Women’s Women’s movements of the movements of the

1920s and the 1920s and the 1960s1960s

Paige Z. Ahap KLMHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

How does the How does the women’s women’s

movement of the movement of the 1920s compare 1920s compare

with the women’s with the women’s movement of the movement of the

1960s?1960s?

1920s1920s

BackgroundBackground

Historically, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men.They were seen as major sources of temptation and evil. Women were also considered naturally weaker than men

“Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.”

-- St. Jerome, a 4th-c Latin father of the Christian church

FlappersFlappers

FlappersFlappers

These women challenged traditional American values. Characteristics of a Flapper:

Short, bobbed hair Short hems on their skirts Listened to Jazz music Wore makeup Drank hard liquor Smoked cigarettes Treating sex in a more casual manner Were opposed to the conventional

social and sexual norms

1919thth Amendment Amendment

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States

or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to

enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

Alice PaulAlice Paul

She was the head of National Women’s Party.Felt that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough. Pushed for an

Equal Rights Amendment to be added to the constitution.

January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977

The Equal Rights The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)Amendment (ERA)

“Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” It was first introduced to Congress in

1923. Made all forms of discrimination

based on sex illegal. Never passed in Congress.

Margaret SangerMargaret SangerIn 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) Today known as Planned

ParenthoodIn 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau. The first legal birth

control clinic in the U.S.Women were then able to control their own bodies.This movement educated women about existing birth control methods.A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified birth control information as obscene.

“Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but her unique role is in conception . . . since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men."

--Thomas Aquinas, 13th century Christian theologian

Adkins Adkins vv. Children’s Hospital. Children’s Hospital 19231923

The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract.

William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice

Women’s Bureau of the Women’s Bureau of the Department of LaborDepartment of Labor

In 1920, the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor was established to gather information about the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes it found were needed. Many suffragists became actively involved with lobbying for legislation to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions.

““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs

Gave women a taste of the work world.Low paying service occupations.Made less money than men did doing the same jobs. Examples of jobs:

Secretaries Teachers Telephone

operators Nurses

““Pink Collared” JobsPink Collared” Jobs

Women were confined to traditional “feminine” fields in the work force.The “new professional women” was the most vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s. But in reality, most

middle class married women remained at home to care for their children.

1928 Olympics1928 OlympicsThese were the first Olympics that women were allowed to compete in.There were many arguments about these actions. Some argued that it

was historically inappropriate since women did not compete in ancient Greek Olympics.

Others said that physical competition was “injurious” to women.

The 1928 Dutch Women’s Gymnastics team. They won the gold medal in the group event.

EducationEducation

By 1928, women were earning 39% of the college degrees given in the United States.It had risen from the original 19% it was at the beginning of the century. Example:

In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an all girls school

1960s1960s

BackgroundBackgroundThe Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a second wave of activism.The women's movement of the 1960s drew inspiration from the civil rights movementIt was made up of members of the middle classIt was also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s Sparked by the

development of the birth-control pill in 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A Dream“, 1963

Background ContBackground Cont

Sexual assault and domestic violence became central targets of women's activismThe crime of rape begins to increase in numbers Rape is sex without consent, both legally

and socially

Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will, examines the history of rape Feminists work to create domestic violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines

National Organization for National Organization for Women (NOW)Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966.Founded by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray. The first African-

American woman Episcopal priest.

Betty Friedan became the organization's first president.

NOW NOW (con’t.)(con’t.)

The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women. They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA amendment at the state level.Issues NOW deals with: works to eliminate discrimination and

harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system.

secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women

end all forms of violence against women eradicate racism, sexism and

homophobia promote equality and justice in society.

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

Wrote the controversial book, Silent Spring

It says that pesticides are destroying wildlife and endangering humanity.

May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964

May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964

Betty Friedan Betty Friedan Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies.

She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women.

She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name". The book became a bestseller and was the cause for the second wave of feminism in the 60s.

Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006

The problem that has no name–which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities–is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease.

-- Betty Friedan

Shirley ChisholmShirley Chisholm

In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the first black woman elected to the House of Representatives.

November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005

First national Commission on the First national Commission on the Status of WomenStatus of Women

President Kennedyestablished the firstnational Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961.

In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.

Equal Pay Act 1963Equal Pay Act 1963

It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination. In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings. It abolished wage differences based on sex. “No employer having employees subject to any

provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…”

-- Equal Pay Act

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Passed in 1964.It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex.Section VII set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.

Presidential Executive Order Presidential Executive Order 1124611246

It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24th, 1965 It prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal government contractors. “…Prohibits federal contractors and federally assisted construction contractors and subcontractors, who do over $10,000 in Government business in one year from discriminating in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."

Griswold v. Connecticut Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)(1965)

Estelle Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood League.The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. Found that Connecticut should allow married couples to use birth control.

Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold (right)

The EndThe End

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