VIRUSESVIRUS STRUCTUREA virus is not made
of cellsIt is nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
• Virus can’t reproduce unless it is inside a living cell
• The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein
• New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses
Viral reproduction
HOW VIRUSES REPRODUCE
THE 6 MODERN KINGDOMS
• MEANS “TRUE” BACTERIA• COMMON, EVERYDAY BACTERIA
• DECOMPOSERS• CAN CAUSE DISEASE
EUBACTERIA
What is a Bacterium?
Lacks a nucleusHas a cell wall
used for support and protection
Have cilia or flagella
Bacteria
• Made of cells• Can be killed by
antibiotics• Examples of disease
caused by bacteria is strep throat
• Not made of cells• MUCH SMALLER THAN
CELLS• Can’t be killed by antibiotics• Example of diseases caused
by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza
BACTERIA vs VIRUSESVirus
BACTERIA vs VIRUSES
Malaria
Mosquitoes transmit malaria
Individuals who have the
sickle cell trait
(heterozygous) aren’t as affected as
homozygous individuals
PKU
Individuals who have PKU can’t
break down phenylalanineIf it builds up it can cause
mental retardation
Keep individuals
withPKU on a diet, they don’t have
brain damage
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is
uncontrolled growth of cells in the
lungs
Individuals who smoke are more
likely to get lung cancer
Diabetes
Diabetes results from
when the pancreas fails
to make enough insulin
Individuals who are
overweight and who don’t exercise seem
to be more affected
Skin Cancer
Light skinned people don’t
have the natural melanin
protection of darker skinned people
Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer
Internal and external factors in disease
B-cells
• White blood cell
• Make antibodies
T- helper cells
• White blood cell
• Help coordinate immune response
T-killer cells
• White blood cell
• Kill virus infected cell
IMMUNITY & WHITE BLOOD CELLS
PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Passive Immunity• Person does NOT
make memory cells or antibodies
• Antibodies only are transferred
• Doesn’t provide long-term protection
• Natural: from breastfeeding
• Artificial: Rabies “shot”
• Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells
• Provides long term immunity
• Natural: you have disease
• Artificial – you get a VACCINATION
Active Immunity
• LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archaebacteria
Methanogens: Do not need O2
(anaerobic)Live in thick mud
and digestive tracts of animals.
ArchaebacteriaHalophiles:Live only in environments with lots
of salt.Ex. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea
ArchaebacteriaThermophiles:Live in hot, boiling water.Ex. Hot springs, deep sea vents
• EUKARYOTES• UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR• AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC
PROTISTS
Algae
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and an eyespot to help with detection of light.
Protozoans
Amoeba: move by the use of pseudopodia (false feet)
Zooflagellates: Move by use of flagella
• EUKARYOTIC• UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR• HETEROTROPHS (DECOMPOSERS)
FUNGI
Special FungiLichen
Symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic organism.
Photosynthetic organism provides a source of energy
Fungus provides water, minerals and protection
Lichen
Mushrooms
EUKARYOTIC
AUTOTROPHIC
MULTICELLULAR
PLANTAE
Bryophytes•Non-vascular•No xylem or phloem
•Examples are mosses•They are small•Have to be near water•No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits
Gymnosperms•Vascular•Xylem to move water•Phloem to move food
•Examples are conifers•Have pollen (sperm)•Have seeds on cones•No fruits or flowers
Angiosperms•Vascular•Xylem to move water•Phloem to move food
•Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses
•Have pollen (sperm)•Have seeds in fruits•Have flowers
Types of Plants
PLANT ADAPTATIONSRoot, stem, leaf
Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green
Stems move water with xylem
Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators
Pollen (sperm) can be transferred by animals
When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary
The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in
seeds away from parent plant
Flowers and Fruits
Vascular TissuesXylem
Transports water up from the roots
PhloemTransports sugars
down from the leaves
EUKARYOTIC
MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHIC
ANIMALIA
Annelids•Segmented worms•No backbone•“Breathe” through skin
•External fertilization
•External development
Insects•No backbone•Three body segments
•Six legs•Wings•External fertilization
•External development
•Metamorphosis
Amphibians•Have backbone•Moist skin•Gills when young, lungs when adult
•Three chambered heart
•Cold-blooded•External fertilization
•External development
•Metamorphosis•Jelly-like egg
Mammals•Backbone•Hair•Milk glands•Lungs•Four-chambered heart
•Warm-blooded•Internal fertilization
•Internal development
TYPES OF ANIMALS