1. College of AgricultureCooperative Extension ServiceAgricultural Experiment Stationa A parched Wyoming eagerly drank the recent springprecipitation. However, the grim news is that one of theworst dry spells in the states history is still a reality.Agriculturally speaking, drought means hard times for ranchers,farmers, livestock, crops, gardeners, and the economy. Ultimately, itimpacts almost everyone.In this special section, University of Wyoming College ofAgriculture faculty members and Cooperative Extension Serviceeducators join forces to help advise drought victims about how tobest manage and recover their operations and lands and about howto be resilient as they weather tough times.

2. Page 2 Spring, 2003 UW College of AgricultureDry weather calls for summerSteve Paisleymals is the safest route. WhenUW Cooperative Extension feeding, introduce the high-Service Specialist, Department nitrate feeds gradually. Cattleof Animal Sciencedo have a limited adaptation to higher nitrate levels. By in-Although parts of the state received much-neededmoisture during recent troducing feed slowly, one can reduce but not eliminate the risk of having problems. Also,months, perhaps enough to at making sure the overall rationleast green up this spring,is balanced by providing ad-there are still no guarantees of equate energy (small amountsadditional summer moisture of supplemental grain) will re-to maintain grass or replenish duce the risk.the already low reservoirs orIf forced to feed bales oflivestock water sources. While high-nitrate feed, introducethe recent moisture will allow them slowly, feeding some ofnearly everyone to turn outboth the high-nitrate and safethis spring, there are a few is- hay each day. Generally feedsues to consider as the sum- the high-nitrate feed first fol-mer progresses.lowed by the safe feed. There is still the risk that some cowsWater Concerns will eat only the high-nitrateAs stock ponds remain hay. For example, dominantlow, the quality of the remain- Pictured are a cow and spring calf.cows may push the thin oring water becomes a nutrition timid cows away from the bet-and health concern. In the fall,ings suggest that sulfate lev-nitrate susceptible forages, pro- are that nitrate levels of 6,000 ter hay, forcing them to eatadult cows typically require 7els less than 1,000 ppm are ducers can reduce the riskppm (1 percent KNO3) or less only the high-nitrate forage. Toto 11 gallons of water per daygenerally safe, with 1,000 to through livestock and forageare generally safe. Nitrate lev- reduce the risk of this, sort thedepending on outdoor tem- 2,500 ppm levels causing re-management. els of 6,000 to 9,000 ppm (1 tocattle into thin/weak cows andperatures and stages of pro-duced performance and occa- 1.5 percent KNO3) are poten- adult cows.duction. Ewes typically require sional cases of polio. Levels ap-Nitrate-Susceptible tially toxic and should be fed When managing high-ni-2 to 3 gallons per day. Poorproaching 2,500 to 4,000 ppmForages with caution. Nitrate levels overtrate forages, it is better to feedquality stock water can actu- of sulfate indicate very poorIn most cases forages to 9,000 ppm (1.5 percent KNO3) frequently and not allow cattleally decrease water intake, put-water with definite reductionsbe most concerned about are are extremely dangerous andto go hungry. Also, it is impor-ting additional stress on an ani- in animal performance and androught-stressed warm seasonmust be diluted and blendedtant to manage feedingmal. Most water tests reportincreased occurrence of polio.annual forages such as sor- with other feeds. When testing closely, especially during se-Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) asAdditional concerns with ghum/sudan cane hays andhay for nitrates, be sure to vere weather. If cattle go with-a measure of the concentrationpoor water quality includemillet hays. Weed species suchsample from at least 10 balesout feed for a day, they mayof dissolved salts. TDS levelsmineral interactions and sec- as kochia, lambsquarters, sun-since there is a lot of variationgo back and pick throughless than 3,000 parts per mil-ondary mineral deficiencies flower, and pigweed can alsoin nitrate levels from bale to coarse stalks from previouslion (ppm) are generally safe that can occur with high TDSaccumulate nitrates, so emer- bale. It is generally safer to feedfeedings. Those lower stalksfor livestock. Levels of 3,000 to and high sulfate water. Highgency feed resources should susceptible forages to non-are where most of the nitrate5,000 may not dramaticallylevels of sulfate or other min- be watched closely. Finally,pregnant animals, and it is located, increasing the riskaffect adult livestock, but erals can compromise an under extremely stressful con-should be remembered thatof nitrate problems.young, growing livestock mayanimals immune system, ditions, additional crops suchnitrates remain in the plant noFinally, be aware of allhave poor performance and leading to an increased inci- as corn, wheat, oats, and bar-matter how long hay is stored. sources of nitrates. Somecharacteristic looseness. TDS dence of health problems. Itley can also accumulate ni-stock water sources can belevels of 5,000 to 7,000 should is always a good idea totrates. From a management Feeding high in nitrates, adding to thenot be offered to pregnant or sample and test water sources standpoint, the plant nitratesRecommendationsrisk. Also, poor water sourceslactating animals.to avoid future problems. are generally located in the Once the nitrate level of a can reduce a herds water con-Another water quality lower 1/3 of a stalk. Raising the forage is known, one can sumption, also adding to theconcern is the sulfate level of Concerns of Highcutterbar when swathing ormanage accordingly. The best problem.water. High iron and sulfateNitrate Forages reducing the grazing pressure situation is to keep the overall While there are risks asso-levels can affect trace mineral During Droughtso animals are not forced toration nitrate level below ciated with using high-nitrateabsorption, especially copper, While concerns about ni- graze the lower portion of6,000 ppm nitrate (1 percent feeds, weather conditions, haybut high sulfate water can also trates typically occur during the stalks will help reduce the ni- KNO3). This may mean blend-availability, and hay prices mayincrease the risk offall and winter when produc-trate concerns. ing or mixing hays. When limit any other alternatives.polioencephalomalacia or po-ers are purchasing and feedingfeeding nitrate-susceptible for-lio. Symptoms of polio in Nitrate Testing ages, the safest method is to Following a few basic guide-hay, it may be just as impor-lines and managing cattlecattle include blindness, signsWhen testing forages fortant to think about nitrate con-tub grind and blend with low-closely will definitely reduceof nervousness, and uncoor- nitrate levels, pay close atten-cerns early in the year and re- nitrate hay. If a producer isthe risk of nitrate problems.dinated movement. South tion to how the nitrate levelsduce the risk of nitrates unable to tub grind, some im-Dakota State University re- through forage-selection deci-are reported. Depending onportant management consid- Supplementationcently reported results fromsions, harvesting, and grazingthe lab, nitrate levels may beerations result. Strategiesan ongoing project evaluating described as nitrate (NO3), ni-management. Although dry,As mentioned before,Catering the Supplementwater sulfate levels. Based ontrate nitrogen (NO3N), or po-stressful weather increases the feeding susceptible forages to to the Situation. One of thetwo years of data, their find-tassium nitrate (KNO3). Gen-risk of nitrate accumulation in growing (non-pregnant) ani-common misconceptions con-eral nitrate recommendations 3. UW College of AgricultureSpring, 2003Page 3herd management cerning the use of supple- fordable supplements are of-SITUATION 2: Early Weaning ments is the one-size-fits-all fered, summer supplementa-Adequate to limited hay/Raising the cutterbarAnother important sum- mentality. In reality, there is ation programs are going to be forage available, and themer management consider- wide range of responses to an option to consider. It is im-forage is not providing when swathing or ation is early weaning, espe-enough nutrients to supplements, depending on aportant not only to capture allmeet a cowsreducing the grazing cially if summer rains do not number of factors. Some of of the benefits that are avail-come and forage becomes these factors include the qual-able through drought assis- requirementspressure so animalslimited. Studies involving early This situation describes ity of the forage being grazed,tance programs but also toare not forced toweaning indicate that remov- the quantity or availability ofmake the supplement fit the common conditions when ing a calf during mid to late the forage, the nutrient re- situation to help get the de- cows are close to calving orgraze the lowersummer reduces a cows for-have just begun calving and quirements of the animal be- sired results. When evaluatingportion of the stalk age requirement by 35 to 50 ing supplemented, therange supplements, there areare being fed a medium-qual- percent. This reduced forage amount of supplement being three general situations to con-ity meadow hay. The in- will help reduce the requirement may help buycreased energy demands of fed, the source and quantity sider. Each has its own uniquenitrate concerns.time, allowing cows to stay on of TDN or energy being sup-solution provided by thelate gestation and early lacta-summer grass rather than hav- plied by the supplement, and supplementation program.tion are greater than what ising to bring pairs home early. the level and quality of the provided in the forage. OftenIf cows appear thin, earlySITUATION 1: There is the first limiting nutrient in protein being offered in the situation would tend to either weaning may also help addadequate forage, butthese situations is energy, fol- supplement. During drought increase forage intake or atlow forage quality isweight and condition while conditions, the wrong matchlowed closely by protein. Anleast maintain the current for-cows are still on grass. Datalimiting intake.additional supplement is of supplement to the situation age intake. One way to stretch from the University of Wyo- This is typically the situa- needed to provide extra en- can have very negative results.the available forage is by feed- ming found that followingtion producers face whenergy and protein to meet theFor example, feeding smalling supplements that are rela- early weaning, cows gainedcows are grazing winter range.nutrient demands of a cow. amounts of a high-proteintively high in energy and lowapproximately 85 pounds dur-If the pastures have been The best supplement for this supplement (30 percent CP andin protein. These high-energy, ing an 82-day period whilesaved exclusively for fall andsituation is a medium-protein above) to cattle with very lim-low-protein supplementscows still lactating during thatwinter grazing, there are typi- supplement that provides en- ited forage may not be the bestwould not work in Situation 1same period lost an additionalcally adequate amounts of for-ergy as well as protein. There match of the supplement for thewhere the goal is to increase40 pounds. This occurredage for the herd. The lower are several supplements that situation. Providing high-qualityintake and digestibility. They while cows and cow/calf pairsquality of the forage and slowfit this situation well such as supplemental protein typically are designed to replace forage were grazing relatively low-digestion/long retention timeshigher energy 20s cubes, liq- improves the digestibility of theand actually decrease forage quality range forage in Sep-in rumen limit the amount ofuids, blocks, etc. High-fiber forage and increases the intakeintake while maintaining ad- tember and October. The earlyforage cows can eat. As the byproduct feeds also work of low-quality hay. In the situa-equate energy and protein. Itweaned calves grazing high-weather turns colder and fe-extremely well in these situa- tion described above, the prob-has traditionally been called aquality meadow regrowthtal growth begins to increase,tions. Byproduct feeds include lem is lack of forage, not its qual- negative associative effectgained similarly to thosecattle need to increase intakewheat midds, corn gluten feed ity or digestibility. Supplying awhen supplements reduce for- calves still nursing their damsto continue to meet their en- pellets, distillers grains, beet lower-protein, higher-energy age intake, but in this situa- over this period of time. Thisergy needs. Providing small pulp pellets, and probably the supplement may help to meettion, where forage is limited, management strategy canamounts of a digestible pro-most heavily used medium- a cows energy needs while alsoit works to the producers ad- also have major implicationstein source will improve diges- protein supplement, alfalfa reducing forage consumption. vantage. High-energy, low-pro- on nutritional costs and thetion of low-quality forage, im- hay. The benefit of these high-As drought assistance pro-tein supplements are typically breed-back efficiency of youngproving passage rate and in-fiber byproduct feeds are that grams continue and more af-grain, grain-based range females as 3 and 4-year-olds.creasing forage intake. Thisthey provide needed energycubes, grain/byproduct mix-While it may not be fea-example of a positive asso-while also containing ad- tures, etc., with protein levels sible to wean all of the calvesciative effect, providing aequate protein. They have a below 20 percent. Again, the early, consider weaning a por-small amount of supplementvery positive effect on energy While there are risksto increase forage consump-net effect is reducing foragetion of the spring calves early.intake because they can be fedintake while maintaining ad- First and second calf heifers associated with usingtion and improve the energy at 3 to 6 pounds daily, and equate energy and protein lev- would definitely benefit fromand protein status of a cow,cattle continue to maintain the high-nitrate feeds,has been used for decades. Aels for cattle.having the calves removed asame level of forage intake. The three examples de-month to two months early. weather conditions,protein supplement can be of- They are essentially an energyscribed may over simplify theWeaning in two groups mayfered as high-protein range and protein boost that hay availability, andcubes or pellets, blocks, licksituations. There are obviouslyalso help reduce the stress ondoesnt affect forage intake. several types of supplements,weaning facilities and allow hay prices may limit tubs, liquid supplements, etc.The key points are that the SITUATION 3: Cattle several ways of delivering the more time to address the any otherprotein level needs to be rela- performance and foragesupplements, and additionalhealth and management of alternatives.tively high (30 percent CP andquality are adequate, management considerations. the calves during weaning. Ithigher), the supplement needsbut forage supply isHowever, they are a step be- may also provide some flex- Following a few basicto be fed or offered in small limited yond the one-size-fits-all ibility in marketing calves. This is the situation that mentality with supplementa-Early weaning may be an guidelines and amounts, and the proteinmany producers were faced tion programs. For additionalimportant consideration everyneeds to be a highly digestible, managing cattlegood quality one with rela- with last summer. Cattle were help or ideas, visit with a Co-year, especially with youngin good condition, but thereoperative Extension Servicecows. Getting cows in good closely will definitelytively low levels of NPN to getwas little forage left for them educator. He or she can pro- shape before winter sets in ismaximum benefit. reduce the risk of to graze. Feeding high or mid-vide additional informationimportant in maintaining ad-protein supplements in this and help work through some equate condition and in improv- nitrate problems.of the choices.ing reproductive performance. 4. Page 4Spring, 2003 UW College of AgricultureNot much water? Water-wise choices Karen L. Panterproperly. Always keep in mind Cooperative Extension Servicethat any new plantings will Specialist, UW Department of require consistent moisture Plant Sciences until they are established, es-pecially during the winter. The drought situation hashit Wyoming hard. Even though there may still be snowStep 1 Developing aLandscape Plan Spend some time plan- on the ground in some places,ning and designing on paper. the situation is that manyAnalyze the site, taking into ac- Wyoming cities will put water-count existing structures, ing restrictions in place thisother plants, and neighbors. year. Some already have.Then decide what areas areMany believe peopleneeded: turf area for the kids, should practice water conser-a vegetable garden, a center vation all year long inside andfor entertaining, or a dog zone. outside homes rather than just in the landscape during theStep 2 Limiting Turf growing season. Try simple Areas things like washing only fullNote that this does not say loads of laundry or dishes,eliminate turf areas. For areasGazania linearis Gazaniawith little to no foot traffic, keeping a pitcher of water in the fridge, cutting bath water consider groundcovers such as down a gallon or two, and cut- carpet bugle (Ajuga), thyme ting down shower time a(Thymus), vinca (Vinca minor), minute or two. These will allnettle (Lamium), or sweet go a long way towards saving woodruff (Galium). For heavily the most precious western re-used areas, consider mixtures source water.of turfgrasses. For areas thatIn the landscape there aremay be tough to maintain and all sorts of wonderful plant mow, consider perennial orna- types from annuals to ever-mental grasses such as feather greens that dont requirereed grass (Calamagrostis much water. And for plants acutiflora), northern sea oats that require a bit more irriga-(Chasmanthium latifolium), tion, there are watering sys-blue oats (Helictotrichon tems and mulches available tosempervirens), or switch grass keep the water in the ground (Panicum virgatum). where the plants need it.Keep in mind that turf ar- Years ago, Denver Watereas help to cool down the en- coined the term xeriscape to vironment, soften the land- denote landscaping with low- scape, and provide essential water-using plant material.oxygen. Using rock or gravelCerastium tomentosum Snow in Summer(No, its not pronounced mulch near a home may end zeroscape.) Unfortunately, up heating the area. Any sav- many people think this means ings in water might be offset gravel and cactus, but nothing by air conditioning costs in- could be farther from theside. truth. Others have used theStep 3 Selecting and term water wise. Either way, Zoning Plants there is a definite process in-Appropriately volved in landscaping to cutPut the right plants in the down irrigation needs. right places. Group plants withThere are seven steps in- similar water requirements to- volved in setting up a water-gether to make irrigation sim- wise landscape or xeriscape. pler and more efficient. Look These steps are, briefly: 1) for microclimates around developing a landscape plan, structures. Every yard or land- 2) reducing turf areas, 3) im- scape will have shady areas proving the soil, 4) selecting that stay moister than south- appropriate plants, 5) mulch-facing zones. Use plant mate- ing the soil, 6) irrigating effi-rials that will fit these particu- ciently, and 7) maintaininglar areas.Helictotrichon sempervirens Blue Oat Grass 5. UW College of Agriculture Spring, 2003Page 5important for gardens and landscapes Step 4 Improving the Step 6 IrrigatingStep 7 Maintaining Soil EfficientlyProperly This is probably the mostNote that this does not say A no-maintenance land- important step in any land-stop watering. Water accord- scape is almost nonexistent, scaping, xeric or otherwise. ing to area and plant type asbut low maintenance is pos- Before any plants are put in well as weather patterns. Usesible, depending on the plant the ground, add good quality drip irrigation where possible material. Some xeriscape or organic matter. Put a layerfor annuals, perennials, and water-wise gardens may need about two inches thick on thevegetables. Other types of as much maintenance as a area to be planted and thenwatering systems should be more traditional garden. Such till or spade it in to a depth ofused for large trees and shrubsroutine tasks as weeding, about six inches. Also, core as well as turf areas. These can deadheading, fertilizing, and aerate lawn areas at least onceinclude overhead sprinklersoccasional mowing will still a year. This allows better wa-Perovskia SageCalamagrostis acutiflora and automatic systems. Re- need to be done. ter and air penetration to theFeather reed grass member to change the auto-The tables below list some grass root systems. Leave the landscaping. Good quality or- ganic mulches (gravel, rock, matic clock according to the suggestions for water-wise cores on the turf since theyganic mulches (bark, straw, etc.) can also be used but can weather and season. Set and plant materials from trees to will add nutrients back to theetc.) keep moisture in the soil,be warm. The type that shouldforget is too common and is annuals and even a few shade area as they break down.minimize evaporation, moder-be used (inorganic or organic) not appropriate. Whatever sys- plants. ate soil temperatures, mitigatetem is used, make sure it is Step 5 Using Mulchesdepends on the landscape de- freeze/thaw damage, and add sign and the long-term goals functioning properly and isThis is arguably the sec- organic matter back into thefor the area.not clogged or split or leaking. ond most important step in soil as they decompose. Inor-TreesGroundcoversAcer ginnala deciduousamur maple Antennaaria dioicapussytoesCrataegus crus-galli deciduouscockspur hawthornCerastium tomentosumsnow-in-summerGymnocladus dioicusdeciduousKentucky coffeetreePolygonum affinefleece flowerJuniperus scopulorum evergreenRocky Mountain juniper Santolina chamaecyparissuslavender cottonPinus aristata evergreenbristlecone pine Sedum (many species)stonecropPinus ponderosaevergreenponderosa pine Sempervivum sp. hens and chicksPinus cembroides edulisevergreenpinyon pineThymus pseudolanuginosuswooly thymePrunus virginianadeciduouschokecherryVeronia pectinata blue woolly speedwellQuercus macrocarpa deciduousbur oak GrassesShrubs Agropyron cristatumbunch turf grass crested wheatgrassCaryopteris x clandonensis deciduousblue mist spirea Bouteloua gracilis clumpblue grama grassCeratoides lanata orornamental, turfKrascheninnikovia lanata deciduouswinterfatCalamagrostis acutiflora ornamental feather reed grassCercocarpus ledifolius deciduousmountain mahoganyFestuca arundinaceaturf grass tall fescueCotoneaster apiculatus evergreencranberry cotoneasterFestuca ovina glauca ornamental blue fescueJuniperis chinensisevergreenChinese juniperHelictrotrichon sempervirens ornamental blue oat grassJuniperus communis evergreencommon juniper Oryzopsis hymenoides ornamental Indian rice grassJuniperus horizontalis evergreenspreading juniperJuniperus sabina evergreensavin juniperAnnualsPotentilla fruticosa deciduouscinquefoilRobinia neomexicanadeciduousNew Mexico locus Coreopsis tinctoria tickseed Eschscholzia californicaCalifornia poppyPerennials Gaillardia pulchellablanket flower Gazania (several species) gazaniaAchillea sp.yarrow Gomphrena globosa globe amaranthAsclepias tuberosabutterfly weed Lavatera trimestris annual mallowCallirhoe involucrata wine cup Pennisetum setaceum rubrumpurple fountain grassCentranthus ruber valerian Portulaca grandiflora moss roseEriogonum umbellatumsulfur flowerPortulaca oleraceapurslaneGaillardia x grandiflorablanket flower Sanvitalia procumbens creeping zinniaHemerocallis sp.daylilyZinnia angustifolia narrowleaf zinnaNepeta x faasseniicatmintOenothera missouriensis evening primrose Shade plantsPerovskia atriplicifoliaRussian sagePenstemon (some species)beardtongueArctostaphylos uva-ursievergreen shrubkinnikinnickSalvia (many species) sage Heuchera sanguinea perennialcoral bellsSedum sp. stonecropMahonia repenscreeping grape hollyTanacetum densumpartridge featherSymphoricarpos x chenaultii chenault coral berryVinesLonicera (some species) honeysuckle vineParthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeperPolygonum aubertiisilver lace vine 6. Page 6Spring, 2003 UW College of AgricultureDrought affects livestock diseaseDonal OToole particularly dairy cattle, whenProfessor and Departmentconcentrations exceed 1,000Head, UW Department ofppm. Concentrations in ex-Veterinary Sciences cess of 5,000 ppm will de-crease production in rangeMerl Raisbeckanimals and may cause illnessProfessor, UW Department ofand/or death.Veterinary Sciences Salt poisoning leads toLynn Woodardseizures and prostration. SaltProfessor, UW Department of poisoning/water deprivation isVeterinary Sciences especially hazardous duringtimes of high temperatures.T hree years of drought inthe high plains have hadan appreciable impact on theHigh levels of magnesium(greater than 250 ppm) mayaggravate the problem. Thus,range of diseases that Univer-This is the brain of a steer with PEM. The arrows point to areas of damaged gray matter. Highercomplete salt screens shouldmagnification of the boxed area shows necrotic gray matter of brain.sity of Wyoming diagnosti-be requested when watercians at the Wyoming Statewhich can be obtained from aties suggest concentrations of during drought due to irritation samples are collected for test-Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL)county agent, to collect 10 less than 500 ppm as a safecaused by dust. Fine dust par- ing. One recent case occurredrecognize in Wyoming live-to15 sub-samples from eachcutoff for water. If both feed ticles enter the airways and when yearlings were moved tostock. Many of these are just stack or load of hay. Results and water contain appreciabledamage the lungs, setting thea pasture where they could notworse cases of what is seen inobtained from testing samples concentrations of nitrate, one scene for infection by micro-locate a water tank. The de-normal years, but some arecollected by grabbing handfulshas to consider the contribu-bial agents. Feedlot and ranch hydrated yearlings developedunique to periods of extended here and there are unreliable tion from both sources. In operators sometimes use theconstipation and/or diarrhea,drought.since they are likely to miss other words, subtoxic concen-term dust pneumonia, but weakness, emaciation, andaggressive behavior. SomeNitrate poisoning nitrate hot-spots in the hay. trations of NO3 in water com-this is not specific and the con-It is important to have testing bined with subtoxic concen-dition seen may have nothing died before finding water. A major risk during peri-done at a laboratory familiar trations in hay may result into do with inhaled dust. One Some dehydrated steers thatods of drought is nitrate (NO3)with this type of analysis. For-toxicity.way to minimize losses is to found the water drank to ex-poisoning of adult ruminants.age nitrate analysis is differ-Horses are resistant to ni- give modified live vaccines forcess, developed convulsions,Drought stress exacerbatesent from the similar-sounding trate intoxication. Assuming viruses like BRSV with precon- and died. In another recentthe tendency of many plantsnitrate-nitrogen test on waterthe hay is good in other re- ditioning shots. By contrast,episode, 130 cattle died in ato accumulate nitrate, particu-samples by environmentalspects, moderately high NO3killed products have, in some48-hour period as a result oflarly oat hay and Sudan grasslaboratories. It is recom-hay can be fed to horses. If the cases, increased the disease salt poisoning.hybrids that were fertilized inmended that samples beNO3 concentration is not too severity in BRSV outbreaks. Polioencephalomalaciaanticipation of normal mois-tested at the Wyoming Depart- high (less than 1.5 percent), it Stressed animals are more sus- (polio or PEM) due to high-ture. While it is a good idea toment of Agricultures Analyti-can be diluted to acceptable ceptible to infections of allsulfate (more than 2,500 ppm)test hay before feeding it, it iscal Services Laboratory inconcentrations with cleankinds. It is important to stickwater is another disease exac-especially important during aLaramie [(307) 742-2984; ac-feed. Feed must be thoroughlywith a good vaccination pro- erbated by drought. Sulfate isdrought. Nitrate poisoningcession forms available onlinemixed before serving (e.g.,gram during a drought. concentrated in stock pondsimpairs the ability of blood toat www.wyagric.state.wy.us/ using a grinder) otherwiseand sinkholes by evaporationcarry oxygen. The result isaslab/aslab.htm.] It is impor-some cattle may still get a Blue-green algae so that water sources thatsudden death, which maytant to understand how resultstoxic dose. Merely throwingpoisoningwere previously safe becomestrike a large number of adultare reported since there areout one bale of bad and twoBlooms of toxic blue-deadly under drought condi-cattle in a herd at once with-several ways to express nitrate bales of good hay does not green algae leading to cattletions. Like nitrate poisoning,out warning. In most cases,concentration. In fact, one constitute dilution. Fermenta- losses occur on rare occasions the sulfur contents of feed andcattle are found dead, andmeasure of a laboratorys ex- tion may decrease NO3 con- in the High Plains. Blooms water are additives in causingtreatment is impractical. Thispertise is whether its person-tent somewhat if there is suf- form on bodies of water un-the disease. In spite of itsis one of the more commonnel make recommendationsficient soluble carbohydrate der conditions of heat, stagna-name, it has nothing to docauses of poisoning confirmedbased upon results and offerpresent, but most Wyomingtion, eutrophication (high ni- with the infectious diseaseby the WSVL in cattle. Lowermore than just a number.forages lack the necessary trogen and nutrients), low flowpoliomyelitis in children concentrations of dietary ni-The WSVL uses less than energy to fuel the reaction. rates, and a concentrating polioencephalomalacia is atrate may also cause abortion.0.5 percent NO3 (measured asThe probiotic feed additivewind. Toxic algal blooms leadtechnical term for breakdown Hay should be sampledthe nitrate ion) as a safe cut- Bova Pro (FarMor Biochem, to sudden death due to liver of gray matter in the brain,for nitrate testing after it is cutoff for forage. Many authori- Milwaukee), based upon a pat-damage, shock, and/or centralwhich is what happens in bothand cured. Use a bale corer,ented Propionibacterium bac- nervous system injury. This is dehydration/salt poisoningteria, is advertised to decrease a rare cause of loss in Wyo- and sulfate poisoning.rumen NO3 and blood meth-ming. When losses occur, thePonds are the biggestemoglobin concentrations bydeath toll can be heavy andproblem, but well water may40 to 50 percent. Preliminarysudden.also be high in sulfates. Al-though PEM is normally adata looked promising when Dehydration-saltthe product was introducedproblem in spring and sum- poisoning andmer when water consumptionseveral years ago. sulfate poisoningis greatest, it may occur in anyDust and pneumonia (polio)season when sulfate concen-Bovine respiratory disease,High levels of NaCl (com-trations are high or if animalsespecially due to bovine respi-mon salt) and/or water depri-are abruptly exposed to high-ratory syncytial virus (BRSV)vation are hazardous to live-sulfur waters. Clinically, ani-Three of 130 dead cattle that died of salt poisoning over a 48- and Pasteurella (Mannheimia) stock. Sodium may affect pro-mals become blind and showhour period in one herd in Wyoming are shown. bacteria, may be more seriousduction in sensitive animals,nervous signs such as incoor- 7. UW College of AgricultureSpring, 2003 Page 7on the high plains dination and a goose-stepping ing large amounts of dense, and open-mouth breathing inPlants containing high con-The sudden switching of gait. Testing stock water ispoor roughage may cause ex- the absence of coughingcentrations of soluble ox-feeds or increases in grains important to prevent prob-tensive lesions in the mouthshortly after they are turnedalates (Halogeton and grease- may lead to rumen acidosis lems. Cattle develop some tol-and throat, resulting in ab-out on fertilized or irrigated wood) are more toxic when and diarrhea. Drought-related erance to elevated sulfate wa-scesses of the head region. aftermath. This disease pre- ingested by sheep lacking acidosis is common when ters if they are introduced to Several episodes have oc-sents a challenge to producers adequate water. Locoweeds short feed inventories neces- it gradually. There is no cost- curred in which adult animals during periods of drought. remain toxic even in winter sitate more frequent switches effective method for removing had such severe oral lesionsMost ranchers dont move months. Cattle may consumeor when some non-traditional sulfate from stock water. Haul- that they were unable to swal-cattle to meadows until aftermore locoweed during afeeds such as bakers ing water may be the only low and lost weight or died heavy frosts, which lower thedrought. Clinical signs are byproducts or dough (high car- option on some ranches with due to pus draining into therisk. During a drought thisabortion, nervousness, andbohydrate sources) are added a high sulfate problem. lungs from mouth abscesses. may not be an option. Preven-brisket disease. Pine needlesuddenly to rations. The pre- In one episode, 23 of 150 adult tative strategies include gradu- abortion cases may occurvention of abomasal impac- Salinitycattle belonging to one pro-ally adapting cattle to a pas- more commonly duringtions, rumen acidosis, andSodium and sulfate are ducer developed large,ture over 10 to 12 days, cut-drought as cattle will eat thehazards of unusual feeds cen- not the only elements concen- chronic, pus-filled facial swell- ting and windrowing the pas- needles more readily. ters on providing a proper trated in livestock water sup- ings. Cattle had large lymph plies by drought. A number of nodes due to secondary bac- different inorganic substances terial infections. Treatment cumulatively contribute to the was unavailing. No foxtail or property of water referred to other penetrating plant frag- as salinity. Simply stated, the ments were found, and the salinity of a water sample is owner was adamant that he what is left after the water is avoided foxtail stands when boiled off and organic com- haying. The owner ran the pounds are oxidized. Salinity cattle on an arid creek where may be indirectly measured as there were heavy stands of total dissolved solids (TDS) or greasewood (Sarcobatus conductivity. Although the re- vermiculatus). Due to the lationship between salinity drought and lack of forage, the and disease is not as clear-cut cattle probably grazed on as for sodium and sulfur, high- greasewood and developed salinity water does not sup- extensive wounds of the port productive animals. TheThese three horses have swelling of the brisket or shoulder area due to pigeon fever. mouth due to the stiff spines impact depends upon the of the plant. Opportunistic bac- class of animals and their wa-ture before turnout, and ex-Management of plant poi- diet. Rations should be bal- teria infected the wounds and ter requirements. For ex- posing less susceptiblesonings centers on preven-anced to allow for optimal pro- created the clinical problem. ample, lactating dairy cows younger stock (less than 15tion. Grazing managementtein, mineral, energy, andCoarse feed can also result may be affected by as little as months old) or sheep to theinvolves the prevention ofroughage contents. Roughage in abomasal impaction in 1,000 ppm TDS whereas beefpasture first. Ionophores such overgrazing by proper pasture should be of the proper den- cattle. Heifers in late pregnancy cattle may tolerate as much asas monensin will prevent orrotation and by reducingsity to allow for optimal gas- are at most risk due to the in- 5,000 to 7,000. High salinity reduce pulmonary emphy-stocking rates. Weed controltrointestinal activity. Unusual creased nutrient demands of is more likely to result in pro-sema if fed in advance, butcan be attained by proper feeds, while tempting at times, combining growth and gesta- ductivity losses than in clini- many cows wont use thefencing, prudent applicationshould be consciously avoided tion. Pregnant heifers develop cal disease and deaths. blocks and they are of noof weed killers, and mowing/or viewed with skepticism. bloat, recumbency, and die value once clinical signs begin. plowing. If herbicides areSudden feed switches should Coarse feed with large amounts of black Keep a close eye on cows for used, beware that some canbe avoided. It is helpful to ac- Poor quality feed can leadfluid in the rumens and impac- a few days after a change to temporarily increase toxicity climate cattle to new rations to diseases when nutritionaltions in the abomasum. lush meadows.and/or decrease the palatabil-slowly. contents are low and/or alter-Pulmonaryity of plants. nate feeds are abused. Feed-Toxic plants Pigeon fever emphysema (cowUnusual feedstuffsThe danger from poison- myositis in horses asthma)ous plants is magnified duringFeeding of unusual feedsA disease that is unusualPulmonary emphysemadrought. Overgrazing, aggra- or those of unknown quality for Wyoming except in with edema (cow asthma, vated by poor pasture growth,and composition may bedrought years is a bacterial grunts, fog fever) is asso- forces animals to seek lesstempting to ranchers when infection that most often af- ciated with an abrupt changepalatable, potentially toxic quality feed is scarce. Unusual fects the brisket of horses. It from dry pastures to mead-plants. Plant populations in or unbalanced rations can leadis called pigeon fever because ows, especially regrowthpastures tend to change as to mineral and other dietaryof the pigeon-breasted appear- meadows after haying. The drought-resistant weeds begindeficiencies leading to insidi- ance of affected horses. disease occurs because of highto dominate more desirable ous disease in herds. An ex- The disease is caused by concentrations of the amino forage plants. Drought stressample of toxicosis due to ana specific bacterial agent and acid L-tryptophan in forage.may increase the toxicity of unusual feed involves whey, is probably spread by flies. It The amino acid is converted some plants such as nitrate- which when used as a supple-is not known how drought pre- to a toxin in the rumen, caus-accumulating and cyanide-ment may contain toxic quan-disposes horses to this non- ing an acute reaction in theforming species. Exposure to tities of salt (causing seizures) fatal disease. More than 100 lungs. The result is an acute toxic plants may occur directlyor fat (causing bloat). Grazing horses with this disease were respiratory distress syndrome on the pasture or in poor qual-of turnips has led to This is the skinned head of adiagnosed in Wyoming in in a high proportion of the ity feeds obtained from fields polioencepha-lomalacia (PEM) cow with extensive abscess 2002, most in the months of formation in the cheeks,herd. Cattle display character- stressed by drought and/or from excessive sulfur.August to November. probably due to coarse feed.istic breathlessness, distress, overgrown with toxic weeds. 8. Page 8 Spring, 2003UW College of AgricultureTrees and shrubs demand specialwatering to survive droughtDonna Cuin Trees and shrubs alsotree roots. Remember, treesUW Cooperative Extensionneed to be watered periodi- evolved in forests where treeService, Program Associate I, cally during the winter canopies shaded their rootsNatrona Countymonths. The necessity for day in and day out through-supplemental water dependsout hot summer days.Trees and shrubs are the foundation plants in anylandscape whether in a ruralupon the presence or lack ofsnow cover, daytime tempera-tures, and wind. Typically in Trees and shrubs havedeveloped over time with de-caying organic matter cover-windbreak or an urban setting.Wyoming the recommenda- ing the soil over their roots.These plants live the longest tion is to apply water when the The use of organic mulchesand are the most expensivedaily temperatures exceed 45helps to recreate a more natu-assets in landscape plantings.degrees. Warm winter tem- ral environment. As organicWith long-lasting, severe peratures lead to the loss of matter begins to break down,drought conditions, trees and snow cover and are usuallythe presence of fungus willshrubs should receive the focus brought on by warm Chinookincrease, further assisting inin sustainable landscapes. If winds. Watering is not recom- this break-down process. Treeswater supplies are short, trees near the tips of their growing application is to take the diam- mended during high winds. have lived surrounded by fun-and shrubs should receive the ends. However, the critical root eter of a tree times the fiveSummer or winter, trees willgus for centuries. This is whymost attention. mass is within the drip line ofminutes needed to get 10 gal-need the same amount of it has become increasingly Tree roots develop in athe tree. By watering within lons of water flow. Therefore, water in the soil to sustain life.moreprevalent forfashion similar to that of theirthe drip line, one can create8-inch diameter trees will However, in the winter, water homeowners and landscapersabove-ground growth. Treessoil moisture for the greatest need 40 minutes of water flowwill not need to be applied asto do away with turf grassesdevelop approximately 40majority of the roots. to receive 80 gallons of water.frequently. Watering once a growing over tree roots withinpercent of their mass aboveMoisture applied to turfMost trees will need three month from October throughthe drip line of trees andground and 60 percent below grass associated with trees will waterings per month from April will supply plenty of wa-ground. This means that there also supply moisture to theApril through October. ter to sustain trees. Shrubsis more living plant tissue be- tree roots below the roots of Shrubs need to be wa- may benefit from wateringlow ground dedicated to ab- the turf grass. If watering rows tered approximately once ev- twice per month if conditionssorbing moisture and gather-of trees in a windbreak, one ery week if there is a lack of warrant watering. Shrubs willing nutrients from the soil.should think of it as watering natural precipitation. Estab-also require less water in theHowever, the roots tend tothe tree area, not the rows of lished shrubs need between 2 winter months than during thespread farther from the trunk tree trunks. Be sure to spread and 10 gallons per week basedgrowing season. Establishedand do not grow to a depthwater applications over theupon their size. Small shrubsshrubs will only require 5 togreater than 18 to 24 inches. entire tree-root areas, rather less than 3 feet tall need 2 to18 gallons per month duringThis translates to a shallowthan focusing on areas close 4 gallons of water per week. the winter months. Newly es-root structure growing close to to each tree trunk.Medium shrubs between 3tablished trees and shrubsthe soil surface and spreading Water deeply and infre- and 6 feet tall need 5 to 7 gal- may need watering twice peroutwards from the trunk. This quently to create moist soil tolons. Large shrubs more than month depending upon win-spread can be up to three toa depth of 12 inches. To as- 6 feet tall will need from 8 toter conditions.five times the height of a tree.sure survival, a tree will need10 gallons per week during theMulch is a garden product Watering trees at the drip 10 gallons of water per inch growing season.that is almost crucial for suc-line of tree branches and be- of trunk diameter with each Newly planted trees and cess in growing trees andyond is recommended. As watering. A typical garden shrubs need additional,shrubs during drought condi-shown in the above illustra-hose on medium pressure will supplemental water applica-tions. Mulch is typically some-tion, the finer moisture-gath-supply 10 gallons in 5 minutes tions during their first growing thing organic like shredded shrubs. Grasses tend to haveering root tissues are at the ex- of run time. Test hoses for ac-season. These plants need to tree bark, chipped tree branchroot structures more suited totreme ends of the tree roots. curacy. The way to calculate expend a great amount of en- material, coconut hulls, or bacterial colonization ratherIn order to gather water, the how long to leave water run- ergy to develop a healthy nu-pine branches and needles.than the fungal colonies whichroots need access to waterning for appropriate water trient and water-seeking rootThere is an extensive list of are preferred by trees. system in their first year. This other materials that can also Mulched areas will also help growth requires water andmake wonderful mulch forimprove the pH acid level of nutrients from the soil. Due totree areas. In Wyoming thesesoil around tree roots. the dry climate in Wyoming,products can be difficult to useThese practices in rural the water source must be in high-wind-exposure areas,and urban landscape settings supplemented even in low-but rocks and gravel can pro- will improve success with trees water-requiring plants until vide alternative sources of soiland shrubs and help to con- the root system is developed protection. The main purposeserve water during years of and well established. During for using mulch is to prevent drought. For suggestions on that first critical year of root soil moisture evaporation. Thespecies and varieties of trees establishment, small shrubsorganic mulches will also and shrubs suited to a particu- will require 4 to 6 gallons of break down to add nutrients lar area, contact a local Uni- water per week. Remember toto the soil and improve its versity of Wyoming Coopera- keep in mind that the soil moisture-holding capacity.tive Extension Service office. should be kept moist, not wet, Mulches will help in weed pre- to encourage healthy rootvention and in keeping soil growth.temperatures lower around 9. UW College of AgricultureSpring, 2003 Page 9Rigidula medic is a new annual legume forage crop being developed by UW at the Torrington Research and Extension Center for grazing in dryland cropping systems.Equal in quality to alfalfa, the new crop (shown here on April 15) will regenerate from soil seed if given adequate fall moisture or will maintain viability for another year.Alternative crops can helpduring drought emergenciesJim Krall age or that lack a market struc-consideration that could leadpastures with such crops as tions on the production of al-Professor, UW Department of ture. Type III: Crops that areto additional narrowing of the forage turnips. ternative emergency forages.Plant Scienceslacking both a market and a choices is the potential effect To get the best out of win-These can be found at the Webproduction package but whichof herbicide carryover from ater wheat, it takes 1.8 poundssite www.uwyo.edu/CES/D rought is on everyonesmind. Regardless ofwhether it is for irrigated cropshave potential for both.Among the first type are stand-bys such oats, barley, andprevious crop. Do not underestimate this, especially dur-ing dry periods. and 1 pound of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, to produce a bushel of grain. plantsci.htm. For summer annual crop- ping, corn, although not anor dryland agriculture, the spring wheat. In the Type II What is the weather going Consider split applications alternative crop in the region,search is on to find an alterna-category would be crops liketo do? Many producers have between fall and spring and anis an example of a crop thattive crop or practice that will safflower, Niger thistle, canaryplanted irrigated winter application of 15 to 30 poundsoffers some alternative prac-help get the most out of low- grass, flax, and amaranth.wheat. The crop has a lowerof nitrogen at flowering to tices for short-water years.water conditions. In effect, an Type III crops would be milk- water use, but the peak waterboost grain protein if there will Consider lower populations,alternative on crop dryland isweed, canola, and hemp. use is early (April 15 to July be a premium for protein. reduced fertility, or short-sea-anything other than winterGrouping crops by season5), which is important if thereThere are good pest manage- son hybrids, but remember itwheat. For irrigated areas, it is is another way of narrowing is a concern about late-season ment packages available for is important to get the cropanything other than corn, dry the choices. There are cool-irrigation water availability. this crop, but careful monitor- started right away with a shotbeans, sugar beets, and alfalfa.season grasses like winterGrain yield potential can runing of insects, foliar diseases,of water if needed. Searching for more thanwheat, spring wheat, oats,up to 120 bushels per acre and weeds is important. The Each new crop has its ownthese crops is critical because triticale, and barley and cool- under the best irrigated con-University of Nebraska offers set of production parametersnot all alternative crops haveseason broadleaf crops like ditions, and with average wa-an irrigated winter-wheat pro-and market challenges. Therea production package or a peas, canola, crambe, and len-ter 80 bushels per acre is rea-duction guide at its Web site may yet be a proso millet con-market to fit Wyoming. Davidtils for spring and early sum-sonable. One can still get a at www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/ tract to be had, but producersBaltensperger of the Univer-mer production. There are crop of 60 bushels per acrefieldcrops/g1455.htm. Con-may end up looking to forages.sity of Nebraska Panhandlewarm-season grasses such as under stressful irrigated con- cerning a second crop of bras-If so, check the University ofResearch Center breaks alter- corn, sorghum, sudangrass,ditions. With a normal yearsicas or warm-season grassWyoming Web site atnative crops into three catego- sorghum-sudangrass hybrids, and secured irrigation water,forage, there is less to go by, www.uwyo.edu/ces/Drought/ries. Type I: Crops which pro-proso, and forage millets and one can plant a second cropbut this does not mean thereDrought_Main.html as well asducers know how to grow, that a few warm season broadleaf of brassica forage pasture oris not information available. the University of Nebraska Webhave an established market, alternatives like some forage one of the warm-season grass University of Wyoming Profes- site at www.panhandle.unl.edu/but that may not fit currentbassicas, sunflower, safflower, forage crops. In New Zealand sor Dave Koch of the Depart-drought/html/rural.html foreconomics. Type II: Crops thatand chickpea for summer and producers plant a large num- ment of Plant Sciences hasmore information on droughtare short of a production pack- early fall production. A furtherber of annual forage brassicaproduced extension publica- and drought strategies. 10. Page 10 Spring, 2003 UW College of Agriculture Economic considerations can help Chris Bastiancluding Wyoming, declined Implications for hope that the drought Cooperative Extension7 percent in the last year. A Cow-Calf breaks in the coming year. Service Educator, UW Department ofnumber of states in the ProducersIf a producer choosesSouth and Midwest added Given the current forecastscomplete liquidation of his Agricultural and Applied Economicsbeef cows during the same for water supply, producersherd now, there is an oppor-time period given adequateneed to consider manage- tunity for him to save thefeed supplies, and thus theremaining equity in his The March 1 snowpackestimates by the U.S. Department of Agriculturebeef cow herd size declinedonly 0.5 percent on a na-ment strategies given thelikelihood of reduced grassthis summer and of re- business. At this time he would be wise to investi- (USDA) Natural Resources tional basis. The January 1,duced winter feed produc-gate alternatives such as Conservation Service show2003, cattle inventory also tion again for next winter.refinancing existing debt to most of the state as well as indicated that heifers held Moreover, producers will change payment structures the West at between 50 and as beef cow replacementsalso be seeking cows to re-that will allow the flexibil- 89 percent of average. Not increased by 0.8 percentstock herds that have been ity to repay with a lower surprisingly, the water sup- compared to a year ago. reduced or liquidated when income stream after liqui- ply forecasts as of March 1Overall, these inventorythe drought does break.dation. A producer may for most of the state andnumbers suggest that even This means that bred cowspotentially be able to lease western region are also in The number of beefthough the West is liquidat-or females purchased for the ground, sell any poten- the 50 to 89 percent of av-ing cows, the cattle cyclebreeding likely will be at a tial feed production, per-cows in Wyoming nationally is likely nearing haps look at stockers as a erage range. This coupledpremium the next two to with the fact that water dropped by an the end of the liquidationthree years. This outlookway to use some summer stored in reservoirs in Wyo- phase and moving into theforage, diversify into recre-estimated 109,000 expansion phase this year.suggests cow-calf produc- ation enterprises, and gain ming and the West is at or ers will have to answer below 50 percent of normal head to 706,000 If drought is not a factor in some hard questions as some off-ranch income tonon-western states, more help meet debt obligations points to potentially thefrom January 1, they approach planning for lowest levels of available ir- heifers will be held forthe next several years. First, once he has liquidated his rigation water occurring2002, to January 1, breeding purposes in the livestock.producers must ask how this season since this most2003. coming year. Once the ex- many cows their range and Normally someone recent drought started. This pansion phase of the cattle short hay supplies can sus-who liquidates a herd suggests that livestock pro- cycle starts, there is typi-tain in the coming year. would face capital gains ducers will likely face shortcally a two-year lag before Second, producers must taxes on the breeding live-some of their cow herds.calves from the expansionstock sales, but there are winter feed supplies again decide how much moreThe number of beef cows hit the market and calfsome special tax treat- next winter. Unless spring equity they can afford toin Wyoming dropped by anprices rise to their highest ments which can be taken and summer moisture re-lose and how far a bankerestimated 109,000 head to point in the price cycle asadvantage of if drought-re- bounds, grass supplies willwill go with them the next706,000 from January 1, feeder cattle supplies de- lated livestock sales create also be below normal again two years. The answers to2002, to January 1, 2003. cline. This also marks a income beyond a normal this year given current be-these questions will deter-Idaho, Montana, Utah, time in the market whenyears level. One tax treat- low-normal subsoil mois- mine whether now is theColorado, Arizona, andthe demand for bred cows ment allows for the defer- ture levels. time for a producer to liq-New Mexico liquidated a and consequently bred-cowral of income for one yearProducers in the Rockyuidate his herd completelycombined total of 215,000 prices rise given rising calfand requires that the area Mountain region have re- or whether he wants to tryhead during the same time prices.where production occurred sponded to reduced winterto maintain a minimumperiod. This means the be designated as eligible for feed and summer grassherd size that his forage re-number of beef cows in assistance by the federal supplies by liquidatingsources can support andthese western states, in-government. The second 11. UW College of Agriculture Spring, 2003 Page 11livestock producers weather droughtoption allows for the defer-The current outlook forure within the next cattle existing equipment, freezer with information regardingral of sales for up to twocattle prices indicates that cycle. Thus, if a producer beef sales of some animals, water-supply forecasts, mar-years if a producer faces bred cow prices could be makes the decision to liq- or off-ranch income might ket outlook, governmentinvoluntary conversion of cyclically high two to three uidate his herd now, hebe worth investigatingassistance, and the potentialbreeding livestock. This op-years from now. Research should most likely not planwhile waiting for the oppor-for income diversificationtion does not require anconducted at North Dakotato start rebuilding the herd tunity to rebuild a herd af-should provide an opportu-area be declared eligible for State University and similar for at least five to six years ter the drought breaks. nity to plan for a course offederal disaster assistance research from the Univer-or use other methods be- Also, now is the time to take action rather than waitingto be used, and gains fromsity of Wyoming indicate sides purchases, such as advantage of government for Mother Nature and alivestock sold as the resultthat bred cows purchased leasing cows on shares.programs which can help lender to decide what willof a weather event such asat the top of the price cycle If a producer decides offset reduced income fromhappen to an operation.a drought do not have to be are not profitable duringthat he has the equity and a smaller herd size. Somerecognized if the proceedstheir average breeding lifea relationship with hisrecent examples includeare used to purchase re-because the high invest- banker that will allow him the Livestock Assistanceplacement livestock withinment cost cannot be re-to continue, an honest Program, the Livestocktwo years from the end of couped since the majorityevaluation of the herd sizeCompensation Program,the tax year in which the of the calves are sold dur-he can maintain givenand other disaster paymentsale takes place. ing the down side of the available feed resources isprograms such as the Agri- Unfortunately, for price cycle. This research in- the first step in developing culture Assistance Act thatthese tax-treatment options dicates that ranches that re-a plan. Once he has de-might be offered for live-to be taken advantage of, build herds at the top of thecided how many head he stock or crops produced.livestock must be replacedprice cycle lose equity andcan maintain, the decision The latest round of the Live-within one or two tax years dramatically increase thefor culling should be done stock Compensation Pro-after a drought-related sale. probability of business fail-based on age, desired ge-gram has a sign-up period netics, and performance. starting April 1 and ending Now is a good time toin early June of 2003. Pro- Arming oneself choose cows based on in- ducers should visit their lo- formation related to suchcal Farm Services Agencywith information things as feedlot perfor-office to discuss available regarding water- mance and carcass merit of programs and eligibility. progeny if it exists. Taking The USDAs Farm Servicesupply forecasts, a hard look at how one Agency has also developed market outlook, might be able to reducea Web site that provides de-Once the expansion phase of the cattle costs should also be done. tails on new and existinggovernmentcycle starts, there is typically a two-yearCan debt be refinanced and disaster assistance atassistance, and the restructured for lower pay-disaster.fsa.usda.gov.lag before calves from the expansion hitpotential for ments given low interestThere are no easy an-the market and calf prices rise to their rates? Are there other en- swers in dealing with the income terprises that can be under- drought. The best strategydiversificationhighest point in the price cycle as feeder taken to augment incomeis to first evaluate wherecattle supplies decline. This also marks a given available resourcesone is financially and what should provide antime in the market when the demand for on the operation? Recre- ones resources will sup- opportunity to plan ation fees, a bed and break- port. Then hard decisionsbred cows and consequently bred-cow for a course of fast, custom operations that must be made about howprices rise given rising calf prices.could be performed withto proceed. Arming oneselfaction. 12. Page 12 Spring, 2003UW College of AgricultureState and federal laws impactagriculture and drought Alan Schroeder the Irrigation Act, which pro-senior appropriator fails to open to an appropriator, Associate Professor, UWvided that first userspriorbeneficially use his or her wa-claiming that water to the use[F]or in the Department of Agricultural appropriatorsheld superior ter rights for five consecutiveof which he is entitled is be- and Applied Economicsrights over subsequent ones.years, a junior appropriator oring wrongfully diverted bywildernessWyomings constitution estab- another person who might beanothershall waters T he current generation is not the first in the West to face water shortages and willlished a board of control anda state engineer to overseewater rights within the state.injured if the water right is re-established may fill a requestwith the board of control toThe Wyoming Coopera- tive Extension Service has sev- eral publications summarizing not be the last. Since territo-The board of control consists have the water right declaredWyoming water law which are rial times, Wyomings settlers of the state engineer and the abandoned. Similarly, theavailable at www.uwyo.edu/break out, and and legislators have seen such superintendents of the four state engineer may initiate aces/pubs/mp7r_03.pdf. shortages not as limitations water divisions within theforfeiture action [w]hen any 2003 Wyoming Sessionstreams in the but as challenges. Wyomings state. The board is responsible appropriator has failed, inten- Laws, Chapter 200. legislature adopted a detailed for overseeing the waters of tionally or unintentionally, toWyomings legislature re- system of laws governing wa- the statetheir appropriation,use any portion of surface,desert. ter rights, encouraging waterdistribution and diversion, underground, or reservoir cently modified the enabling act for the state loan board to development, and providing andthe various officers con- water appropriated by authorize loans for the pur-Isaiah 35:6for water allocation during periods of drought. The fed-nected therewith.himfor a period of five (5) chase of replacement breed- After Wyoming became a successive years. Wyoming ing stock. The newly enacted eral government has also de- state, the Wyoming legislaturecase law requires that the non- subsection provides: veloped a number of pro- adopted a comprehensive use be voluntary to trigger ei-If the governor has de- grams to deal with water water management system.ther the abandonment or for- clared drought conditions to shortages, ranging from recla- To obtain a surface-water right feiture provisions. Thus appro- have existed in individual mation and water develop-in Wyoming, a potential wa- priators will not lose their wa- counties for not less than the ment projects to special tax ter user must obtain a permit ter rights if, because of a two immediately preceding provisions to aid agricultural-from the state engineer. Wyo- drought, there is no surface years, and if the governor de- ists.ming law does not recognize water to divert. clares that the conditions havepaper water rights. The stat-During periods of short- Drought and abated, the board shall ex-utes provide that [b]eneficial ages, senior appropriators Wyoming Law: use [is] the basis, the measure may ask the board of control ecute a program within 30 Selected Legal and limit of the right to use to enforce the prioritization days following the governors declaration of drought abate- Provisions.water Thus a surface-watersystem. The Wyoming Su- ment to loan agricultural pro-right is limited to the lesser of preme Court has noted that The Prior Appropriation ducers monies to defray the System and Surface the amount specified in the [t]he right to call for an offi- costs of purchasing replace- Waters.permit or beneficially used.cial distribution of the water ment breeding stock. How-The Wyoming territorialWater rights in Wyomingof a stream in accordance with ever, the state shall not partici- legislature in 1886 adoptedcan be lost. For example, if aexisting decrees isa remedy pate in any loans for the pur- 13. UW College of AgricultureSpring, 2003 Page 13chase of replacement breed- vation activities, including later than September 19,sistance to sugar beet pro-ners, members of limiteding stock as provided in this irrigation improvements, 2002. Sign-up for the LCP ducers who suffered pro- liability companies, andact that are initiated more conversion to less water-began on April 1 and is duction losses (includingshareholders of S corpora-than two years following theintensive crops, and dry-scheduled to end in Junequality losses), as deter- tions).governors declaration of land farming.2003. Interested readersmined by the secretary, fordrought abatement. The board Wetland Reserve Pro- should examine the USDA either the 2001 crop year Selected Bills Before theshall promulgate rules andgram: This provides tech-Web site for additional in- or the 2002 crop year, but108th Congress.regulations to implement this nical and financial assis- formation.not both, as elected by theThe current congress isprogram.tance to eligible landown- producers. considering a number of bills Livestock Assistance Pro- The legislation restrictsers in dealing with wetland, related to drought and agricul-gram: The act instructs the Crop Disaster Assistanceany loan made under this sub- wildlife habitat, soil, water, ture. Wyoming Senators Craigsecretary [to] use Program: The act autho-section to no more than 70and related natural re-Thomas and Mike Enzi intro-$250,000,000 of funds ofrizes reimbursement forpercent of the cost of thesource concerns on private duced Senate Bill 252 tothe Commodity Credit Cor- producers qualifying forbreeding stock or 80 percentlands. provide special rules relatingporation to establish a pro-crop losses in either 2001of the average stocking rate of Wildlife Habitat Incen-to the replacement of livestockgram under which pay- or 2002. Sign-up will beginthe agriculture operation for tives Program (WHIP):sold on account of weather-ments are made to live- June 6 with payments tothe three years immediately This provides cost-share related conditions. Addition-stock producers for lossesbegin shortly after that.preceding the declaration ofpayments to producers to ally, the house on March 19,in a disaster county. Indrought by the governor. Pro- protect and restore essen- 2003, passed the Tax Relief,establishing eligibility crite- Selected Federal Taxducers interested in taking tial plant and animal habi-Simplification, and Equity Actria for this program, theProvisions.advantage of this new statu-tat through agreements of 2003, which included thesecretary shall use the cri- The current federal taxtory provision should talk with with durations of at least following provisions regardingteria established to carrycode contains a number of spe-their financial advisers and15 years. Agricultural land- replacement of involuntarilyout the 1999 Livestock As-cial provisions for producersattorneys.owners thus can access a converted livestock:sistance Program, exceptwho receive additional incomewide range of voluntary(A) IN GENERALIn the caseDrought and Federal programs, providing cost-that, in lieu of the grossas a result of forced sales of of drought, flood, or otherLaws: Three share, land rents, incentiverevenue criteria used for livestock or from crop insur- weather-related conditionsExamplespayments, and technicalthe 1999 Livestock Assis- ance payments or livestock described in paragraph onetance Program, the secre- compensation programs trig-assistance to supplement which result in the area beingThe Farm Security and tary shall use the adjusted gered by drought. For example, designated as eligible for as-Rural Investment Act of their income and/or lessengross income limitation livestock producers may:2002 (Farm Bill). any resource degradation sistance by the federal govern-contained in section 1001D The most recent farm billduring periods of drought. elect to postpone gain byment, subsection (a)(2)(B)of the Food Security Act ofcontinued and expanded on Interested readers should purchasing replacement shall be applied with respect1985. The total amountthe federal governments his- consult the U.S. Depart-draft, breeding, or dairyto any converted property byeligible producers may re-toric commitment to natural ment of Agriculture Web animals within two years ofsubstituting four years for twoceive under this programresource conservation. For ex-site or their local Natural the end of the tax year in years.will be reduced by theample, the Conservation Re- Resources Conservationwhich the sale occurred; (B) FURTHER EXTENSION BYamount previously ob-serve Program was reautho-Service office for additionalSECRETARYThe secretarytained under earlier cov- elect to defer additionalrized through 2007, and the information regardingmay extend on a regional ba-ered livestock assistance income received from theoverall acreage cap was raisedeach of these programs.sis the period for replacementprograms. sale of livestock because of under this section after theto 39.2 million acres. Similarly, Agricultural Assistance drought until the subse- Weather-Related Losses application of subparagraphthe Environmental Quality In- Act of 2003.quent year, provided thecentives Program was reau-to Sugar Beet Producers: (A) for such additional time as On February 20th, Con- producer is located in a di-thorized through 2007. OtherThe act authorizes the sec-the secretary determines ap-gress adopted the Agriculturalsaster area; orconservation programs under retary to use not morepropriate if the weather-re-Assistance Act of 2003. The actthe new farm bill include:than $60,000,000 of funds income average, using thelated conditions which re-contains a number of impor-of the Commodity Credit previous three years (avail- sulted in such application con- Conservation of Private tant, drought-related provisions.Corporation to provide as-able for individuals, part-tinue for more than threeGrazing Land Program Livestock Compensation years.(CPGL): This provides tech- Program (LCP): The actInterested readers cannical assistance related to funds the 2002 LCP an- contact the Wyoming congres-conservation on private nounced by the secretary sional delegation to learngrazing lands to addressof agriculture on Octoberabout the progress of this leg-natural resource concerns 10, 2002. The LCP is de- islation.and enhance the economicsigned to provide imme-and social stability of graz- diate financial assistance to Conclusioning land enterprises. Several other federal lawsthe producers of eligible Farmland Protection Pro- may pose challenges to Wyo-beef, dairy, buffalo, bee-gram: This provides match- ming agriculturists during pe-falo, sheep, or goats oring funds to state, tribal, or riods of drought, including thecash lessees of eligible live-local governments andlimitations of water usage un-stock in certain states andnongovernmental organi-der the Endangered Speciescounties to offset losseszations with existing farm-Act and proposed grazing re-due to drought. Funds willland protection programs ductions on public lands. Inbe made available for eli-to purchase conservation these and other instances, pro-gible applicants in countieseasements. ducers should work with theirdeclared under a disaster Ground and Surface Wa- professional advisers and leg-designation made afterter Conservation Pro-islators to make sure both theirJanuary 1, 2001, or submit-gram: This authorizes cost-businesses and ways of life areted to the secretary of ag-share payments, incentivenot injured.riculture by the governor ofpayments, and loans toa state or a tribal leader ofaccomplish water conser-an Indian reservation no 14. Page 14Spring, 2003UW College of Agriculture Drought plays critical role Management uses a meteoro- sults in less forage production Hydrologic DroughtDrought Perspective logical-based definition ofthan expected. This definitionPerspective Complications prolonged dry weather, gen- is more complicated than A hydrologic drought is These four perspectives erally when precipitation is simple considerations about defined as a period when sur- meteorological, agricultural, less than three-quarters of thethe amount of precipitation.face and groundwater avail- hydrologic, and socio-eco- average annual amount. TheBy definition it integrates the ability is inadequate to supply nomic are frequently out of Palmer Drought Severity In-timing and amount of precipi- established uses. Therefore,phase; therefore, contradic- dex relates drought severity totation with plant water de- this definition of drought fo-tory statements in discussions the accumulated weighted dif-mand (as can be influenced by about drought are not surpris- ferences between precipita-high temperatures and wind) ing. Differing definitions and tion and evaporation.and available soil water (asperspectives result in confu-Annual precipitation data can be influenced by the infil- sion and make it difficult for are usually skewed for aridtration capacity, soil texture, people with diverse interests and semi-arid rangelands due and soil depth).to agree about what a droughtThomas Thurowto many dry years and few There are a variety of spe-is, when it begins, and whenProfessor and Department very wet years. In such cases, cies-specific drought indexes it ends. Meteorologic droughtHead, UW Department of a statistically appropriatedesigned to analyze various is not directly tied to agricul-Renewable Resourcesmethod for expressing nor-aspects of water supply and cuses attention on the drying tural drought because other mal precipitation is to calcu-demand needed for important of streams and rivers, deple- factors such as temperature,Charles A. Taylor, Jr. late the median (the mid-point agronomic species. These in-tion of water stored in surface wind, infiltration rate, soilProfessor, Texas Agriculture of the data set, where half of dexes, based on crop models,reservoirs and lakes, lower moisture storage capability,Experiment Station the years are wetter and halftend to characterize droughtthan normal accumulation of and timing of rain relative to are drier than the medianintensity by emphasizingsnowpack in the mountains,plant growth needs are not value) or the mode (theavailable water in the topsoiland decline of ground water accounted for in the definitionPerspectives on the levels. This concept of drought of meteorologic drought butDefinition of is often used by regional plan- do make a difference in theDrought ners who are concerned with perception and consequences Much of the confusionamenities such as municipal of agricultural drought.about drought results fromand/or irrigation water supply,A common worldwide as-various perspectives of how tohydro-electric power genera-sertion by users of degradeddefine it. The beginning andtion, and recreational oppor- rangeland is that droughts areend of a drought are hard totunities. This perspective maymore frequent and more se-recognize because drought isalso be used by a rancher who vere than during previous gen-a gradual phenomenon. The identifies drought as when aerations. However, there iseffects of drought often accu-particular pond or stream usually no discernable differ-mulate slowly as a dry period dries up. ence in the long-term trend ofthe amount and temporal dis-begins and may linger after Socio-Economictribution of precipitation and/expected rainfall patternsDrought Perspective or temperature. How canhave resumed. Most drought Not all water shortagesthese seemingly contradictorydefinitions are based on me- amount of precipitation most required to meet plant waterare manifest in ways that im- observations be reconciled?teorological observations, ag- likely to occur). Neither of demand. This rationale con- pact people. A socio-economic Despite no widespread conclu-ricultural problems, hydrologi- these measures is particularly siders the amount of water in perspective does not recog- sive evidence that meteoro-cal conditions, and/or socio- sensitive to skewness, and the the topsoil as a critical element nize drought until it tangiblylogical droughts are increas-economic considerations. interpretations of both are ex-of drought calculation becauseaffects peoples lives in terms ing, a history of unsustainableOnes perceptions of drought, plicit. Even if long-term cli- of the interaction of water withof their behavior and options range use causes an increasetherefore, depend on how the mate trends or cycles do ex- root growth, nutrient supplies, (water rationing, increased in the frequency and conse-nuances of these four perspec- ist, the inherent variability of and microorganism activityprices, or lost recreational op-quences of drought definedtives are blended. seasonal forecasts limits theirwhich occurs in that zone. Dry- portunities) or depressed from an agricultural perspec-Meteorological managerial value.ing of the topsoil layer, there-earning power (in particulartive. The increase in agricul-Drought PerspectiveAgricultural Droughtfore, is considered an earlyreduced agricultural income tural drought is attributable toindicator of yield loss. Thesewhich may affect the viabilityerosion, crusting, and/or de- Most interpretations of Perspectivetypes of species-specific in- of the individual enterprisedrought have a meteorological graded vegetation.Many identify drought indexes are rarely calculated for and, if severe enough, mayelement as part of the defini- The beginning and end of terms of when water deficits native forage species, but in-trickle down and adverselytion. This perspective refers toa hydrologic drought, espe- limit vegetation production. tercepted photosyntheticallyaffect earning through othera significant decrease from the cially when viewed in terms From an agricultural perspec-active radiation data collected industries, thus increasing re-climatologically-expected pre-of large reservoir or aquifer tive, a drought occurs whenby satellites are increasinglygional financial stress).cipitation. Expectations vary management, tends to lag far low soil moisture causes ex- being used to identify regionalwith location and are often sitebehind meteorologic drought. treme plant stress and wilting drought on rangeland.specific. The Society of RangeAlso, depending on the re- and lowers grain yield or re-charge system, hydrologic 15. UW College of Agriculture Spring, 2003Page 15in range risk management drought is less closely associ-The socio-economicrisk is a more sound approachIt is the responsibility of perpetuating. As erosion oc- ated with the total amount of ripple effects initiated by ato ranch management than at-an individual rancher to becurs, there is less soil moisture precipitation than with epi-water shortage make it verytempting to maximize forage aware of how much forage isstorage capability and more sodic large events which gen- difficult for diverse stakehold- production and harvest effi-available and to anticipate cur- production vulnerability to in- erate significant runoff or ers to agree about when theciency. Ranches that employ rent and future animal de- herently erratic precipitation deep drainage. Thus, a single consequences of a droughtintensive grazing systems mand. By careful monitoringpatterns. Rather than blaming high-intensity thunderstorm have ended. For example, a geared to maximizing harvestand control of grazing, amanagement problems on cli- may produce a flash flood thatwater shortage that reducesefficiency often encounter arancher can quickly identify mate, the challenge to range- fills reservoirs and exceeds thecrop and fodder growth may feed drought sooner and and respond to the beginning land scientists and policy- monthly precipitation average force ranchers to sell their live- more frequently than a ranchof a forage deficit. Adoption of makers is to intensify the re- but does little to alleviate astock. Once livestock are sold,with lower harvest efficiency. water shortage for terrestrialit may take several years to The use of intensive grazing vegetation. Conversely, a se- build herds back to their origi- systems requires a rancher to ries of light showers may re- nal pre-drought levels. Ulti-promptly respond to devia- sult in lush plant growth but mately, a reduction in incometions from expected forage not recharge streams andmay lead to the financial de-supply. Such an expectation is aquifers. mise of some enterprises, con- simply not realistic for manyThe socio-economic ele-tributing to migration out ofranchers since they do not ments of drought are especially the region.have the labor availability, the complicated because there is a mindset, or the ecological/fi- human expectation element Devising Risknancial expertise to imple- involved that may or may notManagement Instead ment this responsibility. be realistic. For example, theof Crisis Modern technology and demand for water may be im- Management financial structures provide possible to fulfill when regionalDevising a management many self-evident benefits in economic development ex-strategy that emphasizes mini- terms of increasing the effi- pands demand beyond typi- mizing climatic and financialciency and flexibility of range-a grazing strategy that pro- search focus on crafting and cally available supplies. Thus,land use. However, this flexibil- vides a cushion of reserve for-implementing management water availability during a dryity can be misapplied to en-age provides ranchers some and policy tools designed to period might not be recognized able ranchers to delay making flexibility in the speed and better integrate the economic as drought in sparsely settled de-stocking decisions. As a re- extent to which they must re-and ecological aspects of areas but could result in seri-sult, decisions intended to re- spond to drought.drought-induced de-stocking ous water shortages if a large duce short-term losses can The wait-and-see man- decisions. urban population was present.actually raise the stakes by in-agement style that character- Likewise, a pastoralist whocreasing long-term economic izes the majority of rangeland grazes a cattle herd may expe- and ecological risks, including use decisions in the face of rience the consequences of the possibility for catastrophicdrought has a high long-term drought sooner and more fre- damage if the hoped-for raincost, especially in terms of the quently than a pastoralist herd- does not come.irreversible costs of erosion. ing camels.The downward spiral is self- 16. Page 16Spring, 2003 UW College of AgriculturePersonal and family resilience needed inHelp children and Maintaining routines and Come to terms withadolescents through connections with others. losstough times Control anger Prolonged drought can Children are often very bring a range of losses includ- People under high levelsaware of what is happening.ing loss of property, livestock,of stress can take their frustra-When adults withhold infor-financial security, expecta-tions out on themselves andmation, it can result in mixed tions, and identity as a rancherothers. They can blame them-messages, confusion, and ten-or farmer. It is not surprisingselves or turn their frustrationsion. Children tend to imagine that people facing these diffi-Randy WeigelIf stress is experienced forto others in the form of anger. culties experience loss andthe worst and may think theyCooperative Extension Service long periods of time, it canare to blame.grief. It is normal to feel hope-Specialist, UW Department ofresult in physical, mental, or Children may hear par-lessness, sadness, shock, de-Family and Consumer emotional exhaustion or ents saying, Everything ispression, denial, and anger.Sciencesburnout. The following strat- fine, but they sense the dis-Points to remember aboutegies may help to handle this tress on their parents facesgrief and loss are:Drought can be just as stressful as a family cri-sis or a serious, personal ill-stress. They may also help toreduce some of the stressful,personal effects of theand in their voices. Parentsshould admit their concerns to It is normal and healthy to express intense andchildren and involve them asness. It can leave individualsdrought. painful emotions.much as possible in decision To begin to take control ofand families feeling trapped in Grieving is important formaking. Children can learnanger:a situation which is not of theirhealing.valuable lessons from watch- Learn to recognize warn-making and which is beyond Each person expressesing how parents deal withing signs such as muscletheir capacity to solve. grief differently.pressure and stress. They cantension and clenchedDrought doesnt just affect Over time, sometimeslearn that painful situationsfists,those who live on the land.years, the pain will lessen,can be handled and overcome. Think before acting andThe environmental, eco-but it is normal for these Adolescents have similarconsider alternative ex-nomic, and social impact af- intense emotions to resur-needs but are more suscep- planations instead offects most members of ruralface occasionally.Explore financial tible to their own stress. Com-blaming, Prolonged grief and de-communities. Some peoplefeel strengthened by their abil-options munication is even more im- Consider the conse-pression may mean pro- Drought brings financial portant with them since finan- quences of angry confron-ity to cope, but many feel fessional help is needed.problems which, in turn, make cial decisions may impacttations,weighed down by the stressthe situation more stressful. their future. With both chil- Learn to count to tenTake caredrought causes.Stress can be intense when de-dren and adolescents, parentsbefore reacting, and To cope well in stressful During difficult times,cisions must be made aboutneed to be aware of any Take a time out from the situations, people need to looksuch as drought, the frequencythe use of resources, especiallychanges in moods, behavior,situation if needed.after themselves. If stress is al-and intensity of stress in-if the decisions involve sellingfriendships, and eating or Above all, people shouldlowed to build, such as whencreases. Stress can be dis-assets. Stress can also mount sleeping patterns. Talk withlearn to express themselvesplayed in the following ways:when it seems no matter how them about the changes andcalmly without losing their Physically - Tiredness, hard one works, he or she seek help if needed.temper or fighting. A trustedheadaches, fatigue, acci-dents, hypertension,keeps going backwards.Gain a sense of friend or helping professional It is helpful to discuss thechest pain, back aches, control may be able to help with this.situation with people who areupset stomach, skin trained to help. Financial Everyone responds differ-Dont go it alonerashes, weight loss orently to stress. Those who Although the natural incli-counselors can help assess again. handle stress more effectivelynation is to isolate oneself insituation and make informed Emotionally - Irritability, have a realistic sense of their times of crisis, it is one of themany stressful events occurand correct decisions. Sincenervousness, anxiety, limits and an ability to challengeworst things to do. Research together, the body can be af-the financial situation involvesmood swings, guilt, fear, their reactions to situations and shows that people with strongfected and health, decision-the whole family, it is also im-anger, depression, insom- keep a positive outlook.connections to families, making capacity, and personalportant to involve everyone innia, confusion, forgetful- One can start to develop friends, and their community relations can suffer.discussions. One of the firstness, negative attitude,a sense of control by:cope best in times of crisis. To help cope with stress:things a family needs to do isapathy, poor concentra- prioritize and decide what Not overreacting to a Social support is important Become aware of stresstion. constitutes essentials andproblem,because it reduces the sense levels. Behaviorally - With-what are extras. Then a fam- Becoming aware of nega- of isolation, lessens depres- Take time out for relax-drawal, isolation, over-ily can budget for importanttive self-talk (Ill never sur- sion and anxiety, and provides ation and fun.working, violence, blam-things such as a mortgage,vive this, I wont make it),a network of people who can Make sure to eat and sleeping, nagging, aggression, health costs, utilities, and food Replacing negative self-listen and offer support. well.arguing, alcohol/drug and delay or eliminate non- talk with realistic self-talk Keep involved with sports,abuse.essential items. But dont(Ive been through tough hobbies, or other diver-make snap decisionsdiscuss times before, Im not a quit-sionary activities.ideas and seek advice.ter), and 17. UW College of Agriculture Spring, 2003Page 17face of droughtthought to be ment