drought monitoring and early warning systems: brazilian...
TRANSCRIPT
Drought Monitoring and Early Warning Systems:
Brazilian Experience
Eduardo Martins, FUNCEME, Ceará (Brazil)
May, 2019
Monitores de sequías: experiencias de Brasil y México
Enhancing the Three Pillars of Drought Preparedness
Portraits of a multiyear drought: 2012 – 2017
Context
Deviation Feb-Apr/2019
Drought Management in Brazil: The Search for n New Paradigm
Monitoring and forecasting/early warning
Vulnerability/resiliency and impact assessment
Mitigation and response planning and measures
Some Initial Comments on Drought Preparedness Contingency Plans – What is it about?
NORMAL OR WET CONDITIONS
Constant Monitoringand Forecast;
Implement actions oflong-term.
Indicators have associated triggers that link the drought categories of themonitoring system and actions in the specific vulnerable sectors. These arepredefined in drought contingency plans.
DROUGHT ONSET
Implement mitigationactions of short-term.
EXTREME DROUGHT CONDITIONS
Implementemergency responseactions.
NORMAL OR WET CONDITIONS
Re-emphasizemonitoring andforecasting;
Re-implement long-term structuralactivities.
Evolution of a Drought and the elements of a Proactive Management for
Droughts, associated to a Preparedness Plan for Droughts
• Climate Change Study in Northeast. 2010-12
▪ Trip to “Sertões”, Ceará
CGEE, FUNCEME, ANA, MI & WB.
2010-2012
February 2013
September 2013
▪ Study Tour to the West Coast of USA.MI, MMA, MCid, ANA, States of Ceará
& Pernambuco
▪ Harvard University
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
▪ Preliminary Results on Cases of Studies: USA,
Australia, Mexico and
Spain
March 2013
• Institutional Diagnostic: (33 institutions in Northeast were interviewed).
• Preliminary results were presented in the Drought Seminar, Impacts and Responses (organized by FUNCEME)
▪ 1st Seminar on Drought Policy
(organized by the MI and support
of the World Bank. Experiences
from USA, Mexico and Spain were
presented). Dec 02-03rd.
▪ WMO/MI/FUNCEME. Dec 04-06th,
• Beginning of the IT Diagnostic
October 2013
December 2013
January 2014
▪ 1st Regional Workshop (CE): Presentation of the TA and
discussion about the vision
for the Drought Monitor.
7 States, 70 participants (8
federal institutions), NDMC
& CONAGUA
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
▪ Training on the
methodology for the
Monitor
7 States, 23 participants
(2 federal institutions)
and NDMC
▪ 2nd Regional Workshop (PE): Discussions of institutional
and operational
arrangements
8 States, 65 participants (8
federal institutions)
• Technical Exchange Brazil – USA & Mexico
4 Brazilian ResearchersMarch 2014
May 2014
August 2014
September 2014▪ Cooperation Agreement for the
Monitor: MI-ANA-FUNCEME
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
August 2014
November 2014
▪ Experimental Phase of the Monitor since August
January to April 2015
▪ Documenting the Drought Monitor
▪ Launching the Drought MonitorEnd of 2014 / Beginning of 2015
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
▪ Consolidation of the process and
transference of the tools
▪ 3rd Regional Workshop (BA):
Presentation of the advances in the
Drought Monitor and preliminary
version of the Drought Contingency
Plans.
May 2015 – February 2017
February 2017
▪ Drought Monitor is operational
FUNCEME Central Institution with
support of World Bank Full involvement of the States
October – December 2018
▪ Several meetings were organized in
order to improve the validation
process. Potential validators were
identified.
September 2017 - Now
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
▪ Expansion of the Monitor to Minas Gerais
State – Training the MG Team.
▪ ANA assumes its role as central Institutional: Start of reviewing the
whole process with participation of
the states in order to move forward.
TED ANA/UFC/FUNCEME
December 2018▪ Initial talks with Espirito Santos’
State in order to expand the Drought Monitor conquering
Southeast of Brazil.
The Drought Monitor – The Timeline
The Drought Monitor – The Institutional Network
Climate
Research/Operational
Institutions
Water Management &
Research institutions
Agricultural Research &
Policy institutions
Stakeholders & Users
FUNCEMEC
SDA/EMATERCEAg
SRH/COGERHW
Farmers, Civil Defense, …S
The Drought Monitor
Monitoring and forecasting/early warning
The Drought Monitor – The Data Integration Effort
Rain gauges Weather StationsAutomatic
Weather StationsReservoir Levels
Information Available to Everyone …
Indicators
SPI : Standardized Precipitation Index
SPEI : The Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index
SRI : Standardized Runoff Index
SDSI : Standardized Dry Spell Index
SWSI : Standardized Wet Spell Index
SWSI : Standardized Water Supply Index
Short Term (3/4 months)
Long Term (12 months)
CENTRAL INSTITUTIONAuthor
Coordinator
VALIDATION
DRAFT n
NEW AUTHOR
EVALUATION
DATA INPUT
Data Formatting
Indicators’ computation
Analysis
Send to Validators
Explain Draft
Validation Form
Support Products
Adjustments
still needed?
Occurs n times, until the final map isobtained (constrained to the deadline)
FINAL MAP/NARRATIVE
NARRATIVE
Bla
Bla
Bla
Bla
WEB PAGEDRAFT 1
Author Author
QGIS PROJECT
Authors’ Meeting
OK!
The Drought Monitor: Operational Framework
The Last Map – Oh MG!
Abril/2019
The Monitor Web Sitehttp://monitordesecas.ana.gov.br/
Final Remarks – Drought Monitor
Start simple, learn as you do the process and improve the process.
The Drought Monitor Concept build upon collaboration among institutions/states/countries.
Your Drought Monitor will be different than any other.
Using the information @regional scale
National Civil Defense – Water Truck Program
If a municipality has any % of its área in D1 or above
drought conditions (Moderate to Exceptional Drougth),
the municipality is automatically included into the
programme.
Otherwise, supplementary information should be
provided by the municipalities in order to be incuded into
the programme.
Using the information @regional scale
Ministry of Agriculture
Harvest Insurance Public Program
In discussion a similar use of the Drought Monitor for the
harverst insurance program.
Using the information @Basin scale
Using the information @Basin scale
Drought diagnosis using “downstreamness” concept:
1. Detecting meteorological and hydrological drought
2. Meteorological and hydrological drought compared (Step 1)
3. Effect of the reservoir network on hydrological drought (Step 2)
P. R. van Oel, E.S.P.R. Martins, A.C. Costa, Niko Wanders & Henny A. J. van
Lanen (2018) Diagnosing drought using the downstreamness concept: the effect
of reservoir networks on drought evolution, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 63:7,979-990, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1470632
Other Drought Monitoring Activities
1. Data integration effort from current meteorological and hydrological observation networks
(state and federal) throughout the Northeast Region.
2. Collaboration with national and international institutions in order to use modeling- and
satellite-based indicators to monitor drought and its impacts. (ICHARM, GFZ, Potsdam
University, Bonn University)
3. Use of hydrological semi-distributed models to derive hydrological drought indicators
throughout the region (ongoing activity).
4. Introduction of new drought indices that are not currently used, but are currently on test, in
order to be included as part of a Drought Information System (ongoing activity).
5. Expand the network of observers to gather impact information from the water and
agriculture sectors (ongoing activity).
Other Drought Monitoring/ForecastingActivities in Collaboration
“Seca a Vista!” Agricultural Drougth Monitoring
and Forecasting
Other Drought Monitoring/ForecastingActivities in Collaboration
GRACE-based Drought Indicators
Drought Prediction and Early Warnings
1. SSTs forecast system from IRI, now @FUNCEME July/2017.
2. Scenario building based on current conditions
3. Climate forecast system combining different global/regional models:
Global: ECHAM 4.6 (@FUNCEME), NMME, CPTEC
Brazil: INMET Statistical Model
Regional Models: RSM97/2008, RAMS
4. Forecasting Drought Indicators: SPI, SPEI, SRunnoff, SDSI (Dry Spell)
5. Collaboration with national and international institutions in order to use modeling- andsatellite-based indicators to forecast drought and its impacts. (ICHARM, GFZ, PotsdamUniversity, Bonn University)
6. Other Forecasting Products: Inflows to the main reservoirs of the region Effective use in theWater Allocation of 12 basins.
Drought Forecast – Improvements
Superensemble1. CPTEC/INMET/FUNCEME-ECHAM4.62. NMME+ECHAM4.6
FMA
SSTs Forecasting System IRI FUNCEME
Climate Indexes x Rainfed Agr. / Streamflow
WET AND DRYSPELL INDEXES:
CLIMATE-RELATED INDEXES BASED ON DAILY PRECIPITATION;
FORECASTING BY USING DOWNSCALING REGIONAL CLIMATE
MODELING FORCED BY PERSISTED SST ANOMALIES;
SPI and SPEI - Forecast
SPI FORECAST:
ECHAM4.6 GLOBAL MODEL
PERSISTED SST
1, 3, 4 AND 6 MONTHS
Drought Indicators Forecasts:
SPI-3/4 Months
SPEI-3/4 Months
S2S: Dry/wet spells indicators
Onset/end Season
DOWNSCALING
Drought Monitor & Trends – Improvements
Streamflow forecasts(Since 2005) Yield Forecasts
Drought Impacts and Risk Assessment
Initial talks on implementing vulnerability assessment studies in order
to determine who and what is at risk and why.
State network of observers to gather and report information about
ongoing impacts of droughts.
Mitigation and Response
Develop system- and sector-specific contigency plans - e.g. each water
supply system will have its contigency plan, establishing what
mitigation actions should be undertaken according with the triggers
and the decision calendar related to that particular system.
Using the information @Hydrosystem scale
Hydrosystem
Definition of risk levels taken by the decision maker.
Definition of target volumes and levels of the reservoir.
Urban Supply System
Associated with the hydrosystem, but the focus is the adaptation of thepopulation to drought events.
Using the information @Hydrosystem scale
Using the information @Hydrosystem scale
Analysis of the legal and institutional context: (1) Identification of the
interested stakeholders and institutions; and (2) analysis of current
management tools.
Determination of risk tolerance level and the number of drought phases: This should initially obtained in an ad hoc fashion and later
revised after an evaluation of the impacts of these decisions.
Definition of a drought monitoring system: Definition of the drought
indices.
Development of simulation and optimization models to analyze drought preparedness and/or response actions: (1) Supply and
demand estimates; and (2) water supply guarantees and risks.
Definition of the various alternatives for each stage of the drought or drought category: (1) Water allocation scenarios; and (2)
complementary water sources (including wastewater reuse and
desalination, as well as rainfall).
Decision making: (1) Definition of the triggers (target levels of the
reservoir or reservoirs); and (2) definition of use restrictions (water
supply) for each stage of the drought.
PERNAMBUCO:
Jucazinho Water Supply System
- #Municipalities: 15
- Population: 820.000 people
- Actual capacity: 1.250 l/s
- Pipeline system: 206 Km
- Future capacity: 1.800 l/s
Using the information @Hydrosystem scale
PERNAMBUCO:
Jucazinho Water Supply System
- #Municipalities: 15
- Population: 820.000 people
- Actual capacity: 1.250 l/s
- Pipeline system: 206 Km
- Future capacity: 1.800 l/s
Final Remarks - Use of Information
Sector Specific (Agriculture, Water Reseources, …).
If the focus is a Managed System, the plan is also specific to
that system (Urban Supply, Reservoir System, …).
Starting the process: Choose the right cases and players to
demonstrate the value of the plans.
Build strategy with those already involved.
PUBLICATIONS