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Introduction to WSUD
Council Name and Logo
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Overview
• Introduction to WSUD
• WSUD Principles and Objectives
• WSUD Elements
– Best Planning Practices
– Best Management Practices
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Water Sensitive Urban Design
WSUD seeks to ensure that urban development and urban landscapes
are carefully designed, constructed and maintained so as to minimise
the impacts on the urban water cycle – potable water, wastewater, and
stormwater.
• “URBAN DESIGN”
– Integrating into the urban
design
– Enhancing landscape and
habitat features
– Creating an “Urban
Ecology”
• “WATER SENSITIVE”
– Sustainable solutions for
managing water resources
– Protecting aquatic
ecosystems
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Urban Water Cycle
Hoban, A., and Wong, T.H.F., (2006) “WSUD resilience to Climate Change”, 1st international Hydropolis Conference, Perth WA, October 2006.
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Urban Water Cycle
Hoban, A., and Wong, T.H.F., (2006) “WSUD resilience to Climate Change”, 1st international Hydropolis Conference, Perth WA, October 2006.
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Urban Water Cycle
Hoban, A., and Wong, T.H.F., (2006) “WSUD resilience to Climate Change”, 1st international Hydropolis Conference, Perth WA, October 2006.
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Potable Water
Import ~388,000
kL/yr
Rainfall
~450,000 kL/yr
Wastewater Discharge
to Malabar Ocean
Outfall
~304,000 kL/yr
Stormwater Runoff
to Cooks River
~260,000 kL/yr
58%
Infiltration and evapotranspiration
of stormwater ~190,000 kL/yr 42%
78%
Consumed by inhabitants
~4,000 kL/yr 1%
Garden and open space
watering ~80,000 kL/yr 21%
Marrickville Council (2006) Illawarra Road Catchment – Introduction and Landuse,prepared for Marrickville Council by Ecological Engineering, Marrickville Council,
http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/edrawer/GenDocLink.asp?RecId=28205.09
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Urbanisation results in:
• Increased nutrient concentrations and plant growth
• increased sediment loads and turbidity, reduced light and photosynthesis
and smothering of aquatic habitats
• Increased contaminants and toxics (heavy metals, hydrocarbons and
pesticides)
• Increased litter and debris which impact on the aesthetic and beneficial
uses of waterways
• Changes to flow patterns – increased flow rate, volume, and flooding risks,
loss of riparian vegetation, erosion and loss of habitat
• Changing the morphology of creeks and rivers- loss of aquatic habitat
• Changes to groundwater levels and potential impacts on soil conditions,including increased salinity, and
• Importation of exotic plants / weeds – reducing riparian vegetation and
habitat.
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Water Sensitive Urban Design
Hoban, A., and Wong, T.H.F., (2006) “WSUD resilience to Climate Change”, 1st international Hydropolis Conference, Perth WA, October 2006.
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Hoban, A., and Wong, T.H.F., (2006) “WSUD resilience to Climate Change”, 1st international Hydropolis Conference, Perth WA, October 2006.
Integrated Management of the
Urban Water Cycle
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Benefits of WSUD
• Climate Change mitigation – reducing urban heat island effect
• Climate Change adaptation – provision of green corridors
• Biodiversity enhancement – local provenance plantings
• Infrastructure renewal – WSUD can be included in road upgrades
and/or traffic calming, thereby reducing stormwater loadings• Water scarcity and/or water restriction impacts from drought –
irrigating sports fields with stormwater
• Integration of WSUD into open space
• Improving aesthetics and liveability of our cities
• Improved health and wellbeing
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WSUD PRINCIPLES ANDOBJECTIVES
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Federal response to WSUD
Australian Government promotes WSUD through:
• National Water Initiative, WSUD is defined as:
– the integration of urban planning with the management, protection and
conservation of the urban water cycle, that ensures urban water
management is sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological cycles.
• National Water Quality Management Strategy
– Improved developments to achieve of locally adopted water quality and
river flow objectives
National Guidelines on WSUD
• Australian Runoff Quality• Guidelines for evaluating water sensitive urban design principles
and practices
• Water-sensitive cities - priority projects
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Principles of WSUD
• Protection and enhancement of natural
water systems
• Treating urban stormwater to meet
water quality objectives for reuse
and/or discharge to receiving waters.
• Matching the natural water runoff
regime as closely as possible
• Reducing potable water demand
• Minimising wastewater generation and
treatment of wastewater to a standardsuitable for effluent reuse opportunities
• Integrating stormwater management
into the urban landscape
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WSUD objectives – Potable
water
• New residential dwellings comply with BASIX.
• Buildings not affected by BASIX
– must install 4 star dual-flush toilets, 3 star showerheads, 4 star taps and
3 star urinals.
– must install rainwater tanks to meet a portion of supply such as outdoor use, toilets, laundry or hot water.
• Installation of dual reticulation for toilet flushing, laundry, irrigation
and potentially cooling towers in large redevelopment areas.
• Water use within public open space (for uses such as irrigation,
pools, water features etc.) should be supplied from alternativesources to meet 80% of this demand.
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WSUD objectives – Stormwater
• Stormwater discharged from development areas to be treated in
accordance with best practice:
– 80% reduction in the mean annual load of Total Suspended Solids
(TSS)
– 60% reduction in the mean annual load of Total Phosphorus (TP)
– 45% reduction in the mean annual load of Total Nitrogen (TN)
– 90% reduction in the mean annual load of Gross Pollutants
• Waterway stability targets
• Bushland and wetland targets
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WSUD ELEMENTS
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WSUD Elements
• WSUD in strategic and
statutory planning
• Masterplanning
• Street layout and streetscapes
• Public Art
1. Demand Management
2. Supplementing drinking water
– Rainwater harvesting
– Stormwater harvesting
– Wastewater Recycling
3. Stormwater Treatment
– Gross Pollutant Traps
– Vegetated swales & buffers
– Bioretention systems
– Wetlands
Best Planning Practices Best Management Practices
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WSUD in strategic and statutory
planning
• Legislation
– GCC SEPP (NSW)
– BASIX SEPP (NSW)
• Council DCPs
• Supporting WSUD
Guidelines
Introductory Fact Sheet
Concept Design Guide
Detail Design Guide /
Standard Drawings
Construction and
Establishment Guide
Asset Management
Operation and
Maintenance Guide
Information
Development
Application
Construction
Certificate
Construction
Ongoing
Operation
MUSIC Modelling Guide
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Masterplanning /
Conceptual Design of WSUD
Urban Planner /
Architect
Civil Engineer
Stormwater
Engineer /
Ecologist
Landscape
Architect
Urban Planner /
Architect
Civil Engineer
StormwaterEngineer /
Ecologist
Landscape
Architect
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Masterplanning
Landcom, (2009) Landcom WSUD Strategy: Part 3 Case Studies, see
http://www.landcom.com.au/whats-new/publications-reports/water-sensitive-urban-
design.aspx
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Masterplanning
Bioretention
Medians
Water Art in StairsWetland
Stormwater
storage and
treatment
Irrigation uses treated
stormwater and bore
water
Low irrigation
vegetation
Landcom, (2009) Landcom WSUD Strategy: Part 3 Case Studies, see
http://www.landcom.com.au/whats-new/publications-reports/water-sensitive-urban-
design.aspx
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Public Art
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WSUD DEMAND MANAGEMENTAND REUSE
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Demand management
• Water efficient fixtures, fittings and appliances
• Water efficient landscaping and drought tolerant plants
• Efficient water irrigation systems (subsurface, drip systems or
rainfall/moisture controlled systems)
• Supplement water supply using alternative sources of water
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Hot
water
system
Shower
and
bathroom
Clothes
washing
Toilet
flushing
Garden
irrigation
Human
consum
ption
Waste
water
Hot
water
Shower
and
bathroom
Clothes
washing
Toilet
flushing
Garden
irrigation
Human
consum
ption
Waste
water
Potable Water
Potable Water
Air
Condition
-ing
Air
Con
Storm
water
Storm
water
Storm
water
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WSUD STORMWATERTREATMENT
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Treatment Requirements
Particle Size
Pollution Issue
Gross Solids
> 5mm
Coarse- to Medium-
5 mm – 125 m
Fine Particulates
125 m – 10 m
Very Fine/Colloidal
10 m – 0.45 m
Dissolved Particles
< 0.45 m
Litter
Turbidity
Visual Sediment
Gravel
Silt
Organics
Plant
Debris
Natural &Anthropogenic
Materials
Particulate
Nutrients
Soluble
Metals
Particulate
Colloidal
Gross Pollutant Trap
Bioretention, Wetland
Swale
Engineers Australia (2006) Australian Runoff Quality, ed Wong, T. F., Engineers
Australia, Melbourne.
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Gross Pollutant Traps
• Benefits
– reduce litter, debris, coarse sediment
– pre-treatment for other systems (eg
wetlands)
• Considerations
– Can be ugly and/or expensive
– Maintenance: capital vs. maintenancecost
– Limited ability to treat nutrients
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Buffer Strips & Vegetated
Swales
• Benefits
– remove coarse and medium
sediment
– streetscape benefits
– alternative conveyance system
• Considerations
– Restricted to mild slopes (1-4%) – Interactions with driveways, footpaths
– Limited ability to treat nutrients
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Bioretention & Wetland
Bioretention
• Biological uptake N and P
• Filtration
• 2-3% catchment area
• Does not retain water
• Small to medium scale
Wetland
• Biological uptake N and P
• Sedimentation
• 5-8% catchment area
• Retains permanent water
• Medium to large scale
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Bioretention Systems
Slotted kerb opening and grate (Docklands, Melbourne)Kerb opening through lintel (Ku-ring-gai Council)
Road
Footpath
Slot in kerb
Stormwater drainage (eg 375 mm pipe)
0.5 –
1.5 m
0.5 - 1m Filter media
0.1 m Transition layer (sand)
0.15 m Drainage layer, with perfo rated p ipes (gravel)
Impervious liner
0.1 - 0.3 m Temporary ponding
Overflow pit
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Bioretention at differing scales
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Wetlands
Sedimentation
Basin
Macrophyte
Zone
High Flow
Bypass
Deep Water Zones
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Wetlands at differing scales
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How to size it right.....
• MUSIC – Model For Urban Stormwater Improvement
Conceptualisation. Uses include:
– Determining flows from catchment
– Water quality benefits
– Lifecycle cost
• Can model WSUD elements including;
– Wetlands
– ponds & basins
– bioretention systems/rain gardens
– infiltration systems – swales and buffers
– stormwater harvesting and reuse (including tanks & other storage
options)
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COUNCIL WSUD PROJECTS
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• Council to insert projects
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WSUD RESOURCES
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Resources
• WSUD.org (Sydney)- http://www.wsud.org/
• Healthy Waterways (SE Qld)- http://www.waterbydesign.com.au/
• Clearwater (Melbourne)- http://www.clearwater.asn.au/
• WSUD @ Melbourne Water - http://wsud.melbournewater.com.au/
• Australian Runoff Quality - http://www.ncwe.org.au/arq/ • EWater - http://www.toolkit.net.au/