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Dr FaghihiProffesor of physiology
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OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the importance of granulocytes and
monocyte-macrophage system in the body
Describe the resistance of the body to infection
Identify the steps of inflammation
Understand the significance of responses by
macrophage and neutrophil during inflammation
Explain the importance of leukopenia and leukemias
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
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Leukocytes (7000 White Blood Cells /µL of blood)
Types of White Blood Cells
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 62.0%
Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2.3%
Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes
occasionally, plasma cells
30.0%
granulocytes, or, in clinical
terminology, polys
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Genesis of the Blood Cells
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Figure 33-1 Genesis of white blood cells. The different cells of the myelocyte series are 1, myeloblast; 2, promyelocyte; 3, megakaryocyte; 4, neutrophil myelocyte; 5, young neutrophil metamyelocyte; 6, "band" neutrophil metamyelocyte; 7, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; 8, eosinophil myelocyte; 9, eosinophil metamyelocyte; 10, polymorphonuclear eosinophil; 11, basophil myelocyte; 12, polymorphonuclear basophil; 13-16, stages of monocyte formation.
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Life Span of the White Blood Cells
Granulocytes 4 to 8 hours in the blood 4 to 5 days in tissues
Monocytes 10 to 20 hours in the blood tissue macrophages
can live for months
Lymphocytes enter the blood, Then re-enter the lymph and return to the blood again and again. have life spans of weeks or months
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
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Phagocytosis
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Oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the peroxisome
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Differentiation and distribution of macrophages
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Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
Tissue Macrophages in the Skin and
Subcutaneous Tissues (Histiocytes)
Alveolar Macrophages in the Lungs
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Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in the Liver
Sinusoids
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Macrophages in the Lymph Nodes
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Macrophages of the Spleen and Bone
Marrow
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"Walling-Off" Effect of Inflammation
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
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Tissue Macrophage Is a First Line of Defense Against Infection
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Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area Is a Second Line of Defense
Neutrophilia
TNF, IL-1
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Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue Is a Third Line of Defense Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by the Bone Marrow Is a Fourth Line of Defense
Feedback Control of the Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses
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Formation of Pus
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Eosinophils
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Basophils
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LeukopeniaLeukemia lymphocytic leukemias myelogenous leukemias -neutrophilic leukemia - eosinophilic leukemia - basophilic leukemia -monocytic leukemia
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Relative Frequencies of the Different Blood Types
O 47%
A 41%
B 9%
AB 3%
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Blood Types with Their Genotypes and Their Constituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins
Genotypes Blood Types Agglutinogens Agglutinins
OO O - Anti-A and Anti-B
OA or AA A A Anti-B
OB or BB B B Anti-A
AB AB A and B -
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Blood Typing, Showing Agglutination of Cells of the Different Blood
Types with Anti-A or Anti-B Agglutinins in the Sera
Sera
Red Blood Cell Types Anti-A Anti-B
O - -
A + -
B - +
AB + +
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