Dr FaghihiProffesor of physiology

OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Explain the importance of granulocytes and

monocyte-macrophage system in the body

Describe the resistance of the body to infection

Identify the steps of inflammation

Understand the significance of responses by

macrophage and neutrophil during inflammation

Explain the importance of leukopenia and leukemias

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes (7000 White Blood Cells /µL of blood)

Types of White Blood Cells

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 62.0%

Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2.3%

Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%

Monocytes 5.3%

Lymphocytes

occasionally, plasma cells

30.0%

granulocytes, or, in clinical

terminology, polys

Genesis of the Blood Cells

Figure 33-1 Genesis of white blood cells. The different cells of the myelocyte series are 1, myeloblast; 2, promyelocyte; 3, megakaryocyte; 4, neutrophil myelocyte; 5, young neutrophil metamyelocyte; 6, "band" neutrophil metamyelocyte; 7, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; 8, eosinophil myelocyte; 9, eosinophil metamyelocyte; 10, polymorphonuclear eosinophil; 11, basophil myelocyte; 12, polymorphonuclear basophil; 13-16, stages of monocyte formation.

Life Span of the White Blood Cells

Granulocytes 4 to 8 hours in the blood 4 to 5 days in tissues

Monocytes 10 to 20 hours in the blood tissue macrophages

can live for months

Lymphocytes enter the blood, Then re-enter the lymph and return to the blood again and again. have life spans of weeks or months

Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections

Phagocytosis

Oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the peroxisome

Differentiation and distribution of macrophages

Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)

Tissue Macrophages in the Skin and

Subcutaneous Tissues (Histiocytes)

Alveolar Macrophages in the Lungs

Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in the Liver

Sinusoids

Macrophages in the Lymph Nodes

Macrophages of the Spleen and Bone

Marrow

"Walling-Off" Effect of Inflammation

Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages

Tissue Macrophage Is a First Line of Defense Against Infection

Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area Is a Second Line of Defense

Neutrophilia

TNF, IL-1

Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue Is a Third Line of Defense Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by the Bone Marrow Is a Fourth Line of Defense

Feedback Control of the Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses

Formation of Pus

Eosinophils

Basophils

LeukopeniaLeukemia lymphocytic leukemias myelogenous leukemias -neutrophilic leukemia - eosinophilic leukemia - basophilic leukemia -monocytic leukemia

Relative Frequencies of the Different Blood Types

O 47%

A 41%

B 9%

AB 3%

Blood Types with Their Genotypes and Their Constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins

Genotypes Blood Types Agglutinogens Agglutinins

OO O - Anti-A and Anti-B

OA or AA A A Anti-B

OB or BB B B Anti-A

AB AB A and B -

Blood Typing, Showing Agglutination of Cells of the Different Blood

Types with Anti-A or Anti-B Agglutinins in the Sera

  Sera

Red Blood Cell Types Anti-A Anti-B

O - -

A + -

B - +

AB + +