drugs, science & society physiology of drug abuse
TRANSCRIPT
Drugs, Drugs, Science & Science &
Society Society
Physiology of Drug Abuse
DRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESSDRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS
Categories of DrugsCategories of Drugs
Categories of DrugsCategories of DrugsStimulants - “uppers”
- stimulate the central nervous system- amphetamines, amyl nitrite, cocaine, crack, ecstasy
Depressants - “downers”- depress the central nervous system- alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Analgesics - powerful painkillers- from opium poppy or synthetically produced
Hallucinogens - “psychedelics”- dramatically alter perception- LSD, psilocyn, psilocybin, cannabis, ecstasy
CLUB DRUGS
Club Drugs
• Drug Class: CNS stimulant, hallucinogen
• Other names: MDMA, XTC, X, E, Adam, Clarity, Essence, Stacy, Lover’s Speed
• Developed in WWI but became illegal in 1985
ECSTASY
• Today: a designer drug
• White form, crystalline powder + buffed & pressed = pills
• Usual dose: 1 to 2 mg/kg body weight
• Ingested orally, placed under the tongue, added to juice or carbonated beverage, snorted or injected
Club Drugs
• “Candyflipping” – combined used of ecstasy and LSD
• “Stacking” – taking ≥ 3 E tablets at once, mixing it with other drugs
• Half-life is 6 hours
ECSTASY
• Onset action – vary from person to person
• Serotonin and dopamine – released into the brain
• perception of pain, body temperature
• overheat – without feeling any discomfort
How Ecstasy Works
Club Drugs
• Instantaneous rush – 30-45 sec, lasting to 15-30 mins
• Sudden clarity, intensification of perceptions
• Inner sensation of happiness, sense of loving
ECSTASY
• tolerance: desired effects; in adverse effects
• “bubble bursting” – anxiety, paranoia, nausea, panic
• 30 mins–3 hrs after initial rush: “plateau” phase of > intense feelings• trance-like movements long lasting ecstatic “trance-dancing”
The E “Rush”
• “booster dose” – hope to prolong the sensations
Club Drugs
• coming down: 3 – 6 hrs after initial ingestion
• feelings of disappointments: anxiety, depression
• sluggishness & residual effects: lasts up to several days
ECSTASY
• “Tuesday blues” – from depletion of serotonin
• still uncertain BUT subsequent depression may occur
• due to short-circuit of serotonin pathway & serotonin shortage
The After “Rush”
• 6-7 hours to fall asleep after returning to “normal”
Long term effects
Club Drugs
• addiction to concurrently used substance• anorexia, nausea, vomiting, insomnia
• tachychardia, fatigue, convulsions
ECSTASY
• dehydration, electrolyte imbalances
• heat exhaustion and injury (“Saturday night fever”)
• acute renal failure, hepatic toxicity
• jaw-clenching, teeth grinding, muscle spasms
• coma, death
Adverse Effects
• visual blurring, confusion
ecstasy
E
xlover’s speed
xtc
Stacy
Essence
Club Drugs
• Other names: Ma huang, ephedra, Cloud 9, Herbal Bliss, Rave Energy
• Combination of stimulants – to stimulate effects of XTC
• Common use: stimulant or weight loss agent
HERBAL ECSTASY
• Available: many health food stores or by mail order
• Present in food supplements: Metabolift or Metabolife 356
• In US: No regulation from US-FDA
• Found in many OTC cold preparationsAdverse Effects
• Tachycardia, hypertension, stroke, seizure, heart attack, death
Club DrugsMETHAMPHETAMINE
• enhance mood and body movement
• taken orally, intranasally, intravenously, rectally
• smoking, intravenous: intense, very pleasurable sensation
• other names: Ice, speed, tweak, crank , glass, shabu
• release large amounts of dopamine = highly addictive stimulant
• intranasal and oral: “high” feeling
Desired effects
• white powder or clear, crystal “rock”
• 3 – 5 mins (intranasal); 15-20 mins (oral); can last: 24 hours
Club DrugsMETHAMPHETAMINE
• wide variety or physical and psychological effects
Adverse effects
• wakefulness, increased physical activity (hyper, alertness)• appetite• headache, sensation of hair “standing on end”• dry mouth, tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations• stroke, seizures• euphoria, irritability, insomnia, anxiety• hallucinations, paranoia, psychosis, death
• degeneration of neurons underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease
Methamphetamine
shabu
I C E
S p e e dS p e e d
Drug Street Names Effects
OPIUM black stuff, chandu Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose, watery eyes
MORPHINE M, white stuff, white powder
Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose, watery eyes
HEROIN White, junk, powder, putih, medicine
Withdrawal symptoms, e.g. aches, spasms, stomach cramps & convulsions, shaking & vomiting, runny nose, watery eyes
CANNABISoriginated from the hemp plant, Cannabis Sativa
marijuana, ganja, pot, grass, joints
Loss of concentration and memory, heart rate increases, poor balance & coordination, anxiety or panic, depression, confusion
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Ice, glass, crystal, quartz, ice-cream, hirropon, shabu
Ice has a strong effect on the nervous system and is highly addictive. Loss of weight, impotency, severe convulsions (fits), hallucinations, liver & kidney damage, damage to the heart, stroke & death.
METHYLENEDIOCY-METHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA)
Ecstasy, Pink or Pink Lady, Snow White, Playboy, Apple, XTC
Blood pressure and increase in pulse rate, false feelings of confidence & closeness with others, dehydration, convulsions, vomiting & anxiety.
KETAMINE Also known as "K", Special K,Vitamin K,Ket, Kit kat
Hallucination, Altered sensation, mood and consciousness, Affected judgment and co-ordination, distorted hearing, touch, smell, taste and visual sensation, nausea and vomiting, memory loss
YABA Methamphetamine tablet, crazy horse, mad medicine
Increased heart beat, dehydration, paranoid feeling, sweating, insomnia, irritability, depression
Cocaine Powder
cocaine
Cracked cocaine
Amphetamines in various capsules
Barbiturate Pills Benzodiazepine Pills
Marijuana leaves
In blockIn plastic bag
In joint rolling
seeds
Cannabis
Coca leaves and powder
Codeine in various form
DepressantPills
Downers (various)
Hashish Oil
LSDin Blotter Paper
LSD in forms
Heroin in plastic
Heroin in off white powder form
Heroin in various formswith balloons
Ketamine - special
Ketamine
Methadone
Morphine
Morphine in various forms
Opium Opium pod & derivatives
oxycontin
Drug User Paraphernalia
Drug User Paraphernalia
Identificationof aDrug User
Identification of a Drug User• excitable, hostile, violent, destructive behavior, outbreaks of temper• unsteadiness, clumsiness• slurred speech, talking to oneself• in a state of confusion• dreamy, hallucinations• lack of personal hygiene• loss of concentration or attention• loss of interest in personal care & appearance, food, family activity• social withdrawal• sudden decline in attendance or performance in school• frequent job hopping• frequents places like storage rooms, toilets, isolated corners• sores on nose & mouth (glue sniffers), runny nose, bloodshot eyes• smell solvents on breath, clothes, hair (glue sniffers)
Drug Abuse is apreventable behavior
and
Drug Addiction isa treatable disease
Is it worth
the risk?
t h end