy trn cun theo cc cht bn ri vi. Cc cht nhim c trong nc ma s nh hng n nc mt ti khe Vc (nm pha ng Nh my) vn b nhim nng do nc r rc t bi rc thnh ph. Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim nc c tm tt nh sau:

Cc cht hu c: y l nhng hp cht d dng b vi sinh vt phn hu bng c ch s dng oxy ho tan c trong nc. Vic nhim hu c s dn n suy gim nng oxy ho tan, gy tc hi nghim trng n sinh vt thu sinh v cht lng ngun nc mt.

Cht rn l lng: Cht rn l lng cng l tc nhn gy nh hng tiu cc n cc loi sinh vt thu sinh, ng thi lm tng c ngun nc, gy nh hng v mt cm quan v gy bi lng ti ngun tip nhn.

Cc cht dinh dng (N, P): Cc cht dinh dng nng ln c kh nng gy ra hin tng ph dng lm nh hng xu n cht lng ngun nc tip nhn. Du m: Khi hm lng du m khong trong nc cao hn mc 0,2mg/l s lm cho nc c mi hi, ch s dng cho mc ch sinh hot. nhim du dn n vic


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gim kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc do ngn cn qu trnh xm nhp oxy vo nc. 3.3.2 Tc ng n mi trng khng kh Mi trng khng kh b nhim bi cc cht c hi nh CO, SO2, NOx, bi, THC s gy ra nhng tc ng nh sau: + Tc ng n sc khe con ngi nh gy cc bnh v ng h hp, bnh v mt, ri loi cc chc nng khc nh thn kinh, ... + Tc ng n cc cng trnh kin trc do tnh cht n mn vt liu + SOx nng cao c th kt hp vi hi nc gy hin tng ma axit khi, nh hng n mi trng t, h sinh vt,... + CO2 gy ra hiu ng nh knh, lm tng nhit tri t dn n nhiu tc ng khc nh thay i kh hu, nng cao mc nc bin. 3.3.3 Tc ng do ting n Ting n cng l mt ngun nhim ph bin ca cc nh my. Nhiu nghin cu, iu tra x hi hc cho thy, ting n tc ng xu n mi trng sng, nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi. Tc hi ca ting n trc ht l nguyn nhn ca bnh thn kinh, au u, tng huyt p, bnh v thnh gic, nh hng n tim mch v gim tr nh. Bng 3.6 Thi gian tc ng ti a cho php i vi ting n (theo Tiu chun v sinh lao ng - B Y t) Thi gian tc ng 8 gi 4 gi 2 gi 1 gi 30 pht 15 pht < 15 pht Mc n (dBA) 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

i vi nh my x l rc Thu Phng, do v tr xy dng nm cch xa khu dn c, mt khc do ting n khi lan truyn trong khng gian c cng n gim dn theo khong cch nn ting n ch yu tc ng trc tip n ngi lao ng ti nh my, t nh hng n cc khu vc xung quanh.


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nh gi mc nh hng ca ting n do hot ng ca nh my i vi khu vc xung quanh, chng ti p dng phng php tnh ton theo ti liu Mi trng khng kh Phm Ngc ng, Nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni-1997 nh sau: Nu mc m ca ngun n ti im cch ngun gy n mt khong R1 bit (R1 = 1m i vi ngun gy n l cc my mc, thit b cng nghip; R1 = 7,5m i vi ngun gy n l dng xe giao thng) th mc n cch ngun n mt khong R2 s gim hn mc n khong cch R1 nh sau: - i vi ngun im: L = 20 lg(R2/R1)1+a.(dB) - i vi ngun ng : Ld = 10 lg(R2/R1)1+a.(dB) : a = -0,1 : a = 0,1 Trong : a: h s hp th ting n ca a hnh mt t - i vi mt ng nha v b tng - i vi mt t trng c V d: Theo s liu o c, mc n ln nht do hot ng ca nh my gy ra l 84 dBA ti khu vc dy chuyn sn xut ph thi do. Khi lan truyn trong khng kh, cng n s gim dn theo khong cch. Do b mt a hnh l mt t trng cy, c (a = 0,1), khi ti v tr cch xa ngun gy n 100m (R2 = 100m) th mc suy gim ca ting n l: L = 20 lg(100/1)1+0,1 = 44 (dB) Nh vy, khong cch 100m, cng n cn li l: 84 44 = 40 dBA. Gi tr ny nh hn so vi mc quy nh trong TCVN 5949-1998 - Mc n ti a cho php khu vc cng cng v dn c. Vi mc n tnh c nh trn, c th khng nh hot ng ca nh my khng nh hng v ting n i vi ngi dn sng xung quanh. 3.3.4 Tc ng n mi trng t Khu vc xy dng nh my l vng t i vi cc loi cy trng c gi tr kinh t thp hoc cy bi mc t nhin. Vic hnh thnh nh my x l rc s lm tng gi tr s dng t, bin t i, t hoang thnh t phc v cho cng nghip. Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, cc loi cht thi pht sinh u c thu gom v x l trit , hn na ton b mt bng ca nh my c b tng ho nn cc cht nhim khng c kh nng thm vo t gy nhim t, nc ngm. Nh vy, hot ng ca nh my m bo khng nh hng n mi trng t. 3.3.5 Tc ng do nhim nhit Qu trnh hot ng ca nh my c bit l nhng khu vc nh sn xut sn phm nha, l t... thng to ra nhit cao. Tng cc nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nhTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

- i vi mt t trng tri khng c cy : a = 0

41


xng lm nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao (cha k n tc ng cng hng ca iu kin kh hu trong khu vc) lm nh hng ti sc khe v nng sut lao ng. Tc ng ca nhim nhit i vi sc khe ca ngi lao ng l rt ln, do cn phi c bin php gim thiu ph hp. 3.3.6 Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi a. H sinh thi di nc Nc ma t cc khu vc khng c bao che (nh sn, ng giao thng,) trong nh my s thi ra khe Vc (nm pha ng nh my), do nu cc ngun nc ny khng c x l t tiu chun theo quy nh s nh hng xu n cc sinh vt thu sinh ti y. b. H sinh thi trn cn Cc thnh phn nhim pht sinh do hot ng ca nh my nh kh thi, nc thi c th gy nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca h ng thc vt trn cn. Tuy nhin, do y l vng t c h sinh thi kh ngho nn, ch yu l cc loi cy trng nh bch n v cy bi, khng c cc loi ng thc vt qu him cng nh cc loi c gi tr v mt sinh thi. Hn na chng ti s thc hin cc gii php khng ch nhim mt cch trit nn nhng tc ng ca nh my n h sinh thi khu vc s c gim thiu n mc thp nht. 3.3.7 Tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi Sc khe cng ng - Trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, tt c cc ngun pht sinh cht nhim u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc khe ca ngi dn trong vng chu nh hng. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian chu tc ng m mc nh hng ca cc cht nhim i vi sc kho cng ng l khc nhau. Tc hi ca mt s cht gy nhim n sc kho con ngi c tm tt nh sau:+

Tc hi ca bi: - Gy bnh ng h hp: Bi vo phi gy kch thch c hc v pht sinh phn ng x ho phi gy nn nhng bnh v ng h hp, gy ra vim mi ph i lm cho nim mc dy ln, tit nhiu nim dch lm cho th ht kh khn. Sau vi nm tr thnh vim mi teo, gim kh nng lc gi bi, lm cho bnh phi nhim bi d pht sinh. Bi vo phi thng gy kch thch c hc v pht sinh phn ng x ho phi. - Gy bnh ngoi da: Bi tc ng n cc tuyn nhn lm cho da kh, d sinh mn nht, - Gy tn hi mt trong trng hp khng mang knh phng h


42

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, tnh TT - Hu +

Tc ng ca kh SO2: SO2 l cht kch thch, khi tip xc vi nim mc m t to thnh cc axit, SO2 vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ho tan vo nc bt ri vo ng tiu ho sau phn tn vo mu tun hon. SO2 khi kt hp vo bi to thnh cc ht bi axit l lng, nu kch thc nh hn 2 3m s vo ti ph nang, b i thc bo ph hu hoc a n h thng bch huyt. SO2 c th nhim c qua da, lm gim kh nng d tr kim trong mu, o thi amoniac ra nc tiu. c tnh chung ca SO2 th hin ri lon chuyn ho protein v ng, thiu vitamin B v C, c ch enzym oxydaza. nng thp gy ra s kch thch i vi b my h hp ca con ngi, mc nng cao s gy ra bin i bnh l v b my h hp v c th gy ra t vong.

+

Tc ng ca NOx: gy kch thch mnh ng h hp, khi ng c cp tnh s gy ho d di, nhc u, ri lon tiu ho. Tc hi ca NOx ph thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc, c thng k nh sau: Nng NO2 (ppm) >500 300-400 150-200 50-100 Thi gian tip xc 48 gi 2-10 ngy 3-5 tun 6-8 tun Cht ngi Gy vim phi v cht Vim x cung phi Vim cun phi v mng phi Tc hi

+

Tc ng ca CO: d gy ra c do kt hp kh bn vng vi hemoglobin thnh cacbonxyhemoglobin, lm gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu, gy ra hin tng kh th, tc ngc, nng cao c th gy t vong.

+

+

+

Tc hi ca kh H2S: H2S l mt kh khng mu d chy, c mi rt c bit ging nh mi trng ung. nng 10-20ppm kh H2S gy chy nc mt, vim mt. Khi ht th phi kh H2S gy xut tit nc nhy v vim ng h hp. nng ln hn 150ppm kh H2S gy t lit c quan khu gic. Tc hi ca kh NH3: NH3 l loi kh khng mu, mi khai hc. Tc hi ca n i vi sc kho con ngi l lm vim da v ng h hp. nng 150-200ppm gy kh chu v cay mt. nng 400-700ppm gy vim mt, mi tai hng mt cch nghim trng. nng ln hn 2000 ppm lm da b bng, ngt th v c th t vong. Tc ng ca kh CH4: CH4 l thnh phn chnh trong kh thin nhin. N cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh vi sinh k kh. N cn l loi kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu vi trng, g mc ntCH4 hp th tia hng ngoi mnh hn gp 20 ln so vi kh CO2, do vi nng thp kh CH4 vn l mt tc nhn gy nn hiu ng nh knh v gy ra hin tng thng tng zn 43



Tc hi ca cacbuahydro: Cacbuahydro thng t gy nhim c mn tnh m ch gy nhim c cp tnh. Cc triu chng nhim c cp tnh l suy nhc, co git, ngt, vim phi, p xe phi Khi ht th hi cacbuahydro nng 40.000 mg/m3 c th b nhim c cp tnh vi cc triu chng tc ngc, chng mt, ri lon gic quan, tm thn, bun nn... Khi ht th hi cacbuahydro nng 60.000mg/m3 s xut hin cc cn co git, ri lon tim v h hp, thm ch c th t vong. - Lu lng cc loi phng tin giao thng vn ti tng, nh hng n tnh hnh trt t an ton giao thng, kh nng xy ra tai nn giao thng cao hn lm thit hi n sc kho, tnh mng v ti sn ca ngi dn. Tc ng n tnh hnh kinh t - x hi+

+ Gp phn gii quyt vn tn ng rc thi gy mt v sinh, nh hng n mi trng v sc kho con ngi. + Tn dng ngun rc thi sn c sn xut ra cc sn phm c ch, phc v cho hot ng sn xut nng cng nghip, xy dng,.... + Hn ch qu t chn lp rc. + Gp phn gim thiu nhim do nc r rc. + Gii quyt cng n vic lm, nng cao i sng cho mt s lao ng. 3.3.8 Tng hp cc tc ng do hot ng ca nh my n mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi Cc nhn t mi trng v kinh t x hi Khng kh Nc ngm Mi trng Nc mt t Ti nguyn sinh vt Kinh t - x hi Gii quyt vic lm Tng thu nhp H tng c s Tng cng Hot ng sn xut Qu trnh Cung cp nguyn sn xut liu ++ + ++ + + + im tng cng + 0 + + + + +++

Ghi ch: (+) Tc ng tch cc ( Tc ng tiu cc )


44


3.4. NH GI V PHNG PHP S DNG Cc phng php s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng bao gm: Phng php lp bng kim tra Phng php so snh Phng php nh gi nhanh da trn h s nhim Phng php m hnh ho mi trng Cc phng php nh gi trn c chng ti tham kho t cc ti liu: nh gi tc ng mi trng Phng php lun v kinh nghim thc tin ca L Thc Cn v nh gi tc ng mi trng Phng php v ng dng ca TS. L Trnh. y l nhng phng php hin ang c p dng rng ri v c tin cy rt cao.


45


CHNG 4 CC BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG4.1. I VI CC TC NG XU 4.1.1 Bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh Bin php kh mi hi Mi hi pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my ch yu t cng on tip nhn, phn loi v rc c sc kh. khng ch ngun nhim ny, chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau: Nghin cu hon thin cc chng vi sinh kh mi hi v quy trnh cng ngh phun phi trn cc chng vi sinh vi nhau tng hiu qu kh mi Dng x cellulo si ngn ht kh cc vng nc r rc nu c v ph chng ln b mt cc hm nhm lm tng m. Thng xuyn v sinh thit b v nh xng vo cui mi ca sn xut. Phi trn phun b sung vi sinh c chng kh mi hi trong qu trnh hoai hn hp hu c. Phun vi sinh kh mi vo cc hc my, nhng v tr kh lm v sinh kh mi trit vo cui mi ca lm vic. Thng gi nh xng pht tn mi hi Gio dc thc v sinh, k lut lao ng cho mi cn b cng nhn trong nh my nhm gi cho mi trng lm vic lun c sch s, khng c mi hi kh chu. Tng cng trng cy xanh trong nh my X l bi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut: Trong qu trnh sn xut ca nh my, bi pht sinh ch yu khu vc trn ph gia v ng bao sn phm phn hu c. Tuy nhin, hm lng bi khng ln nn khng nh hng n mi trng xung quanh, ch yu tc ng n cng nhn lm vic trong nh my. hn ch cc tc ng do bi gy ra, chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau: nha Ti khu vc n p to ht nha ti ch v khu vc nung chy ht nha sn xut ccTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

Trang b y dng c bo h lao ng cho cng nhn Thng xuyn v sinh nh xng sch s

Khng ch nhim khng kh ti khu vc n p to ht nha v sn xut sn phm

46


sn phm nha, nhit bung gia nhit ln ti 1500C. nhit ny, nha c kh nng phn hu to ra kh HCl. khng ch ngun nhim ny, chng ti lp t h thng ht v lc kh thi ti cc ming n nha do ti ch. S b tr h thng nh sau: Kh sch thot ra (3)

(2) (1) Ghi ch: (1): ming n nha (2): Chp ht thu gom (4) (3): Qut ht (4): B cha NaOH long

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng: kh thi c cha HCl thot ra t cc ming n nha s c qut ht qua chp ht v theo ng ng thu gom dn v b cha dung dch NaOH long. Ti y s xy ra phn ng: NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O. Ton b lng HCl s c gi li, kh sch theo ng ng thot ra ngoi. Dung dch NaOH trong b cha s c kim tra nng v b sung theo nh k 2 3ngy/ln. Khng ch nhim khng kh do giao thng Kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng cha nhiu cht nhim, khi thi vo mi trng s gp phn lm nhim mi trng khng kh khu vc. gim thiu ngun gy nhim ny, chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau y: Cc phng tin giao thng vn chuyn c kim tra nh k, bo dng theo ng quy nh ca cc c quan c thm quyn. Cc phng tin vn ti khi lu thng phi t tiu chun kh thi TCVN 6438-2001 (Gii hn ln nht cho php ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng ng b) Chp hnh nghim chnh lut giao thng ng b v cc quy nh v xe lu thng trn ng. X l kh thi l t rc Mt s thnh phn ca rc thi khng ti ch c nh g ci, gi,... tch ra t qu trnh phn loi rc c s dng cho l t cung cp nhit phc v cho qu trnh sn xut. KhiTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

47


thi to ra trong qu trnh t c cha nhiu cht c hi gy nhim mi trng nh CO, SOx, NOx, THC, bi, s c x l bng thp ra kh thi. y l thit b ng b i km vi l t do Vin Vt liu xy dng thit k, lp t ti nh my. + Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b: Khi thi t l t rc c dn theo ng ng i vo thp x l, bn trong thp, nc sa vi c phun thnh cc tia nh trn lp vt liu m (than hot tnh) theo hng t trn xung. Nc vi s tip xc vi khi thi v hp th cc kh c hi trong khi thi nh SO 2, NO2,, ng thi bi trong khi thi cng c gi li. Khi thi sau khi lm sch c dn theo ng khi thot ra ngoi. Nc sau khi i ra khi thp s c dn v b trung ha, lng v tun hon ti s dng. y l thit b c cu to n gin, d vn hnh, thch hp vi vic hp th cc loi kh c hi d ha tan trong nc nh SO2, NO2, + Hiu qu x l ca thp ra kh thi: Theo nhng kt qu o c cho thy, hiu qu x l ca thit b ny nhn chung t yu cu, cc loi cht thi c hi sau x l u c gi tr nh hn mc cho php trong TCVN 5939-2005, ct B, Kp = 1, Kv = 1,2. Bng 4.1 Mt s kt qu phn tch nng cc cht nhim trong khi thi l t sau x l TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ch tiu Bi SO2 NOx CO HCl HF Cd Hg Tng kim loi nng (As, Pb, Mn, Cu, Ni) VT mg/m3 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, K1 92 288 172 88 26 < 0,5 < 0,01 < 0,01 1,4 K2 86 243 71 64 4 < 0,5 < 0,01 < 0,01 0,8 TCVN 5939-05 200 500 850 1000 50 20 5

Ngun: Trung tm K thut tiu chun o lng cht lng II. Ghi ch: - K1: Mu kh thi l t sau x l, o ngy 26/02/2007 - K2: Mu kh thi l t sau x l, o ngy 23/03/2007 TCVN 5939 - 2005: Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip. Ct B p dng cho cc nh my, c s xy dng mi.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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TT 1 2 3 4 5

Ch tiu Nhit khi thi Bi SO2 NOx CO

VT 0 C mg/m3 ,, ,, mg/m3

K3 218 222,4 195,4 52,5 1322,7

K4 65 69,5 1,6 31,0 30,0

TCVN 5939-05 200 500 850 1000

Ngun: Trung tm Nghin cu Bo v mi trng, i hc Nng, 11/04/2007. Ghi ch: - K3: Mu kh thi l t trc x l - K4: Mu kh thi l t sau x l TCVN 5939 - 2005: Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip. Ct B p dng cho cc nh my, c s xy dng mi. Bin php trng cy xanh: Cy xanh c nhiu tc dng nh: che nng, ht bc x mt tri, ht bi, hp thu cc hi kh c, gim thiu s lan truyn ting n, ng thi to cm gic m du, tng thm m cnh quan khi i vo nh my. Ngoi ra, cn c th ht cc cht nhim c hi c trong t, c bit l cc kim loi nng nh ch Trng cy xanh, thm c c th gim nhit khu vc thp hn 1 - 3oC, tng hm lng oxy, che chn c 40 - 60% bc x mt tri, gim tc gi c th t 10 - 60% v hn ch ngun bi pht tn n cc khu vc ln cn. Hin ti, vic trng cy xanh trong nh my c thc hin nh sau: Cy xanh c trng theo ng ranh gii cch ly nh my vi khu vc bn ngoi, trng dc theo cc tuyn ng ni b v quanh cc khu vc sn xut. Ngoi ra cn b tr cc khu cy xanh tp trung pha ng v pha Bc ca nh my. Din tch t dnh cho trng cy xanh trong nh my l 6000m2, chim 14,28% tng din tch t, t l trng cy xanh nh trn t yu cu so vi Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam l 10 15%. 4.1.2 Bin php gim thiu nhim nc a. Nc r rc: Nc r rc pht sinh t nh tip nhn rc v t cc hm c thu gom vo cc b ngm bng b tng c th tch 48m3 ti nh tip nhn rc v 30m3 ti dy hm hiu kh v ti s dng dn vo qu trnh . Theo cc s liu phn tch cho thy, hm lng m trong rc ti a v nh my thng dao ng trong khong 70 75%, trong m thch hp cho qu trnh rc l 60%, nh vy lng nc d tha tch ra t rc l khong 10 15% (tngTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

49


ng 20 30m3). Mt khc, do trong qu trnh kh nng bc hi l kh ln nn lng nc r rc thng khng hi m, v vy chng ti phi s dng thm nc t cc ngun khc nh nc my, nc u ra ca h thng x l nc thi ra nilon. b. Nc ra ph thi do Nc s dng cho cng on ra ph thi do ti nh my khong 40m 3/ngym, trong thnh phn ca ngun nc ny c cha cc cht nhim vi nng cao nh BOD, COD, SS,Ton b lng nc ny s c thu gom v x l, sau tun hon ti s dng, khng thi ra mi trng. Hin ti nh my u t xy dng h thng x l nc thi cng sut 40m3/ngym theo cng ngh sau: Nc thi

B gom Bm Ho cht keo t (PAC) B keo t

B lng

Bn cn

Phi kh Chn lp

B lc

Ti s dng * Thuyt minh: Nc thi t cng on ra ph thi do t chy theo mng thu gom v b gom, sau c bm vo b keo t. Sau khi cho ho cht keo t (PAC), tin hnh khuy trn trong thi gian khong 15 pht ri bm nc sang b lng. Sau thi gian lng, phn nc trong pha trn t chy sang b lc, phn bn cn pha di y b c bm ln sn phi kh v chn lp. Sn phi c thit k c mi che trnh nh hng ca nc ma. Nc thi sau khi qua cc b lng, lc s c tun hon ti s dng vo cng on ra ph thi do, phn nc d tha (nu c) s c dng phun vo cc hm rc hu c lm tng m. Vic ti s dng nc va gip gim chi ph nc cp u vo, va m bo khng nh hng n ngun nc mt khu vc.Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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Kch thc cc b ca h thng x l nc thi: B gom B keo t B lng B lc c. Nc thi sinh hot: Lng nc thi sinh hot ti nh my c tnh khong 6,65m3/ngy. y l ngun nc thi c ti lng nhim cao c x l bng b t hoi 3 ngn, sau dn v h cha v tip tc x l bng vi sinh. Tnh ton th tch b t hoi: * Th tch phn lng nc: W1 =aNT (m3) = 13,3 m3 1000 bN (m3) = 9,5 m3 1000

: 4 5 1 = 20 m3. : 4 5 4 = 80 m3 : 4 5 4 = 80 m3. : 4 5 4 = 80 m3.

* Th tch phn cha bn: W2 =

* Th tch tng cng: W = W1 + W2 (m3) = 22,8 m3. Trong : a- tiu chun thi nc, 35l/ngi/ca N- s ngi s dng; T- thi gian nc lu b, ly bng 2 ngy, b- tiu chun tnh ngn cha bn, thng ly bng (50-60)l/ngi. Hin ti, nh my xy dng 03 b t hoi, th tch mi b l 10m 3. Hiu sut x l ca b t hoi: 80 85%. Nc thi sinh hot sau khi x l qua b t hoi s c thu gom vo h cha bng b tng v tip tc x l bng vi sinh ASC Protect (R) vi nh mc 0,1kg vi sinh/20m3 nc thi ch hiu kh. Sau nc thi c lc qua b lc ct v s dng ti cy. Th tch h cha nc thi sinh hot sau x l: 3 5 2m = 30m3. Th tch b lc ct: 2 1,5 1,5m = 4,5 m3.

d. Nc ma chy trn Nc ma chy trn trn mt bng nh my s cun theo t ct, cht cn b xung h thng thot nc. Lng nc ma chy trn ny c th gy tc hi xu ti mi trng v h sinh thi trong khu vc nu nh khng c h thng thu gom v x l thch hp. khng ch ngun nhim ny, chng ti xy dng hon chnh h thng mng thuTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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gom v b lng cn. Nc ma sau khi lng cn s c thi ra khe Vc pha ng nh my. 4.1.3 Gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn 4.1.3.1 Cht thi rn sn xut: a. Thnh phn: sau qu trnh phn loi rc, cc loi cht thi rn khng s dng c ti nh my bao gm: + V kh v cht n + Xc gia sc v ph thi y t, cc cht thi nguy hi khc. + Gch, + Ph liu Bin php x l i vi v kh v cht n: chng ti s bo co v lp h s chuyn giao cho c quan qun s a phng c bin php x l an ton. Gch, : chn lp ti bi rc i vi ph liu: thu gom bn cho cc c s ti ch. i vi cht thi rn nguy hi: cc loi cht thi nguy hi nh v bnh ng ho cht, bnh in, cquy, ng kim tim,... c thu gom v chn lp ti bi rc thnh ph. Vic thu gom v x l loi rc thi ny c chng ti thc hin theo ng cc quy nh trong Quy ch qun l cht thi rn nguy hi (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/07/1999 ca Th tng chnh ph). Trong thi gian ti, chng ti s hp tc vi Vin cng ngh mi trng thit k, lp t 01 l t cht thi nguy hi. Qu trnh lp t v vn hnh l t ny s c chng ti nh gi sau. 4.1.3.2 Cht thi rn sinh hot: Nh my b tr cc gi rc thu gom v a n khu vc tip nhn rc x l. 4.1.4 Cc bin php nhm hn ch ting n Kim tra mn chi tit v nh k cho du bi trn C ch bo tr, bo dng my mc thit b theo nh k. Trang b y dng c bo h cho cng nhn. 4.1.5 Bin php phng chng bnh ngh nghip Chng ti cam kt chp hnh nghim chnh Ngh nh 06/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 20/1/95 quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca B lut lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. Chng ti cng s p dng mt s bin php phng chng bnh ngh nghip nh sau:

b.


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B tr nhn vin chuyn trch v y t ti nh my, c y c s vt cht qun l, theo di, iu tr s b, c phng tin cp cu nhm thc hin cc nhim v: + Theo di v nh k khm sc kho cho cng nhn. + Pht hin cc bnh ngh nghip, theo di iu tr v bi dng phc hi sc kho. + T chc kim tra an ton v v sinh lao ng trong mi trng lao ng v khu vc ln cn. Trang b cc phng tin bo h lao ng c nhn (giy dp, m, qun o, gng tay, knh bo h, khu trang ...). Lp t cc trang thit b thng gi, lm mt, chng n, x l bi, kh c nhm m bo cc iu kin lao ng t tiu chun cho php. m bo cc iu kin sinh hot, ngh ngi cho cng nhn. T chc tuyn truyn, gio dc, ph bin kin thc v an ton v v sinh lao ng cho ton th cn b nhn vin trong nh my. m bo y ch bi dng c hi cho ngi lao ng. 4.1.6 Bin php gim thiu tc hi do sinh vt c hi Do tnh cht c th ca Nh my l x l rc thi nn y l ni tp trung ca mt s lng ln cc loi sinh vt c hi nh rui, mui, gin. Cc loi sinh vt ny l nhng vt trung gian gy bnh cho ngi v cc ng vt khc, gy mt m quan, gy nhim mi trng. Mc d Nh my thc hin nhiu bin php nh thng xuyn kh mi hi, phun thuc, ho cht dit cn trng, nhng s suy gim s lng rui mui l khng ng k. Mt c im cn ch l do Nh my nm cnh bi rc thnh ph nn s lng rui mui di chuyn t bi rc sang nh my rt ln, v vy mun gim thiu tc hi do rui mui cn c s phi hp ng b t c hai pha th cc bin php a ra mi pht huy hiu qu. 4.2. PHNG NGA, NG PH S C MI TRNG 4.2.1 An ton in Ngoi cc bin php t chc v qun l, chng ti s phn cng cn b c chuyn mn ph trch k thut an ton in. Cn b ph trch in c nhim v thng xuyn kim tra: H thng ng dy t trm bin p n cc ph ti cch in ca cc ph ti Tnh trng ca cc h thng bao che an ton thit b in H thng ni khng, ni t, ct mch bo v.


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4.2.2 Phng chng chy Nh my b tr mt bng ph hp vi yu cu phng chy cha chy. Xy dng ni quy, quy nh an ton PCCC. Xy dng phng n cha chy ti ch. Lp t hon chnh h thng cha chy. Lp t h thng chng st cho nh xng theo ng quy nh. 4.2.3 Vn bo, lt Hu l khu vc thng xuyn b nh hng ca bo, hu nh nm no cng c cn bo b vo khu vc ny. Bo km theo gi mnh thng gy nh hng ln n hot ng sn xut, sinh hot v ti sn ca ngi dn. V vy, phng nhng thit hi do bo gy ra, chng ti thc hin cc bin php sau: Thit k xy dng nh xng c kh nng chng c gi bo cp 12. Thc hin vic chng no nh xng khi vo ma ma bo. Thc hin vic trng cy xanh vi cc ging cy c r bm su trong t, thn cy vng chc c kh nng chng chu gi mnh. Trc khi vo ma ma bo hng nm s tin hnh cht ta bt cc cnh cy kh, mc v cht h bt cao ca cy.


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CHNG 5 CAM KT THC HIN BIN PHP BO V MI TRNGChng ti cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng cng nh cc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. C th nh sau: gim thiu cc tc ng c hi n mi trng, chng ti s thc hin nhng bin php bo v mi trng (nh trnh by trong chng IV) trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Cc hng mc cng trnh x l nhim c xy dng hon chnh. Chng ti s phi hp vi S Ti nguyn & Mi trng Tha Thin - Hu thc hin ng chng trnh gim st mi trng nh xut trong bo co trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Chng ti s thc hin ng, y cc ni dung quy nh ti Khon 1, iu 23 ca Lut bo v mi trng Vit Nam ngy 29/11/ 2005, c th nh sau: Bo co vi UBND x Thu Phng v ni dung ca Quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Nim yt cng khai ti nh my v cc loi cht thi, cng ngh x l, cc gii php bo v mi trng cng ng dn c bit, kim tra, gim st. Thc hin ng, y cc ni dung bo v mi trng nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc yu cu ca Quyt nh ph duyt bo co. Thng bo cho S Ti nguyn v mi trng tnh Tha Thin - Hu kim tra, xc nhn vic thc hin cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca Quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Thc hin ng cc ni dung quy nh trong cc Thng t, Quyt nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v cc quy nh bo v mi trng ca tnh Tha Thin - Hu. Chu trch nhim trc php lut Vit Nam nu vi phm cc quy nh v bo v mi trng c ban hnh.


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CHNG 6 CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG, CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG6.1. DANH MC CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG Cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca nh my gm c: H thng thot nc ma H thng thu gom nc r rc. H thng x l nc thi ra ph thi do L t rc hu c kh phn hu H thng ht v lc kh thi ti cc my n to ht nha v sn xut sn phm nha. H thng cy xanh trong nh my Cc cng trnh x l mi trng trn c trin khai xy dng hon chnh. 6.2. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG 6.2.1 Chng trnh qun l mi trng Chng ti s b tr cn b chuyn trch v vn bo v mi trng cho nh my, vi nhim v chnh l: + + + + Thng xuyn theo di pht hin kp thi v c bin php ngn chn cc s c mi trng c th xy ra. Theo di tnh hnh pht thi nhim ti cc cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut. Theo di hin trng mi trng trong khun vin nh my. Phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng gii quyt cc tranh chp, khiu ni, t co v bo v mi trng do hot ng ca nh my gy ra. Chng ti s phi hp vi S Ti nguyn v mi trng tnh Tha Thin - Hu nh k thc hin vic gim st mi trng theo ng chng trnh c ph duyt. 6.2.2 Chng trnh gim st mi trng m bo hot ng ca nh my khng gy tc ng tiu cc n mi trng xung quanh v nh gi hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng c p dng. Chng trnh gim st cht lng mi trng c xut sau y s c p dng trong sut thi gian hot ng ca nh my Chng ti s phi hp vi C quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng thc hin vic quan trc, gim st mi trng. Tnh trng mi trng s c thng xuyn theo di, cc sTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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liu v kt qu s c gi nh k ln S ti nguyn v mi trng tnh Tha Thin - Hu. Ni dung chng trnh gim st mi trng nh sau: a. Gim st kh thi: Kh thi l t rc hu c kh phn hu - Thng s chn lc: bi tng, SO2, NO2, CO. - V tr gim st: kh thi sau x l ti 2 l t rc trong nh my - Tiu chun so snh: TCVN 5939-2005 - Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip - Tn sut gim st: 03 thng/ln Kh thi trong nh my - Thng s chn lc: bi tng, NH3, H2S, SO2, NO2. - V tr gim st: 06 im + im K1: Ti khu vc tip nhn rc + im K2: Ti khu vc ti ch ph thi do (n p to ht nha) + im K3: Ti khu vc sn xut phn hu c + im K4: Ti khu vc sn xut sn phm nha ti ch + im K5: Ti khu vc hm rc hu c + im K6: Ti khu vc vn phng. - Tiu chun so snh: + TCVN 5937-2005: Cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh. + TCVN 5938-2005: Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c trong khng kh xung quanh. + Tiu chun v sinh lao ng - B Y t. - Tn sut gim st: 03 thng/ln b. Gim st mi trng xung quanh: Gim st khng kh - Thng s chn lc: bi tng, SO2, NO2, CO, ting n, H2S, NH3. - V tr gim st: 03 im + im K7: ti khu vc cng nh my + im K8: bn ngoi tng ro pha ng ca Nh my (tip gip vi bi rc) + im K9: cch nh my 200m cui hng gi ti thi im gim st. - Tiu chun so snh: + TCVN 5937-2005: Cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh. + TCVN 5938-2005: Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c trong khng kh xungTrung tm Cng ngh mi trng Nng, 25 Hong Diu, Tp. Nng. Tel: 0511.3824402, Fax: 0511.3824120

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quanh. + TCVN 5949 1998: Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c - Mc n ti a cho php. - Tn sut gim st: 06 thng/ln Gim st nc mt - Thng s chn lc: pH, BOD, COD, SS, kim loi nng, NH3, du m. - V tr gim st: 02 im + im M1: Nc khe Vc, pha trn im tip nhn nc ma t nh my + im M2: Nc khe Vc, pha di im tip nhn nc ma t nh my 100m - Tiu chun so snh: TCVN 5942-1995: Tiu chun cht lng nc mt. - Tn sut gim st: 06 thng/ln c. Kinh ph thc hin gim st mi trng Tng kinh ph thc hin gim st mi trng: 15 triu ng/nm. Kinh ph ny c tnh trn c s Thng t s 83/2002/TT-BTC ngy 25 thng 9 nm 2002 ca B Ti chnh v Quy nh ch thu, np, l ph v tiu chun o lng cht lng. Chi ph ny khng bao gm chi ph i li v thu. Kinh ph do nh my t chi tr.


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CHNG 7 THAM VN KIN CNG NGTrn c s Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, tnh Tha Thin Hu, U ban nhn nhn v U ban mt trn t quc x Thu Phng u c chung kin nh sau: Chnh quyn v nhn dn x Thu Phng rt hoan nghnh vi vic Cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha trin khai nhanh chng d n. Hin nay nh my ht sc khang trang sch p, m bo v sinh mi trng v cnh quan khu vc. T ngy nh my hot ng n nay cha c bt k mt khiu ni no v v sinh mi trng v cnh quan khu vc. Hot ng ca nh my gp phn ang k trong vic gim thiu nhim mi trng cho a phng do tn ti bi chn lp t nhin vi khi lng rt ln rc thi sinh hot ca thnh ph Hu gy ra. Bn cnh nh my gii quyt mt khi lng ng k cng n vic lm cho nhn dn a phng. ngh nh my duy tr v pht trin hn na kt qu t c trong vic m bo v sinh mi trng, thc hin tt nhng ni dung nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, c bit l nhng bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng cho nh my x l rc v a phng. (Xem vn bn phn ph lc)


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CHNG 8 NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU V PHNG PHP NH GI8.1. NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU 8.1.1 Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho 1. World bank, Guidelines for EIA, 1989. 2. Tuyn tp cc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng nm 2002, 2005. 3. Nguyn c Khin: Qun l cht thi rn nguy hi, NXB Xy dng, H Ni - 2003 4. Phm Ngc ng: Mi trng khng kh, NXB KHKT, H Ni -1997. 5. Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi: Qun l cht thi rn, NXB Xy dng, H Ni 2001. 6. Trn Ngc Chn: nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, NXBKHKT, H Ni - 2001 7. L Thc Cn v tp th tc gi: nh gi tc ng mi trng phng php lun v kinh nghim thc tin, Nxb KH-KT, H Ni 1994. 8. L Trnh: nh gi tc ng mi trng Phng php v ng dng, Nxb KH-KT, H Ni 2000 9. Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP): nh gi tc ng mi trng - Nhng quy trnh c bn i vi cc nc ang pht trin - Cc mi trng, 1988 10. Cc mi trng: Hng dn v quan trc mi trng, 1998. 11. Hong Xun C, Phm Ngc H: Gio trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, i hc QGHN, 1998 Cc ti liu trn u l nhng ti liu tham kho, gio trnh ging dy c gi tr, c s dng ph bin hin nay nn c mc chi tit v tin cy cao. 8.1.2 Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp D n Hon thin dy chuyn cng ngh thit b An Sinh ASC x l rc thi sinh hot cha qua phn loi u ngun v m rng nh my x l rc Thu Phng Hu. 8.2. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM Phng php lp bng kim tra: th hin mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca nh my vi cc thng s mi trng c kh nng chu tc ng. Phng php thng k: ng dng trong vic thu thp v x l cc s liu kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc nh my.


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Phng php iu tra x hi hc: iu tra, phng vn nhn dn a phng ti khu vc xy dng nh my. Phng php kho st, ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc ti khu vc nh my. Phng php thu mu, phn tch mu c thc hin theo cc Tiu chun Vit Nam.

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Phng php nh gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp nhm d bo v c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t cc hot ng ca nh my.

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Phng php so snh dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam c ban hnh nm 1995; 2002; 2005 v Tiu chun v sinh an ton lao ng ca B Y t. Cc phng php trn u l nhng phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay, mt

s phng php c a vo gio trnh ging dy, do tin cy l rt cao. 8.3. NHN XT V MC CHI TIT, TIN CY CA CC NH GI Cc nh gi v cc tc ng mi trng, cc ri ro, s c trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my c a ra trn c s iu tra, kho st thc a v qua tham kho cc ngun ti liu cng nh cc s liu t bo co TM ca cc nh my khc, nn c mc chi tit cng nh tin cy cao.


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KT LUN V KIN NGH1. KT LUN Trn c s phn tch, d bo v nh gi cc ngun gy tc ng, c th nhn thy qu trnh hot ng ca nh my x l rc Thu Phng c nhng tc ng n mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi khu vc nh sau: Tc ng tch cc: + Gii quyt c vn tn ng rc thi gy mt v sinh, nh hng n mi trng v sc kho con ngi. + Tn dng ngun rc thi sn c sn xut ra cc sn phm c ch, phc v cho hot ng sn xut nng cng nghip, xy dng.... + Hn ch qu t chn lp rc. + Gii quyt cng n vic lm, nng cao i sng cho mt s lao ng. Tc ng tiu cc: + Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong khu vc do mi hi pht sinh t rc thi v do cc cht c hi t khi thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. + Tc ng n mi trng nc do nc ma chy trn cun theo cht bn Tuy nhin, cc ngun gy tc ng ny s c gim thiu n mc thp nht bng cc bin php k thut nh nu chng IV. 2. KIN NGH Qu trnh hot ng ca nh my x l rc Thu Phng ngoi nhng li ch to ln v mt kinh t cn c nhng tc ng tiu cc nht nh, nh hng n mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi. Tuy nhin vi vic u t v thc hin cc bin php k thut nh a ra trong bo co s m bo mc tc ng ca nh my n mi trng l khng ln. Vi bn bo c

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