Waste Water Recycling / Septage ProcessingDr Chandrashekar
B.Tech, IIT Bombay, PhD, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
Post Doc, University of PittsburghCEO, Vision Earthcare, SINE IIT Bombay
[email protected] www.visionearthcare.com
• Role of Public officials• Global Water Scenario• CPCB criteria for Waste Water Recycling • Why Waste Water Treatment Systems Fail• Criteria for successful projects• Technology Comparison (CSBT/MBBR/ASP/WSP)• CAMuS-SBT as the best fit technology Solution• CSBT Implementer Case Studies• Q&A
2
Overview of Presentation
• Protectors of Public Environmental Resources• Water, Air, Land, Public Health
• Providers of Public Safety• Law and Order• Community Relations
• Enablers of Economic Opportunity by• Utilities : Roads, Electricity, Water, Internet?• Facilitation of Industry and Employment• Education and Skills
Revenue linked to Quantity and Quality of of services provided.
3
Role of Public Officials and Media
Water Scenario-1
Within a decade India will be highly stressed for water
Entire India and desert regions of West Asia & Africa will be on the same boat. By 2025,
India will have less than 1000 m3/capita year – water scarcity.
Municipal Water Demand @135 LCPD = 50 m3/capita/yr
Food Production Water Demand = 1200 m3/capita/yr (rice vegetarian diet)
Food Production Water Demand = 1800 m3/capita/yr (non - vegetarian diet)
Source : WBCSD report – Water Facts & Trends, 2005
Energetics of Carbon Cycle Atmosphere CO2
750Live 0
(10 yrs)
Wateras Dissolved CO2 and Life
4000Live 1-5(0.2 yrs)
Soilas Dead Reserves
1600Live 0
(300 yrs)
Land as Animals
100-150Live 150(2 yrs)
Landas Plant
500Live 500(50 yrs)
Soilas Fossil Fuel
4000Live 0
(300 yrs)
Photosynthesis 110
Res
pira
tion
12
Physical Mass Transfer 50 Biological 60
Respiration
30
Fixed30
Litter50 Litter 18
Res
pira
tion
60
Human Activities6
Energy Required for Life● Land : 3 KJ/g live C/yr ● Water : 500 KJ/g live C/yr
5
6
A) Open Nallah Sewage System
open/covered drains Larger Drains/Nullahs/Rivers
garbage
zone of community maintenance
SBT Plant
C) Small Bore Sewer System
Solids Separation Tank
air bleed valve
cleanout points SBT Plant
Raw Water Tank
B) Conventional Underground Sewer
Lift wellman hole
zone of community maintenance
SBT Plant
Interceptor Sewer: Solids Separating TankWe will be using standard Hume Pipes for these tanks. Sizing and costing of Hume Pipes are given in link below https://docs.google.com/a/visionearthcare.com/spreadsheets/d/11NY_6TgD1fodDTMnCv6q8nUX2bbhxDeidmomZBmty1A/edit?usp=drive_webLaid cost of Interceptor units 3 day holdup is likely to be Rs 2500/person Chandrashekar Estimate 9/9/2016 check data in link above. Overflow velocity of 10m/day considered and is sufficient to ensure excellent settling. Each 1m Dia and 2.5m Length will suffice for 5 people. The Septage to be collected once in 3 years by a pump which is inserted in the 250mm Septage Port shown in Red. The Port is accessible from top without removing manhole cover A coarse screen can be implemented on the Suction Port cap to prevent plastics etc from entering the Tank.
Inlet Outlet
2.5m 1m
• Water Bodies (Surface/Subterranean) have biological Self Cleaning Capacity (SCC) • SCC only for Organic Load (C,N,O,N)• No SCC for Inorganic Load (Salt: eg NaCl)
• Municipal Discharge Loads >> SCC • Causes degradation of Water Resources• Makes it unavailable for Aquatic Life and Human use
• Water Bodies must be monitored for Aquatic potential• Combination of DO, TSS, TDS and COD
8
Water Scenario-2
CPCB Criteria for Designated Use
Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in
Sl.No Parameter Raw SewageIrrigation standards
Surface Discharge Toilet Flushing*
CSBT Treated Water **
1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/L) 150-300 Less than 100 30 Less than 10 Less than 102 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L) 450-600 Less than 250 100 Less than 50 Less than 503 pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 6.5-9.0 6.5-9.04 Oil & Grease (mg/L) 20 Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 105 Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L) NA NA Less than 1 Less than 1 Less than 16 Ammonical Nitrogen (N) (mg/L) 35-50 NA NA Less than 5 Less than 57 Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (as NH3) (mg/L) NA NA NA Less than 10 Less than 108 Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) NA NA Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 109 Total suspended solids (mg/L) 250-500 Less than 100 Less than 100 Less than 20 Less than 20
10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Nil NA NA Greater than 4 Greater than 411 Fecal Coliforms 10^8-10^9 NA <10000 <100 <100***
Note:- http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf*Treated water characteristics based for toilet flushing based on CPCB is CPCB vide order no A-19014/43/06-MON/709 dated 21.04.2015. ** Treated without using any teritary treatment like Dual Media Filters, Sand Beds etc. *** after UV/Chlorine Ozone Disinfection
9
Promulgated with the understanding that most Indian water bodies are so severely stressed that they have no self cleaning capacity due to overexploitation by human use.
• Poor Collection Systems unable to deliver sewage to the plant leading to suboptimal operations
• Tenders/Projects driven by CAPEX considerations and OPEX / Life Cycle costs not appreciated
• Lack of understanding of SCC of receiving water body • Non robust technology unable creates Operational
issues in outcomes desired.• Need constant and assured power (or else collapse
of aerobic biology which leads to abandonment asset• Trained and motivated manpower
• STPs are only useful if they function as per norms and are designed for SCC
10
Why STPs / WWTP projects fail
• Technology must function even if power supply or waste water supply is erratic
• Local manpower and maintenance support is required • Financially Lifecycle costs must be low• ULBs/Municipalities must allocate budget to run the STPs as
per norm• Reuse of treated water should be encouraged.
• Construction and Road washing• Power plant cooling water• Commercial building cooling towers• Toilet Flushing and Terrace Gardens
• High Quality of treatment is critical for reuse11
Criteria for STP Technology
• Green Aesthetics (can into any green space available) • Noiseless and Odorless• Can be implemented at any scale less than 100 KLD to
greater than 25 MLD scale• Decentralized implementation reduces network cost
• Low lifecycle cost : low Power, low maintenance utilization• Local personnel with agricultural genius operators• Potential for production of biogas production• High Quality treated water (as per 2015 CPCB norms)
• Leads to enhanced reuse acceptability
12
CAMUS-SBT WWTP Solution
Continuous Advanced Multistage System Soil Bio Technology: CAMuS-SBT / CSBT
Technology ComparisonAssessment of various wastewater parameters Technologies
Performance after Secondary Treatment (BOD<30) CSBT ASP MBBR SBR UASB+ASP MBR WSP
Effluent BOD (mg/L) <20 <20 <30 <10 <20 <5 <40
Effluent Suspended Solids (mg/L) <30 <30 <30 <10 <30 <5 <100
Fecal Coliforms (log unit) 6-7 2-3 2-3 3-4 2-3 5-6 2-3
T-NH3 removal efficiency (%) 70-80 10-20 10-20 70-80 10-20 70-80 10-20
Performance after tertiary treatment (BOD<10)
Effluent BOD (mg/L) <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10
Effluent Suspended Solids (mg/L) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Effluent NH4N(mg/L) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Effluent TP(mg/L) <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Effluent total coliform MPN/100 ml 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Area requirement (m2)
Average area secondary treatment (BOD<30) 300 800 450 450 1000 450 6000
Average area secondary treatment (BOD<10) 600 900 550 550 1100 450 6100
Operation & Maintenance
Energy consumption in secondary treatment (kwhr/ML) 60 180 220 150 120 300 2
Energy consumption in tertiary treatment(kwhr/ML) 60 180 220 150 120 300 2
Energy consumption for sludge handling(kwhr/ML) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total Energy consumption (kwhr/ML) 121 361 441 301 241 601 5
Chemical requirement
Polymer /coagulants Low High High High High High High
Disinfection Low High High High High High High
Other chemicals Low High High High High High High
Skilled Manpower No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSource : Adapted from IIT Kanpur STP comparison Ganga Action Plan : 003_GBP_IIT_EQP_S&R_Ver 1 Dec 2010
CAMUS-SBT Applications• Sewage Recycling
– Black from Toilets – Grey from Washing Activities
• Industrial Waste WaterTreatment– Agro Industries: Coffee, Sugar, Tobacco– Distilleries– Steel– Pharmaceuticals
• Swimming Water Treatment
Typical Large STP >25MLD
Typical Medium STP (0.5-5MLD)
● FC: Fine Screen Chamber● GC: Grit Chamber● TS: Tube Settler● EQT: Equalization tank● BM: Bio Mound
Com
pone
nts
of S
BT
18
19
Pro
cess
Che
mis
try
CAMUS-SBT vs ASP: Process FlowAeration Basin
Blowers/Diffusers: High Energy and Maintenance
Sludge Bed
Preliminary Screening
Wet
Wel
l
Primary Clarifier
Secondary Clarifier
Thickener
AC
F
Disinfectionsludge recycle
BOD: 300 TSS : 300
BO
D: 3
0
TSS
: 20
BOD: <10 TSS : <5
Typically CPCB E
Preliminary Screening
Wet
Wel
l
RSTSettler
Equilizer Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)
(BM3)
BOD: 300 TSS : 300
BOD: 50 TSS : 30
BOD: ~5 TSS : ~1
AC
F
Disinfection
CPCB A
CPCB B/C/D
Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 20
Process Flow X(KLD) = 100 to 1000
Preliminary Screening
Raw Sewage Tank Settler Equilizer sludge digestor
Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300
Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 50 TSS : 30
Q(KLD)=XBOD: ~5 TSS : ~1
AC
F
Disinfection
CPCB B/C/D
Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 21
CPCB A
Vol
~ 0
.6X
CPCB surface discharge
Optional: for Human Contact Standard
Q(KLD)=XBOD: 200 TSS : 60
BM1/2Vol = 1XA=0.4X
BM1/BM2: Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culture
● Q in KLD● A in sq.m● V in cu.m
GL+3
CT1
CAMUS-SBT X=1000-25000 KLD
Preliminary Screening
Bio Mound (BM1)
Bio Mound (BM2)
Equ
aliz
atio
n Ta
nk
Tube Settler / Clarifier
Flocculant/ CoagulantDewatering
BM3
CCTChlorine Contact Tank
Coagulant
Chlorine
Major Pump Line Major Gravity Line
Minor Pump Line Minor Gravity Line
Q(KLD)=X/2
Q(KLD)=X/2
Q(KLD)=X
Q(KLD)=X
Q(KLD)=X
FC GC PF GL
GL-3
GL+3
CCT
Septage Treatment Plant Using SBT
Preliminary Screening
Bio Mound (BM1/2)
Bio Mound (BM3)C
lari-
EQ
T
Flocculant/ Coagulant/LimeDewatering
Chlorine Contact Tank
Coagulant
Chlorine (if necessary)
Solids Line Major Gravity Line
Pump Line Minor Gravity Line
Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~1K
Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~50K
Q(KLD)=XCOD~30K
FC GC PF
GL
GL-3A
naer
obic
D
iges
tor
Biogas
Q(KLD)=0.05XCOD~200K
Q(KLD)=0.45XCOD~1K
Q(KLD)=0.95XCOD~50
Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~20K
Few of our clients
8/8/2016
Energy Consumption
25China WWTPs use 260KWHr/ML , 1 KWHr/KgCOD, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266146909_Energy_Consumption_in_Wastewater_Treatment_Plants_in_China
Aeration energy consumption is directly proportional to Oxygen Consumption Potential (OCP)(X. Tao,w. Chengweng) OCP=(a×COD^m+b×TN^n+c×TP)×exp[k×(T-20)]Where COD,TN,TP in (mg/L), T is Temperature C. a=3.8,m=1,b=28,n=1.2,c=24In India COD load rates are higher due to higher COD due to lower supply of municipal water
Technology LPCD COD (mg/L) OCP KWhr/ML
CAMUS-SBT 135 420 4128 120
India ASP/SBR 135 420 4128 300
China ASP/SBR 204 300 2667 258
Japan ASP/SBR 314 250 2000 200
USA ASP/SBR 400 250 1500 200
CAMUS-SBT vs Conventional
# Item/Parameter Unit ASP MBBR SBR MBRCAMUS-SBT
1 Overall HRT Hrs. 12 to 14 8 to 12 14 to 16 12 to 14 NA
2 BOD Removal % 85-95 85-95 90-95 95-98 95-98
3 COD Removal % 80-90 80-90 88-96 95-99 95-99
4 TSS Removal % 85-90 85-95 90-96 98-99 98-99
5 Fecal Coliform Removal log Unit upto3<4 upto2<4 upto2<4 upto6<7 upto7<8
Technology Comparison
Technology
28
Aspirated Technologies CAMUS SBT
SBT Reactor Configurations
Chandrashekar S, Shankar HS: Bio-Remediation of Waste Water Streams using SBT: AICHE 2009
CAMUS-SBT is designed with minimal mechanical equipment
Prefab Unit 3 KLD● Resort in Lonavala area● Multiple Villas needing
Sewage Treatment (140 Keys)
● Connectivity issues● Radical Decentralization● Outcomes
○ Treatment Effective○ No recycling○ Gabion Containment○ More maintenance
● Learnings○ 10 KLD minimum○ Design of Raw
sewage tank is critical
Factory 10 KLD● Factory in Silvassa● Domestic waste from canteen, food wash
and small amount of dyes effluent● Outcomes
○ Treatment Effective○ Water being used for gardening○ Brickwork Containment
● Learnings○ 10 KLD minimum validated○ Dye Effluent pretreatment caused
plant upset ○ excess chlorine in decolorization
caused biomass collapse○ Oil and Grease trap in kitchen was
implemented
Process Reuse 35 KLD● Factory in Pondicherry● Domestic waste from workers canteen,
food wash and small amount of insecticide
● High Nitrogen concentration● Outcomes
○ 3 Stage process Process water○ Water being used for Manufacturing
● Learnings○ An initial experiment with an
alternative carbon source for Nitrogen removal was tried but did not give expected results
○ A modification of the process by a recycle line gave results expected
Airport 120 KLD● Airport in Rajastan● Mostly flows in Morning and Evening● Outcomes
○ Airports able to maintain system ○ Robust operations○ Water being used for Gardening
● Learnings○ Contracts were complicated○ Civil works were in M30 RCC that
increased costs but were as per the norms in this organization.
○ Coconut tree as a plantation in the system
Housing Colony 650 KLD● Housing Colony in Virar, Mumbai ● Domestic Sewage of 1200
dwellings and shops● RST+BR1+ BR2● Outcomes
○ Water being used for Gardening and Flushing
● Learnings○ Upthrust of sub surface
water ○ Ensure SBT UG tanks are
above building footing ○ Water supply by tankers○ Excess water used for
construction○ People played Holi with
treated water○ Plans for converting this to
Human contact standard using SF+ACF+UV
Golf Course 1MLD● Golf Course in Mumbai ● BMC Nallah Sewage of 3 MLD tapped ● BR1 only (manual removal of sludge from top)● Outcomes
○ Water being used for Greens○ Quality desired as per irrigation
standards○ On demand odor free water○ Multiple plants (3) within the Golf Course
● Learnings○ Robust system that give
Golf course water for operations
○ O&M not maintained to very high standards since water is being used for watering
○ Soil Bund Construction
BMC 3MLD Plant● Pumping Station in Worli● BMC Pumping station 800 MLD which 3 MLD
is treated● Single stage BR1 only (manual removal of
sludge from top), can be operated as 2 stage also but not done
● Outcomes○ Water being used for Greens at
Mahalaxmi Race Course○ Care free maintenance
● Learnings○ Single stage process =
Nitrates in Water causes algae in storage pond
○ Robust system maintained by BMC by own staff
○ Water quality good but no effort to keep throughput hgh
○ Hybrid mound construction
Typical Treated Results
38
HDIL Water Test Report
Raw Water Test Treated Water Test
BMC Worli Results
Command Hospital Results
Other Initiatives• DrySan Waterless Toilet
• CTECH, IDC IIT Bombay • Air Quality (AQI) Monitoring System
• Indiaspend, IIT Bombay• Water Quality Monitoring System
• VEC, Logic Ladder • Mangrove SBT Waste Water Treatment
• VEC, SIES, MCGM• Intercepted / Small Bore Sewers
• VEC, Clearford
Frequently Asked Questions• What is the extent of pre-treatment? (How much COD, TSS and TDS are removed)
• Fine screens and Grit removal chamber• Equalization tank balances peak flows • Pre-Treatment Primary Clarifier / Tube Settler for BOD and TSS separation• Removal efficiency of 60% is in BOD and TSS in the clarified stream • Clarifier sludge is processed in a Anaerobic Digestor with Phosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO)• Digested sludge further vermicomposted in BM3 to produced phosphate rich organic fertilizer
• What is the range of fluctuating load• CAMUS-SBT plants are designed as per CPHEEO norms as regards to peak flows• Plants are designed to handle flows from 5% to 100%• Shock loads of 30% over design load can accommodated for 1-2 days (requires extra consumables)
• flocculant/coagulant dosing to capture more TSS/BOD/COD and load on Bio Mounds • Feed rate or loading rate i.e. Hydraulic and Organic loading rates at each stage?
• Fine Screen and Grit Chambers are Designed at Peak Hydraulic Flow• Equalization Tank at CPHEEO norms of 2 hours at peak flow• Clarifiers at Average Hydraulic Flow using 1.5 cum/sqm/hr overflow rate• Anaerobic Digestor designed at 10-20 days detention time • BioMound 1 Hydraulic Loading Rate = 0.1 cum/sqm/hr (2.4 cum/sqm/day), COD loading rate = 0.35
kg/cum/day• Bio Mound 2 designed at Hydraulic Loading Rate = 0.2 cum/sqm/hr (4.8cum/sqm/day), COD loading
rate of 0.30 kg/cum/day 42
Frequently Asked Questions• What happens to the CAMUS- SBT plants in Monsoon?
• Rain water impinging on the Bio reactors will percolate down rapidly and captured in treated water.• Bio reactors are designed for hydraulic percolation rates of upto 5 cum/sqm/day • Heaviest 1 day rainfall ever recorded worldwide is 2.5 cum/sqm/day (Reunion Island)• Cherrapunji on average gets approximately 0.8 cum/sqm/day in monsoons• Overflow in Collection tanks ensure that the Bio Reactor/Bio Mounds is not flooded.
• What is the input and output of the CAMUS-SBT?• CAMUS-SBT plants are designed to meet CPHEEO/Client requirements for a given output.
• A comparative study of technology with respect to area and costs• upto 1 MLD,1-5MLD, 5-10 MLD, 10-50 MLD etc?
• Please see Technology Cost Slides• How are phosphates are removed in the CAMUS-SBT System?
• Phosphate removal takes place largely in Raw Sewage Tank / Clarifier / Anaerobic digestor by flocculation/coagulation/settling/bio accumulation via Phosphate accumulating organisms.
• Small amounts of Lime (pH management)+FeCl3 is added in the Raw water tank that precipitates the Phosphates as HydroxyApatite. pH of 6.5-7.5 is maintained
• In Larger plant the bottom phosphate rich sludge from Clarifier/Settlers is pumped as slurry to BM3 and is converted to vermi compost.
• In smaller plants the inorganic sludge at the bottom of Raw Sewage tank is periodically harvested (Once in 4 years)
• The biomounds themselves remove approximately 2mg/L 43
Technology Comparison
44
Economic Comparison
45
CAMUS-SBT Costs (Rs Lacs)
46
Size(KLD) Area (sqm) Technology Civil & Media ElectroMech Total Capex O&M/Yr
100 150 8 34 8 50 3
500 600 15 70 15 100 8
1000 1000 25 100 25 150 12
2000 1500 35 140 35 210 22
5000 3000 55 300 55 410 45
10000 5500 75 550 75 700 90
20000 10000 105 1000 105 1210 180
50000 25000 250 2500 250 3000 450
C-Tech IIT Bombay Dry-San
47
● Waterless Toilet● Zero Discharge● Long Life SS Pan● Women Friendly● No Need of Septic Tank● Ablution Water <1 L/use● Solid Wastes converted to
Vermi Compost Fertilizer● Urine available for farm use.
OXYGEN TRANSFER• Oxygen Transfer in soil media based on literature values of k= kL.a.*E*C* =
10**(-4)m /s 3600s/hr* 20 sqm/cum*6 g/cum= 43.2 g/cum.hr – kL = 4e-3 m/hr (quiescent liquid) 1
– a = 120 sqm/cu.m (a=6/Dp) (Dp = 10mm particles) – C* = 6.5g/cu.m– Max calculated Oxygen mass transfer = 15.6 g/cu.m.hr
• Actual Oxygen transfer – V = 2500 cum – F = 100 cum/hr – COD in = 344 mg/L– COD out = 16 mg/L– Oxygen consumed = 32 kg/hr – Actual oxygen supplied = 13.0 g/cu.m .hr
1: Caron et al, (1998) J Geochem Expl, v64, p111
UNIQUE FEATURES• Near saturation DO ( 6 mg/L at 28 C)
– no greenhouse methane gas emission• Significant reduction in Hardness achieved implying biological hardness
removal so great commercial value – Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O = CaCO3 + 2H+ – Rock + 2H+ = soil + Na+/K+ goes into solution
• Soil production for various uses via chemical weathering; – benefits to urban greening
• Reusable water with high DO – Commercial fisheries
• No mechanical oxygen supply– Low energy – Reliability
• Evergreen ambience• Energy of waste which otherwise cause sanitation problems harnessed for
value addition
CAMUS-SBT vs Conventional
TS/DAF : Tube Settler/Dissolved Air Flotation. A flocculation/coagulation step is implemented in the RWT (Raw Water Sump)
CAMUS-SBT for Recycling Water
Conventional System for Disposal
Process Flow X (KLD)= 2000 to 5000
Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)
Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 50 TSS : 30
Q(KLD)=XBOD: ~5 TSS : ~1
AC
F
Disinfection
CPCB B/C/D
Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 51
CPCB A Vol = 0.7XA=0.2X
CPCB surface discharge(BM3)
Vol = 0.7XA=0.2X
ClarifierQ(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70
Vol = 0.1XA=0.1X
Pre
limin
ary
Scr
eeni
ng
Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300
Equa
lizat
ion
Tank
Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000
flocculant/coagulant
BM3: Eisenia Foetida Redworm Vermi Culture
BM1/BM2: Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culture
Optional: for Human Contact Standard
Filte
rPre
ss
Vol = 0.07XA=0.02X
● Q in KLD● A in sq.m● V in cu.m
Energetics of Carbon Cycle Atmosphere CO2
750Live 0
(10 yrs)
Wateras Dissolved CO2 and Life
4000Live 1-5(0.2 yrs)
Soilas Dead Reserves
1600Live 0
(300 yrs)
Land as Animals
100-150Live 150(2 yrs)
Landas Plant
500Live 500(50 yrs)
Soilas Fossil Fuel
4000Live 0
(300 yrs)
Photosynthesis 110
Res
pira
tion
12
Physical Mass Transfer 50 Biological 60
Respiration
30
Fixed30
Litter50 Litter 18
Res
pira
tion
60
Human Activities6
Energy Required for Life● Land : 3 KJ/g live C/yr ● Water : 500 KJ/g live C/yr
52
HFD CAMUS-SBT 1000-5000
Preliminary Screening
Bio Mound (BM1)
Bio Mound (BM2)
Equ
aliz
atio
n Ta
nkTube
Set
tler
/ C
larif
ier
Coagulant
Anaerobic Digestor
Filter Press
Composting (BM3)
Flare gas
Chlorine Contact Tank
Flocculant
Chlorine
Major Pump Line Major Gravity Line
Minor Pump Line Minor Gravity Line
Thickener
Flocculant
Process Flow X (KLD)= 5000 to 15000P
relim
inar
y S
cree
ning
Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)
Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300
Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 50 TSS : 30
Q(KLD)=XBOD: ~5 TSS : ~1
AC
F
Disinfection
CPCB B/C/D
Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Unsaturated System -Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 54
CPCB A Vol=0.7XA=0.2X
Equa
lizat
ion
Tank
Vol=0.7XA=0.2X
Clarifier Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70
Thic
kene
r
Vol=0.1XA=0.05X
Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000
Anerobic digestor
Bio Mound (BM3)
flocculant/coagulant
Optional: for Human Contact Standard
BM3: Eisenia Foetida Redworm Vermi Culture
BM1/BM2: Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culture
● Q in KLD● A in sq.m● V in cu.m
Process Flow X (KLD)= 5000 to 15000P
relim
inar
y S
cree
ning
Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)
Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300
Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 50 TSS : 30
Q(KLD)=XBOD: ~5 TSS : ~1
AC
F
Disinfection
CPCB B/C/D
Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 55
CPCB A Vol=0.7XA=0.2X
Equa
lizat
ion
Tank
Vol=0.7XA=0.2X
Clarifier Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70
Thic
kene
r
Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000
Anerobic digestor
Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culure
flocculant/coagulant
Filter Press
Optional: for Human Contact Standard
● Q in KLD● A in sq.m● V in cu.m
HFD CAMUS-SBTP
relim
inar
y S
cree
ning
Bio Mound (BM1)
Bio Mound (BM2)
Equ
aliz
atio
n Ta
nk
Clarifier
Flocculant Thickener
Anaerobic Digestor
Filter Press
Composting (BM3)
Flair gas
Chlorine Contact Tank
Coagulant
Chlorine
Major Pump Line Major Gravity Line
Minor Pump Line Minor Gravity Line
Critical Design Parameters
57
Parameter Clariflocculator Bio Mound 1 Bio Mound 2
Hydraulic Loading Rate (cum/sqm/day) 30-50 2-3 3-5
COD Loading Rate (Kg/cum/day) 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4
CAMUS-SBT Private Sector (Rs Lacs)
58
Size(KLD) Area (sqm) Technology Civil & Media ElectroMech Total Capex O&M/Yr
100 150 8 34 8 50 3
500 600 17 85 18 125 8
1000 1000 25 120 35 180 12
2000 1500 45 170 65 280 22
5000 3000 100 300 140 540 45
10000 5500 120 620 140 900 90
MediaMedia
Media Regeneration
Media
Organics Adsorb on Media Surface
Waste Water percolates on media
Clean water Drip down out of the media
Bacterial Colonies start growing by feeding on adsorbed organics for food,
Media
Earthworms (White) Feed on the bacterial Colonies
CO2 released
CO2 released
Media is now available for the next cycle
adsorption surface is regenerated by bacterial grazing
Grazing by earthworms creates new surface free of bacteria, converting the biomass to CO2
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