drug delivery & tissue engineering lab chapter 1. an overview of biological basics
TRANSCRIPT
Drug delivery & Tissue engineering Lab
Chapter 1. An Overview of Biologi-cal Basics
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
The Chemical Nature of Polynucleotides
• Biochemists determined the components of nucleotides during the 1940s
• The component parts of DNA–Nitrogenous bases: • Adenine (A)• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)• Thymine (T)
–Phosphoric acid–Deoxyribose sugar
2-3
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Nucleotides and Nucleosides
• RNA component parts– Nitrogenous bases• Like DNA except Uracil (U)
replaces Thymine– Phosphoric acid– Ribose sugar
• Bases use ordinary num-bers• Carbons in sugars are
noted as primed numbers•Nucleotides contain phos-
phoric acid (cf. nucleo-sides)
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Purines and Pyrimidines• Adenine and guanine are related structurally to the
parent molecule purine• Cytosine, thymine and uracil resemble pyrimidine
2-5
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1. 분자생물학 기초
DNA Linkage• Nucleotides are nucleosides with a phosphate
group attached through a phosphodiester bond• Nucleotides may contain one, two, or even
three phosphate groups linked in a chain
2-6
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Trinucleotide
The example trinu-cleotide has polarity– Top of molecule has a
free 5’-phosphate group = 5’ end
– Bottom has a free 3’-hy-droxyl group = 3’ end
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1. 분자생물학 기초
DNA Structure
The Double Helix• Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray data suggested that
DNA had a helical shape• The data also indicated a regular, repeating struc-
ture• DNA was believed to require an irregular se-
quence• Watson and Crick proposed a double helix with
sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and bases aligned to the interior 2-8
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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1. 분자생물학 기초
DNA Helix
• Structure compared to a twisted ladder– Curving sides of the ladder represent the sugar-phosphate
backbone– Ladder rungs are the base pairs– There are about 10 base pairs per turn
• Arrows indicate that the two strands are antipar-allel
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
2-10
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
2-11
Transcription
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0
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2-12
DNA
Sigma factor
Longer transcriptsShort transcripts
Sigma
RNA
Promoter region Gene(s) to be transcribed(light green strand)
RNA polymerase(core enzyme)
Sigma recognizespromoter andinitiation site
Transcription begins; sigmareleased. RNA chain growthcontinues to termination site
Termination sitereached; chaingrowth stops
Release ofpolymeraseand RNA
1. 분자생물학 기초 - Translation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ&feature=related
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Storing Information
2-13
Producing a protein from DNA information involves both transcription and trans-lation– A codon is the 3 base sequence
that determines what amino acid is used
– Template strand is the comple-mentary DNA strand that is used to generate the mRNA
– Nontemplate strand is not used in RNA transcription
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Protein Structure
Proteins are chain-like polymers of small sub-units, amino acids– DNA has 4 different nucleotides– Proteins have 20 different amino acids with:• An amino group• A hydroxyl group• A hydrogen atom• A specific side chain
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
SOGANG UNIVERSITY
1. 분자생물학 기초
Polypeptides• Amino acids are joined together via peptide bonds• Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides• Proteins are composed of 1 or more polypeptides• Polypeptides have polarity as does DNA
– Free amino group at one end is the amino- or N-terminus– Free hydroxyl group at the other end is the carboxyl- or C-terminus
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Types of Protein Structure
• Linear order of amino acids is a protein’s primary structure
• Interaction of the amino acids’ amino and carboxyl groups gives
rise to the secondary structure of a protein
– Secondary structure is the result of amino acid and carboxyl
group hydrogen bonding among near neighbors
– Common types of secondary structure:
· -a helix
· -b sheet
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Helical Secondary Structure
• In a-helix secondary structure polypeptide, backbone groups form H bond with each other
• Dashed lines in figure indicate hydrogen bonds between nearby amino acids
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Sheet Secondary Structure
• The b-sheet pattern of 2° structure also occurs when polypeptide backbone groups form H bonds
• In the sheet configuration, extended polypeptide chains are packed side by side
• This side-by-side packing creates a sheet appearance
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Tertiary Structure
• Total three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide is its tertiary structure
• A prominent aspect of this structure is interac-tion of the amino acid side chains
• The globular form of a polypeptide is a roughly spherical structure
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Protein Domains• Compact structural regions of a
protein are referred to as domains • Immunoglobulins provide an ex-
ample of 4 globular domains• Domains may contain common
structural-functional motifs – Zinc finger– Hydrophobic pocket
• Quaternary structure is the inter-action of 2 or more polypeptides
Immunoglobulin
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1. 분자생물학 기초
Protein Function
Proteins:
– Provide the structure that helps give cells in-
tegrity and shape
– Serve as hormones carrying signals from one cell
to another
– Bind and carry substances
– Control the activities of genes
– Serve as enzymes that catalyze hundreds of
chemical reactions
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1. 분자생물학 기초
One-gene / One-polypeptide
• Over time many experiments have built on Gar-
rod’s initial work
• Many enzymes contain more than one polypep-
tide chain and each polypeptide is usually en-
coded in one gene
• These observations have lead to the one gene
one polypeptide hypothesis:
Most genes contain the information for making
one polypeptide
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 온도에 따른 미생물의 분류 - 저온성 미생물 (psychrophiles): 20℃ 이하에서 생장 - 중온성 미생물 (mesophiles): 20 ~30 ℃ ℃ 에서 생장 - 호열성 미생물 (thermophiles): 50 ℃ 이상에서 생장
• 생장 대상에서 산소를 요구하는 여부에 따른 분류 - 호기성 (aerobic): 생장과 대사에 산소 요구 - 협기성 (anaerobic): 산소에 의해 생장이 억제 - 통협기성 (faculative): 호기성과 혐기성 조건에서 모두 자랄 수 있게 대사 경로를 바꿀 수 있음 .
• 모양에 따른 세포들의 분류 - 구균 (coccus): 구형과 타원형 모양 - 간균 (rod) 또는 bacillus: 원통형 모양 - spirillum: 나선형 모양
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 진핵 세포 (eucaryotic cell) - 복잡한 내부 구조를 가지며 핵 안에 하나 이상의 염색체가 존재함 . - 핵막이 있으며 미토콘드리아 , 소포체 , 골지체와 같은 다양하게 분화된 세포 소기관을 갖고 있음 .
• 원핵세포 (procaryotic cell) - 단일 염색체 (chromosome) 의 단순한 구조로 되어 있고 핵막이 없으며 미토콘드리아나 소포체 같은 세포 소기관이 없음 .
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 바이러스 - 매우 작으며 세포의 절대 기생체임 . - 200~330nm 수준으로 유전물질로서 DNA 와 RNA 를 가짐 . - 핵물질은 capsid 라는 단백질 껍질로 덮여 있음 . - 어떤 바이러스는 lipoprotein 으로 된 외피를 가지고 있으나 없는 바이러스도 있음 .
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 바이러스 - Bacteriophage: 박테리아를 감염시키는 바이러스 . • Lytic cycle - 박테리오파지의 핵산은 숙주세포 안에서 복제되어 더 많은 파지를 만들어내고 바이러스 증식의 어떤 단계에서 숙주세포는 용해되거나 터져서 파지입자를 방출하고 이 파지는 다른 숙주세포를 감염시킴 . • Lysogenic cycle - 파지 DNA 가 숙주 DNA 에 꺼이 들어가서 숙주세포와 함께 증식 .
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 원핵세포 (procaryote) - 반지름 : 0.5 – 3 µm - 구형을 구균 (coccus), 막대기 모양을 간균 (bacillus), 그리고 나선형 모양을 나선균 (spirillium) - 원핵세포는 double time 이 빠르고 탄수화물 , 탄화수소 , 단백질 및 CO2 를 포함한 다양한 물질을 탄소원으로 이 용함 .
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 진정박테리아 (eubacteria) - 그람 염색법 : 세포벽의 구조의 차이로 인한 염색법 - 그람 음성 세포 : E. Coli 가 전형적인 예로 얇은 펩티도 글리칸 (peptidoglycan) 층에 의해 지지되는 외막을 가 지고 있음 . - 그람 양성 세포 : Bacillus subtillis 가 대표적인 예임 . 외박이 없지만 여러 층의 펩티도클리칸 층으로 된 두껍 고 단단한 세포벽을 지니고 있음 . 세포질 막만 지니기 때문에 음성 세포에 비해 단백질 분비가 용이해서 단백질이 원하는 산물일 때 이러한 분 비력은 기술적인 장점이 됨 .
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 진핵세포 (eucaryote)
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2. 생물의 다양성
• 세포주기
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2. 생물의 다양성– 항체
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2. 생물의 다양성– 항체
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성– 단당류와 다당류
• 탄수화물 - 세포의 구조 물질과 저장물질로 중요한 역할 . - 동물과 식물에서 화학적 신호 현상을 조절하는 역할 . - 단당류는 가장 작은 탄수화물로 3 – 9 개의 탄소원자를 함유함 . - 알데하이드형과 케톤형
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2. 생물의 다양성– 단당류와 다당류
• 탄수화물 - D-ribose 와 deoxiribose - 5 개의 탄소원자를 갖는 환형 구조의 당분자 . - DNA 와 RNA 의 필수적인 구성 성분 .
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2. 생물의 다양성– 지질 , 지방 스테로이드
• 지질 (Lipid) - 물에 녹지 않는 소수성을 띤 생체물질 . - 벤젠 , 클로로포름 , 에테르와 같은 비극성 용매에 녹음 . - 세포막과 같은 비수성 생체계에 존재함 . - 생체의 연료 저장 역할을 담당 .
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM & TISSUE ENGINEERING
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2. 생물의 다양성– 핵산 , RNA, DNA
• 뉴클레오타이드