draft reading 101

DRAFT READING 101NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AVIATION RESEARCH

DIGITAL TWIN LAB

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Table of Contents

• Objective

• Understanding Part Location

• Part Number Breakdown

• Drawing Vs. Parts List

• Parts List

• Drawing Navigation

• Drawing Notes

• Drawing Views

• Drawing Nomenclature

• Pictorial Features

• Assembly Drawings

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Objective

• Be able to properly navigate and understand the information in a drawing

• Be able to read and understand a parts list

• Understand the language used when talking about a drawing

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Understanding Part Location

F-18C

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Understanding Part Location Cont.

B-1B LANCER

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UH-60L Blackhawk

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• When locating a part there are 3 plane directions

– Buttock Line (BL) – X Direction

• A series of longitudinal lines or curves marked on a plan of a aircraft to show its fore-and-aft sections at various distances from the center line

– Water Line (WL) – Z Direction

• A vertical watermark made in laid paper

– Station Plane (STA) or (FS) - Y Direction

• A location along the airplane fuselage given in terms of distance from the reference datum

See example of BL, WL, and STA on next slide

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UH-60L Blackhawk

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Part Number Breakdown

*NOTE*

Not all projects will have a document like the one provided, so please

get with your respected project lead to learn about the part number

breakdown for your specific aircraft

• The document to the right shows how a part number is broken down

• With this information you can find out…

– Program Identifier

• 68 denotes F-15

• 74 denotes F/A-18

– Type of Drawing

• For F/A-18C/D project we will be mostly looking at A Drawings

– Group Number

• Section, System, or group to which the drawing applies

– Four-digit Number assigned in sequence within each group number

• This will be the last four digits of a part number

– Dash Number

• Designed details and subassemblies

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Drawing Vs. Parts List

Drawing

Parts List • Drawing (DWG)

• Is a document that has

detailed views of the

part

• Parts List (PL)

• A document that has

information that

applies to the whole

drawing

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Parts List

• The parts list can be a very effective tool when navigating a drawing

• The parts list house information like

– General notes

– Zone callouts for flat patterns

– Zone callouts for dash number

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Parts List Cont.

• General notes

– Is a set of information that apply to all the sheets within the drawing

• Flag notes

– Are in the drawing that reference the general notes

– A method of cross-referencing one area or feature on a drawing to the general notes

See next slide for examples

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Parts List Cont.

Parts List with

General Notes

Drawing with Flag Notes

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Parts List Cont.

• With the parts list you can also find zone locations for flat patters or zone locations for machine parts

• In the case to the right the -2016 dash is located on zone D11

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Drawing Navigation

Title Block

Revision History Block

Title Block

A) Company’s Name

B) Part Name

C) Drawing Number

D) Revision

E) Tolerance Block

F) Material Block

G) Finish Specification

H) Scale of the part

I) Cage Code

J) Drawing Size

K) Date Issued

L) Sheet Number

Revision Block

A) Zone

B) Revision

C) Description of Change

D) Date of Change

E) Who Approved the Change

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Drawing Notes

• General Sheet Notes (Raw Part Notes)

– Are notes that are on the face of the drawing that denote processes or features that are only associated to that sheet

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Drawing Views

There are 4 types of views

1) Orthographic

Projection2) Auxiliary View 3) Detailed View 4) Section View

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Drawing Views Cont.

1) Orthographic Projection

• A method of projection in which an object is

depicted or a surface mapped using parallel

lines to project its shape onto a plane

• Figure 1-2 shows drawing example

Figure 1-1

Figure 1-2

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Drawing Views Cont.

2) Auxiliary View

• It turns, or projects, the object so that the true

size and shape of the surface are seen as they

actually are


Figure 2-1

Figure 2-2

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Drawing Views Cont.

3) Detailed View

• A small portion of a model shown enlarged in

another view


Figure 3-1

Figure 3-2

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Drawing Views Cont.

3) Section View

• A cut to clarify the interior construction of a part

that can not be clearly described by hidden

lines in exterior views


Figure 4-1

Figure 4-3 Figure 4-2

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Drawing Nomenclature

• REF Reference Dimension

• CONST Constant Dimension

• TRUE True Dimension

• TRUE CONST True and Constant Dimension

• TYP Typical or # Places

• SYM Symmetry

• Tolerance (0.05)

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Drawing Nomenclature Cont.

• Reference Dimension (REF)

– A Dimension where the driving dimension is provided else where in the drawing

Figure 5-1Figure 5-2

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• Constant Dimension (CONST)

– Dimension is constant throughout the entire profile

Figure 6-1

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• True Dimension (TRUE)

– Dimension that is shown as if you are looking straight onto the feature, even though the dimension is shown on a view that is not normal to it

Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2

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• True and Constant Dimension (TRUE & CONST)

– Dimension is constant while not being normal to the shown feature

Figure 8-1

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• Typical (TYP) or # Places

– Dimension are the same across like features

• # of Places

– like features are the same for that # of places

Figure 9-1

Figure 9-2

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• Symmetry (SYM)

– Is an exact opposite of the feature unless stated otherwise

Figure 10-1

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• Tolerance ()

– Maximum/minimum part deviation allowance

Figure 11-1

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Pictorial Features

• Trace of Elements

• Along Mold Line Surface & Normal Surface Geometry

• Cutter Information

• Point Offset Geometry

• Ruled Surface Geometry

• Tapered Surface Geometry

• Angles

• External References

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Pictorial Features Cont.

• Trace of Elements

– The Result of an intersection between two features

– In figure case, Trace of CXW (Canted X Wing) 181.25 Rib Ref Plane on Datum A are the two elements that are being intersected. Which is resulting in an intersection line of the CXW 181.25 Plane on/with Datum A

Figure 12-1

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• Along Mold Line Surface

– A note that specifics that the dimensions are taken along the surface rather than on a datum (the dimensions are geodesic)

• Normal Surface Geometry

– Dimensions are geodesic along the surface rather than being planer

Figure 13-1

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• Cutter Information

– Added information regarding how typical (TYP) pockets are machined

Figure 14-1

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• Point Offset Geometry

– A thickness or distance shown through points

Figure 15-1

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• Ruled Surface

– A set of points swept by a moving straight line

– In Figure 16-1 the blue line is the straight line being swept across the red and green profile

Figure 16-2

Figure 16-1

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• Tapered Surface

– A linear offset that gradually gets narrower

Figure 17-1

Figure 17-2

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• Angles

– the space between two intersecting lines or surfaces at or close to the point where they meet

• See figure 18-1,2 for example calculation

– 4°27’ is NOT equal to 4.27°

– 4°27’ IS equal to 4.45° Figure 18-2

Figure 18-1

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• External References

– Are elements that are pulled from a location other than your part

74A150998 OUTER WING LOFT

Figure 19-274A150609 INT SPAR 2

Figure 19-1

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Assembly Drawings

• Dash Numbers

– Denote designed details and subassemblies

– They are used to find the specific part (Figure 20-1) or feature (Figure 20-2) that is on your aircraft

– Typically Odd Dashes are Left hand (LH) parts

– Typically Even dashes are Right hand (RH) parts

– When a part says SHN (shown) and OPP (opposite) that means that the -2017 (LH) is the shown part while the -2018 (RH) is the symmetrical opposite part

Figure 20-1

Figure 20-2

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Assembly Drawings Cont.

• Dash Numbers with Balloons

– For dash numbers with balloons you are looking for the assembly that the part is associated with (Figure 21-1), then finding the balloon that is associated with that assembly (Figure 21-2)

Figure 21-1

Figure 21-2

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• Dash Numbers with Balloons Cont.

– To find the correct assembly you must use Cumulative Shipment Number (CUM) which needs to be referenced to the parts list

– For our example the CUM is 5 for the outer wings

Figure 22-1

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– Due to the CUM being 5, when looking for the assemble we are looking for F/A-18C CUM 1-395 due to 5 falling within the CUM range for the F-18C

Figure 23-1

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– With the assembly dash identified we can now go back to the drawing to find that for the -1003 assembly the -2011 part is what needs to be made

Figure 24-1

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Summary

• You should now be able to…– Properly navigate and understand the information in a drawing

– Read and understand a parts list

– Understand the language used when talking about a drawing

– Reliably find in a timely manner information within a drawing to build a part

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Congratulations!

With your new knowledge of drawings you should be able to properly read and navigate a drawing to create a part

draft reading 101

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