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Principle of Microsurgery AADO/HKSSH Conjoint Scientific Meeting 2009 Dr. Wong Tak Chuen MO Specialist, Department of O&T, PYNEH, HKSAR

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Page 1: Dr. TC Wong

Principle of Microsurgery

AADO/HKSSH Conjoint Scientific Meeting 2009Dr. Wong Tak Chuen

MO Specialist, Department of O&T, PYNEH, HKSAR

Page 2: Dr. TC Wong

Definition

Microsurgery Surgery performed on very small structures, such as blood vessels & nerves, with specialized instruments under a microscope

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Purpose

1st microsurgery, using a microscope to repair blood vessels

Jules Jacobson of University of Vermont in 1960

1st successful replantation1964 by Harry BunkeRabbit's ear Blood vessels < 0.04 in (0.1 cm)~ vessels in human digit

Page 4: Dr. TC Wong

Numerous Techniques of Microsurgery

Otolaryngologists (ENT)Small, delicate structures of inner ear or vocal cords. 

Ophthalmologists Remove cataractCorneal transplants 

UrologistsVasectomies (male sterilization)

GynecologistsTubal ligations (female sterilization)

Plastic surgeonsReconstruct disfigured skin, muscles, or to transplant tissues from other parts of the body

Page 5: Dr. TC Wong

Equipment

MICROSCOPE5–40xLower magnificationIdentify & expose structures

Higher magnificationMicrosurgical repair

SURGICAL LOUPES2–6x

Page 6: Dr. TC Wong

Instruments

Forceps Needle holders Scissors Vascular clamps 

controlling bleeding 

clamp applicators Irrigators 

washing structures

Vessel dilators opening up cut end of vessel

Page 7: Dr. TC Wong

Suture

Diameter (gauge) ranges in size & depends on procedure & tissue2‐0 (0.3 mm) ‐ 6‐0 (0.07 mm) 9‐0 (0.03 mm) ‐ 12‐0 (0.001 mm) for MSAbsorbable (broken down in body) vs Non‐absorbable (retaining its strength) Natural (silk, gut, linen) / synthetic (nylon, polyester, wire)Needle shapes (straight/ curved)Point types (rounded, cutting, or blunt)<0.15 mm for MS

Page 8: Dr. TC Wong

Techniques

BLOOD VESSEL REPAIRAnastomoses

End‐to‐End (between two cut ends)End‐to‐Side (connection of one cut end to the wall).

Expose the vesselIrrigationsecured with clampsContrast material placed behind 1st suture ‐ full thickness2nd & 3rd sutures ‐ 120°

Page 9: Dr. TC Wong

Techniques

End to End repair Arteries 1 mmbetween 5 & 8 stitches 

veins 1mm  between 7 & 10 

clamps are released

End to Side repairOval‐shaped hole is cut on recipient vessel

Page 10: Dr. TC Wong

Nerve Repair

Process of connecting two cut ends of nerveNeurorrhaphy / Nerve anastomosis

Peripheral nervesBunches of nerve fibers called fasciclesEnclosed by perineuriumEpineurium is the outer layer

Nerve repair Suturing of epineurium onlyPerineurium onlyThrough both layers

Page 11: Dr. TC Wong

Pre‐op Preparation

InvestigationsBlood: CBP, L/RFT, Clotting profile…T&S / X‐matchX‐rays, CXRECGDoppler /Arteriogram

AdviceNo smokingNo drinking, coffee, cola…

Page 12: Dr. TC Wong

Pre‐op preparation

Donor SiteNo blood taking or IV accessPrevent injuryMarking of skin area by surgeon+/‐ prepare the donor site of skin graft

Recipient Sitedebrides all necrotic or slough tissue. +/‐Ensures wound swab for culture is –ve

Page 13: Dr. TC Wong

Replantation

Page 14: Dr. TC Wong

Replantation

Surgical attachmentRevascularization of a body part that has been completelyamputated

Page 15: Dr. TC Wong

Revascularization

Restoration of circulation to a devascularized but not completely amputated part

Page 16: Dr. TC Wong
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Preserve the amputated parts

Placed in a bag after being wrapped in an sterile gauze dampened with NS

Bag placed in container & submerged in ice NS bath to maintain a temp of 4°CLabeling

Never by placed in a hypotonic or hypertonic solution

Page 18: Dr. TC Wong

Preserve amputated parts

Don’t try to detach Don’t stretch Moistened with NSLoosen dressing & crepeCool with ½ ice & ½H2O in plastic bagSupport with splint

Page 19: Dr. TC Wong

Relevant history

Mechanism of injuryAvulsion or crush

Time of injury Ischemic time

Emergency treatment rendered, including care provided to amputated part

Page 20: Dr. TC Wong

History

Patient’s ageHand dominanceOccupation/ vocational demands & expectationsPrevious hand injuries or disabilityOther major injuriesMedical/ psychiatric conditions that may preclude replantation

Page 21: Dr. TC Wong

Relevant physical examination

Location (level) of amputationSingle or multiple injury levels in the extremitySingle or multiple amputated partsCondition of amputated part (sign or crush or avulsion)Condition of the amputation stump

Page 22: Dr. TC Wong

Sequence for replantation

Wound debridementIdentification of arteries, veins, nerves & tendonsBone stabilizationExtensor tendon repairFlexor tendon repairVascular anastomosisNerve repairSkin closure

Page 23: Dr. TC Wong

Methods for bony stabilization

K wire or intraosseous wires can be placed rapidly & easily

Lag screw fixation or miniplate & screwsPlate fixation 

major limb replantation

Page 24: Dr. TC Wong

Post‐op Care

Complete bed restKeep warm

warm Room ( ~26ºC )? lamp treatment

Bed cradleSupport operated limb   Avoid torsion of pedicle

Page 25: Dr. TC Wong

Post‐op Care

ElevationHeart levelAbove heart levelOne pillow

Vital SignsBP/PBody Temp.I/O

Page 26: Dr. TC Wong

Post‐op Care

IVFHydration

Foley’s catheter measure output

NPOPain control

(No Puncture on affected site)

MedicationDextran 40AspirinPersantinAnalgesicAntibiotics

Page 27: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring

ColourCapillary RefillTissue TurgorTemperatureDoppler                               SpO2Pin Prick

Page 28: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring

ColourNormal  PinkArterial fail  PaleVenous fail  Cyanotic

Capillary RefillNormal  1‐2 secArterial fail  SlowVenous fail  Fast

Page 29: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring

Tissue TurgorNormal  Full

Arterial fail  Hollow, “Prune like”

Venous fail  Tense, Distended+ Blisters                            

Page 30: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring

TemperatureNormal: 30‐37ºCReplanted or flap: +/‐ 2‐3ºC? By touchBy Thermo ScanArterial / venous thrombosisfall below 30ºC, differential 2.5ºC

Arterial thrombosis/ Venous thrombosis:rapid fall 3ºC/ slowly fall 1‐2ºC

Page 31: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring

DopplerVascular Doppler

Implantable Doppler Probe

Laser Doppler Flow meter

SpO2 Normal: ~ >90%Vascular compromise

Sudden fallNot ↑ on 100% O2 given

Page 32: Dr. TC Wong

Monitoring: Pin Prick

By Surgeon25 gauge needleNo.11 blade

Heparin promote bleeding

Normal: Bright red bloodSlow to start bleedingBleeds a short

Arterial Occlusion: Serum

No bleeding

Venous Occlusion:Bleeds briskBleeds a long time

Page 33: Dr. TC Wong

Pressure on flap

Page 34: Dr. TC Wong

Thank you