dr.manal radwan salim lecturer of physical therapy pharos university pathomechanics of gait and...
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Dr .Manal Radwan SalimLecturer of Physical Therapy
Pharos University
Pathomechanics of Gait and Dynamic Postures part 2
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Determinants of Gait Cont: .
(2) Pelvic Tilt:5o dip of the swinging side (i.e. hip adduction)
maximum tilt is in mid swingAdvantage: Reduces the height of the apex of
the curve of COG by 3/8 inchPathologically: Pelvis dip increase downward
of swing side by weakness of abductors of stance limb. , or even pelvis raised up in swing in any problem leads to functional lengthening the swing limb.
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Determinants of Gait Cont:.
(3) Knee flexion in stance phase: in Loading response, midstanceShortens the leg in the middle of stance phaseAdvantage: Reduces the height of the apex of
the curve of COG Pathologically: flexion degree may increases
(shorter stance than usual so gives apparent longer swing
Or there is limitation in flexion (longer stanced limb i.e affected give problems in other leg stance?!)
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Determinants of Gait Cont:.
(4) Ankle Mechanism: lengthens the leg at heel contact Advantages: a)Smoothens the curve of
COGb)Reduces the lowering of COG
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Determinants of Gait Cont: .
(5) Foot mechanism:While knee is flexed the leg is lengthened
at toe-off as ankle moves from dorsi flexion to plantar flexion
Advantages: a) Smoothens the curve of COG
b) Reduces the lowering of COG
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Determinants of Gait Cont: .
(6) Lateral displacement of body:The COG is displaced laterally over the
weight bearing extremity twice during gait cycle( the motion produced by horizontal shift of pelvis and relative adduction of hip (max at mid stance).
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Gluteus MaximusGluteus maximus shows peak
activity in IC, LR (i.e. weight acceptance), and TS, some activity in PS( weight
release).
Weakness in G. Max.: Appears in
Early stance: (@ IC, IC-LR).G. Max. contract to prevent jack-
knifing i.e. excessive hip flexion) and anterior pelvic tilt.
N. Path. GRFV
IC A to hip
LR
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From this we can notice that:If bilateral weakness so The gluteus maximus lurch appears in both
early and late stance phases of rt limb and lt limb.
If unilateral (rt) so it appears in early stance of rt > in late stance of lt
Gluteus Maximus Cont.
Possible Compensation Patient leans trunk backward (so moves GRFV backward).
This is called gluteus maximus gait or Lurch gait
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Hip FlexorsIn stance its activity starts at terminal
stance to preswing and increases to initiate swing .
Effect of weakness Toe may not clear the floor during swing “Toe Drag”.
Compensation: -circumduction at hip.
-Pelvic Hike
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QuadricepsQuadriceps shows peak activity in LR
(i.e. weight acceptance). Some activity in TS and PS (weight release).
N. Path. GRFV
LRP. To knee
In Early stance: Quad. contracts to preventjack-knifing of knee. Possible Compensation: 1-Patient leans trunk forward (GRFV moves anterior). 2-Pt use arm as quadriceps by placing hand anterior to thigh, presses knee backward.3-Turn limb outward to lock knee passively.
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Quadriceps Cont.
In Late stance:
Quad. contracts to control knee flexion
So in case of weakness the knee collapse into flexion leading to -premature flexion into early swing-‘rubber knee’
N. Path. GRFV
PSP to knee
In Early stance Cont.: 4- Contact ground with flat planter flexed foot so GRFV moves anterior. 5-place a shoe or cushion under heel which causes GRFV to move anteriorly.
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Hamstrings In stance: It show little activity, support back of knee against extension moment of GRFV. In swing: *Assist knee flexion in IS. *Decelerates tibial shank in TSWeakness in Hamstrings:In Swing: 1- Inadequate knee flexion.
Late Swing: 2-Lack of control of swinging leg 3- Knee slapped into extension.
In Stance: 4-Reduction of restraining force of heel strike. 5-Progressive Genu Recarvatum.
Compensation:1- Increased hip flexion in swing2- Circumduction in swing hip3- Hiking with swing pelvis
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Possible causes When in gait cycle
description Gait type
Spasticity in
Limited ROM, pain , …..
Weakness in
in early stance
Lean trunk backward
G. maximus lurch
or spasticity in quadriceps or planter flexors
Flexion of hip, knee or ankle
h. Flex, hamstring, dorsiflexors
swing Toe drag
Hip flexors, hamstring
swing circumduction
Hip flexors, hamstring
swing Pelvis hiking
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Possible compensations
manifestation
When in Gait cycle
problem
Outward rotate leg to lock it passively
Place hand in early stance to push knee backward
Lean trunk forward in stance
Jack Knifing of knee
IC Quad weakness
place a shoe or cushion under heel so GRFV moves anteriorly.
IC with flat planter flexed foot so GRFV moves anterior.
Pelvis hiking
Circumduction Incresed hip flexion in swing
Progressive Genu Recarvatum
Mid stance
Hamstring
weakness
Reduction of restraining force
of heel strike
Knee slapped into extension
deceleration
Increased hip flexion
midswing
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Pre-Tibial groupAnkle dorsi flexors shows peak
activity in IC, LR (i.e. weight acceptance).
Weakness in DF appears ina) Early stance: (@ IC, IC-LR).DF Contract to control forefoot
lowering. After forefoot contacts floor- pull tibia forward over foot.
N. Path. GRFV
IC P to ankle
LR
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Pre-Tibial group Cont.
b) Swing phase:DF contract concentrically in swing sub phases 1- to lift toe up so prevent toes from dragging on ground. 2- functionally shorten swinging limb.
Compensation:In stance: no compensation what happen is forefoot
slaps to the floor ‘drop-foot’ gaitIn Swing: 1-Increased hip flexion
‘high steppage gait’2- Circumduction at hip.
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Plantar Flexors (Calf muscle)
Calf activity in TS and PS, some activity in MS
Weakness in calfs appears in late stancemuscles show peak : as it controls dorsi flexion degree in MS and TS ecentrically.
N. Path. GRFV
A. To AnkleMS TS PS
Then contract concentrically to planter flex ankle joint in PS.Effect of Weakness:
Loss of forward thrust - poor transition to early swing
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Plantar Flexors (calf muscle) Cont.
Possible Compensation:1- Outward rotate hips and pronate foot so
inner border contact the ground (flat foot gait or calcaneal gait)
2-Ankle maintained in planter flexion in mid stance to avoid excessive dorsi-flexion ?! (passively by genu recarvatum).
3-Maintain foot flat in TS to eliminate dorsi-flexion moment.
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Hip Abductors Gluteus Medius
N. Path. of GRFV
LR MS TsMedial to to
hip
G. Medius contract in mid stance to prevent contra-lateral (swinging) hip from dipping greater than 5 – 80
Effect of weakness/absenceContra-lateral hip drops > 5-80 Compensation is to lean (‘lurch’) over stance-
side LE
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES
A. Antalgic Gait.
B. Lateral Trunk bending.
C. Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy.
D. Increased Walking Base.
E. Inadequate Dorsi flexion Control.
F. Excessive Knee Extension.
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES Cont.:
A. Antalgic Gait-Gait pattern in which stance
phase on affected side is shortened
-Corresponding increase in stance on unaffected side
-Common causes: OA, tendinitis
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES cont.: B. Lateral Trunk bending’Trendelenberg gait
Usually unilateral, if Bilateral = waddling gait
Common causes:A. Painful hip B. Hip abductor weaknessC. Leg-length discrepancy D. Abnormal hip joint
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES Cont.: C. Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy
Swing leg: longer than stance leg:Causes dicussed in details in muscle
weakness4 common compensations:
A. CircumductionB. Hip hikingC. SteppageD. Vaulting
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES Cont.:
D. Increased Walking Base Normal walking base: 5-10 cm Common causes:
Deformities Abducted hip Valgus knee
Instability Cerebellar ataxia Proprioception deficits
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES Cont.: E. Inadequate Dorsiflexion Control
In stance phase (Heel contact – Foot flat):Foot slap
In swing phase (mid-swing): Toe drag
Causes: Weak Tibialis Ant. Spastic plantarflexors
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COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES: F. Excessive knee extension
Loss of normal knee flexion during stance phase
Knee may go into hyperextensionGenu recurvatum: hyperextension
deformity of kneeCommon causes:
Quadriceps weakness (mid-stance)Quadriceps spasticity (mid-stance)Knee flexor weakness (end-stance)
* * *
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Gait in the Elderly Men - Murray, Kory & Clarkson
Gait was guarded and restrained - attempt to maximal stability and security
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Gait in the Elderly Men - Murray, Kory & Clarkson
Gait resembled someone walking on a slippery surface decreased step &
stride legnth
wider dynamic BOS increased lateral
head movement decreased rotation
of pelvis
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Gait in the Elderly Men - Murray, Kory & Clarkson
toe/floor clearance distance slightly decreased
lower stance-to-swing ratio
decreased reciprocal arm swing more from elbow than shoulder
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Spasticity and its Impact on Gait
Spasticity - resistance to passive stretch
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Spasticity & Gait
Effects: Restrict joint excursion Delay transition from one gait phase to the
next
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Spasticity & Gait Examples
Quadcriceps May prevent knee from unlocking during
interim between HS and FF Knee maintained in extension leading to a
‘vaulting’ over stance limb or circumduction of hip
Disrupts (timing) transition to mid- and late stance
May prevent LE bending during swing phase
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Spasticity & Gait Examples
Plantar flexors Increase in spastic tone may limit forward
rotation of tibia between MS and PO May locate ground reaction force well behind
knee causing significant flexion moment during late MS and knee buckling tendency
Ankle may be locked up during PO decreasing propulsive thrust forward - inefficient transition from TO to early swing
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Spasticity & Gait Examples
Hamstrings May limit forward swing of LE - decreasing
step length May prevent knee from reaching a terminally
extended position just prior to HS
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Pathway of GRFV during gait in sagital and frontal plane
StancePhases
SagitalHIP Joint Knee Joint Ankle Joint
SagitalFronta
lSagital Frontal Sagital Frontal
Heel Strike A
L
A L P N
Foot Flat A M P M P LMid Stance P M A M A LHeel Off P M A M A M
Toe Off P L P N A N
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