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Waktu Geologi
Berdasarkan urutan tipe batuan dan fosil yang ditemukan di dalamnya, para ahli membagi-bagi sejarah bumi dalam suaturentang waktu yang disebut dengan Skala Waktu Geologi. Pembagian ini merupakan hasil kesepakatan dari sekelompok ahligeologi berdasarkan pada berbagai informasi, mulai dari jenis lapisan-lapisan batuan, teknik penentuan umur lapisan geologisampai ke dominansi fosil dalam suatu lapisan batuan. Pada saat ini skala waktu geologi yang paling banyak diacu adalahyang dibuat oleh Komisi Internasional Stratigrafi (ICS). Untuk berbagai tujuan tertentu, kadang masih dikombinasikan denganskala-skala waktu yang lebih dulu muncul, misalnya sistem Rusia yang membagi Kambrian lebih ditil. Selain itu seringkalisistem Inggris ikut dimasukkan, terutama untuk pembagaian waktu antara Ordovisian dan Silurian.
Dalam sistem ICS, skala waktu geologi dibuat dalam rentang-rentang waktu yang hirarkis, yaitu Eon, Era, Periode, Epoh, Agedan Kron.
1. Eon - skala waktu milyar tahun atas dasar kronostratigrafi. Sebelumnya dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu Prekambrian dan Fanerozoikum. Kemudian Prekambrian dipecah-pecah lagikarena rentang waktunya terlalu lama menjadi Arkean dan Proterozoikum.
2. Era - skala waktu puluh sampai ratusan juta tahun atas dasar bentuk-bentuk fosil yang dominan yang dibatasi olehkemunculan atau kepunahan massal. Selain itu, Era ditandai oleh kondisi ekosistem yang unik. Misalnya Senozoikium -era mamalia.
3. Periode - skala waktu rentang 30 sampai 80 juta tahun (dibawah seratus juta tahun), kecuali Periode Kuartener yanghanya mencapai 1.8 juta tahun.
4. Epoh - skala waktu yang membagi Era Senozoikum (terutama periode Tersier dan Kuartener). Dasar pembagian Epoh keinterval paleomagnetik
5. Age - skala waktu berkisar antara 5 - 10 juta tahun yang membagi-bagi Epoh berdasarkan penanggalan radiometrik.6. Kron - pembagian yang paling kecil dalam rentang kurang dari 1 juta tahun. Pembagian ini biasanya didasarkan pada
interval biostratigrafik. Pada kenyataannya, pembagian setiap Kron sangat sulit dilakukan secara akurat dan kadangantara daratan dan lautan mempunyai pembagian waktu Kron yang berbeda.
Tabel Skala Waktu Geologi ICS (Hadean dan Arkean mengikuti Standar Rusia)
Eon Era Periode
Awal Akhir
Fanerozoikum Neogen
23.0 sekarang
Paleogen
65.5 23.8
Era Senozoikum
65.5 sekarang
Kreta
146 65.5
Jurasik
200 146
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Triasik
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Karbon
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Devonian
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Silurian
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Ordovisian
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Kambrian
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Era Pleozoikum
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Proteozoikum
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Neoproterozoikum
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Paleoproterozoikum
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Neoarkean
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Mesoarkean
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Paleoarkean
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Eoarkean
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Hadean
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Nekatrian
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Basin Groups
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Kriptik
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Dalam sistem Inggris, Era Senozoikum dibagi sebagai berikut:
Kuartener Holosen
0.011 sekarang
Pleistosen
1.8 0.011
1.8 sekarang
Tersier Pliosen
5 1.8
Miosen
23 5
Oligosen
38 23
Eosen
54 38
Paleosen
65 54
65.5 1.8
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