dr. swati lambor - international centre goa · nose -nasal vestibulitis-acute rhinitis (common...
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Dr. Swati LamborM.B. B. S., M. S. ENT (GMC), DNB ENT
Consultant – ENT, Head & Neck SurgeryManipal Hospital Goa
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What is ENT ?What is ENT ?
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Tip of the IcebergTip of the Iceberg
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Classification Classification
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Infections Infections
� Viral
� Bacterial
� Fungal
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Viral infectionsViral infections
� Upper respiratory tract infections
� Self-limiting, resolve by 5-7 days
� Only symptomatic Rx required
� Can damage nerves decreased hearing giddiness facial weakness loss of smell vocal paralysis
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Bacterial infectionsBacterial infections
� Ear - furuncle
- Acute otitis externa (infection of external ear)
� Nose - Nasal vestibulitis
- Acute rhinitis (common cold) & sinusitis
� Throat- pharyngitis, laryngitis
� Abscess - peritonsillar region - retropharyngeal region
- Neck abscesses
� Dental infections
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Acute infections of external earAcute infections of external earcausescauses-- traumatrauma
--decreased immunity, decreased immunity,
esp. Diabetes esp. Diabetes
Furuncle (Boil) Diffuse Otitis Externa
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Severe forms of AOESevere forms of AOE
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Bacterial infections of noseBacterial infections of nose
Infection of Nasal vestibule Features
� Staphylococcal infection
� Causes – nose picking
� Recurrent infection –
Diabetes
� Complication
- abscess
- Spread to eye/brain
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Nasal vestibulitis Nasal vestibulitis –– dangerous dangerous
area of facearea of face
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Infection of Nose & SinusesInfection of Nose & Sinuses
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Sinusitis Sinusitis
� Acute/ chronic
� Symptoms
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Nasal block
Headache
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� Acute infections
can spread to
involve eye & brain
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Bacterial infections of throatBacterial infections of throat
Acute tonsillitis
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Bacterial infection of voiceboxBacterial infection of voicebox
Acute laryngitis
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Abscesses Abscesses
� Infecting organism is strong OR
immunity of patient is low (diabetics)
� Complications depend on site of the
abscess
� Can cause life-threatening septicemia
� Urgent Rx by drainage is required
� Egs..
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Abscesses Abscesses -- peritonsillarperitonsillar
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Abscesses Abscesses -- retropharyngealretropharyngeal
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Retropharyngeal abscessRetropharyngeal abscess--
endoscopic pictureendoscopic picture
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Neck abscessesNeck abscesses
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Dental infectionsDental infections
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Infections Infections
� Viral
� Bacterial
� Fungal
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Fungal infectionsFungal infections
� Ear - Otomycosis� Nose - Fungal Rhinosinusitis� Oral / Throat - candidiasis
� Common in :DiabeticsKidney failure patientsKidney transplant patientsPatients on chemotherapy, steroids & long-term antibiotics
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Fungal infection of the earFungal infection of the ear
� Causes:
Trauma, humidity, bad personal
hygiene
� Recurrent cases- think of DIABETES
� Symptoms- itching, blocked sensation
in ear, occ. Pain & discharge.
� Rx – local antifungal drops/ cream
- Rx the cause
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Fungal infection of earFungal infection of ear
Aspergillus niger infection Candida infection
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Fungal infections of Nose & Fungal infections of Nose &
SinusesSinuses
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Fungal infections of Nose & Fungal infections of Nose &
SinusesSinuses
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Fungal infection of throat Fungal infection of throat --
candidiasiscandidiasis
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Classification Classification
� Infections
� Degenerative disorders
� Tumours (Neoplastic ) disorders
� Others
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Degenerative disordersDegenerative disorders
� Decrease in HEARING(Presbycusis)
� Disorder of BALANCE (Presbystasis)
� SMELL disturbance (Hyposmia/
Anosmia)
� TASTE disturbance
� Disorders of voice
� Disorders of swallowing
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� Age related
degeneration of ear
& auditory nerve
� Social interactions
may suffer
� Hearing aids
� Factors that may
cause worsening:
Diabetes, exposure
to loud sounds
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Disorder of imbalance
Disorder of imbalance� Common
� Cervical
spondylosis?
� Cause- inner ear
degeneration
� Role of Diabetes
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Disorder of imbalance
Disorder of imbalanceBenign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
� Loose stone-like particles in inner ear move during certain positions of the head
� Sensation of rotation/spinning lasting for less than 1 min.
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Disorder of imbalance
Disorder of imbalanceBPPV Rx :
Epley’s Manoeuvre
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Disorder of smellDisorder of smell
� Smell is responsible for 80% of taste
� Hazards
� Decreased appetite-malnutrition
� Identification of spoilt food difficult- food poisoning
� Cannot identify LPG gas leak/ smoke from fire in the house
� Role of Diabetes
� Healthy lifestyle practices
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Disorder of taste
� Malnutrition
� Cannot identify spoilt food – food poisoning
Disorders of swallowing
� Degeneration of nerves, muscles & brain –incoordination during swallowing
� Malnutrition
� Ruling out cancer of digestive tract is a must
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Role of Diabetes Role of Diabetes –– in in
infectionsinfections� Vicious cycle
Diabetes Infection
� Diabetes damages blood vessels- blood supply of affected tissues is hampered. Antibiotics cannot easily reach the affected areas, hence controlling infection becomes difficult.
� Recurrent cellulitis/ abscesses-investigation of blood sugar levels is a must.
� Necrotising Otitis Externa – life-threatening infection of skull base.
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Role of DiabetesRole of Diabetes-- in in
Degenerative disordersDegenerative disorders
� Impaired blood supply of tissues due
to Diabetic angiopathy, favours
degeneration, esp. in ear.
� Diabetic neuropathy (damage of
nerves) adds on to age-related
degeneration, further worsening the
functioning of organs
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Classification Classification
� Infections
� Degenerative disorders
� Tumours (Neoplastic ) disorders
� Others
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Tumours Tumours
� They may be
– Benign -– ---
- Malignant (Harmful)
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Tumours Tumours –– Mouth & ThroatMouth & Throat
� Commonest cancers in India
� Smoking & Alcohol
� Growths may not be noticed by the patient till they become significant enough to impair functions (advanced stages)
� Therefore regular
screening is a must.
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Ca of Lips
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Ca Tongue
Ca Retromolar trigoneCa Buccal Mucosa
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Tumours of
Hard Palate
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Cancers of ThroatCancers of Throat
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Cancers of ThroatCancers of Throat
Pyriform fossa Ca Postcricoid Ca
� Foreign body/sticking sensation in throat
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Cancer of Oesophagus Cancer of Oesophagus
(Food Pipe)(Food Pipe)
� Difficulty in swallowing is the chief complaint
� Usually present in advanced stages
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Tumours of Larynx (Voicebox)Tumours of Larynx (Voicebox)
Larynx is divided into 3 subsites:
� Supraglottis (above VC)
� Glottis (Vocal Cords)
� Subglottis ( Below VC)
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Benign lesions of Vocal CordsBenign lesions of Vocal Cords
Vocal Cord
Nodule
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Benign lesions of Vocal CordsBenign lesions of Vocal Cords
Cyst Polyp
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Benign lesions of Vocal Benign lesions of Vocal
CordsCords
Reinke’s oedema
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Lesions of Vocal CordsLesions of Vocal Cords
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Cancers of voiceboxCancers of voicebox
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Cancers of voiceboxCancers of voicebox
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Tumours of Nose & SinusesTumours of Nose & Sinuses
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Tumours of Nose & SinusesTumours of Nose & Sinuses
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Tumours of sinusesTumours of sinuses
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Tumours of sinusesTumours of sinuses
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Tumours of sinusesTumours of sinuses
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Tumour of nasopharynxTumour of nasopharynx
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Neck massesNeck masses--thyroidthyroid
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Neck Masses Neck Masses –– Lymph nodesLymph nodes
TB
lymphom
aSpread from cancer
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Salivary Gland tumoursSalivary Gland tumours
Parotid Gland
Tumours
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Salivary Gland tumoursSalivary Gland tumours
Submandibular Gland
Tumours
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Tumours Tumours –– important pointsimportant points
Digestive tract
� Screening is important.
� Persistent difficulty in swallowing or foreign body/sticking sensation in throat cannot be ignored.
Voicebox
� Every change of voice has to be evaluated thoroughly.
Nose & sinuses
� Do not ignore nasal block/ bleeding from the nose/ loose teeth or dentures.
Neck masses must be investigated.
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Classification Classification
� Infections
� Degenerative disorders
� Tumours (Neoplastic ) disorders
� Other disorders
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Other ENT DisordersOther ENT Disorders
� Bleeding from nose- Epistaxis
� Snoring – Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
� Foreign Bodies of airway & digestive
tract
� Headaches
� Laryngo-pharyngeal reflux (Acidity)
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Epistaxis Epistaxis
� Bleeding from the nose
� Causes :
� Hypertension
� Trauma including nose picking
� Alcoholism
� Tumours
� Life threatening emergency requiring immediate attention of the doctor
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Snoring Snoring –– Obstructive sleep Obstructive sleep
apnoeaapnoea
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SnoringSnoring
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Snoring Snoring
� Decreased
productivity
� Risk of accidents
while driving
� Health Problems –
high blood
pressure, cardiac
problems
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SnoringSnoring
Weight Reduction
CPAP
Machine
Surgery
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Foreign Bodies Digestive TractForeign Bodies Digestive Tract
Denture
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Foreign Bodies Digestive Foreign Bodies Digestive
TractTract
Fish bone
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Headaches � Quite commonly
originate from
sinus lesions,
occasionally ears.
� It is a symptom.
Diagnosis of the
cause is important.
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Acidity Acidity ––Laryngopharyngeal Laryngopharyngeal
RefluxReflux
� Burning in throat
� Pain/difficulty while
swallowing
� Chronic laryngitis
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Take Home MessageTake Home Message
� Remember – Tip of the Iceberg
Thus lies the importance of REGULAR ENT CHECK-UP.
� Infections have to be treated promptly, since complications can be life-threatening.
� Recurrent infections – investigations for immunocompromised state, most importantly DIABETES is a must.
� To prevent early degeneration of tissues-adopt good lifestyle practices.
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Thank you for your patient
ear