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NOAM CHOMSKY’S UNIVERSAL
GRAMMAR
Modern tendencies in linguistics
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WHAT IS UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR?
Universal grammar is the system of principles, conditions and rules that are
elements or properties of all human
languages.
(Chomsky, 1976:29)
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LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
The early Universal Grammar Model
Input ----- LAD ----- Output(language data) (grammar of a
language)
According to Chomsky, LAD is the
neurological system in the brain that
facilitates language development
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INNATENESS HYPOTHESIS
Chomsky claims that the process of languageacquisition is genetically predetermined byinnate language faculty.
The only thing child requires is the exposure tolanguage so it could master it.
Orphans from Africa
Critical period
Wild children
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CHOMSKY VS SKINNER
Nativist: * grammar is innate
* needs little data
Behaviorist: * grammar is learnable
* needs robust data
Language could have gradually evolved by natural selection. Pinker, 1995
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THE POVERTY OF STIMULUS ARGUMENT
How do we learn so much on the basis of solittle evidence?
Not enough information for the rich complexlanguage that children acquire at such ayoung age
Children are never really taught a languageyet they recognize the ungrammaticalsentences
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Children learn through:
Positive evidence (the natural input that child
receives)
Negative evidence: - direct (explicit
corrections)
- indirect
(ungrammatical input)
Pidgin and Creole languages
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LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
All human natural languages share the same
basic materials for building their grammar
All languages have:
verbs, nouns, pronouns…
grammatical structures to make a question grammatical structures to distinct present,
past and future…
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PARAMETERS SETTINGS
When child gets input he sets his parameters
according to the situation
(a) Mario parla italiano. (b) Parla italiano.
(c) Mario speaks Italian. (d) Speaks Italian.*
Italian is a null-subejct language whileEnglish is not.
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Parameters are binary in nature
That explains why children learn so fast and
error-free
In conclusion that children in the acquisition
of grammar have the twin task of lexical
learning and parameters settings.
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TRANSFORMATION RULES
Transformation rules connect deep structure
and surface structure
Sentences may be presented in the brain at
two levels:
One can be heard or seen – surface
structure
One cannot be heard or seen – deep
structure
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Transformation rules will change or move
constituents in the structures derive from the
phrase structure rules.
S
NP VP
Pron V NP
Det N
You close the door
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D-structure
S-structure
LF PF
Relation between cognitive system and language
Transformationa
l rules
Logical formPhonetic
form
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DEEP STRUCTURE
Deep structure refers to the underlying meaning of a sentence as it is represented inthe brain. (Chomsky, 1957.)
The boy kicked the ball.
The ball was kicked by the boy.
Ambiguous sentences:
I have seen driving man.
• I have seen a man driving.
• I have seen a man who normally drives.
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THE GOVERNMENT AND BINDING THEORY
In G/B theory UG is broken into two maincomponents: level of representation and asystem of constraints
Lexicon
D-structure
S-structure
PF LF
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syntax
phonetic form (PF) logical form (LF)
PF and LF constitute the interface between
language and other cognitive systems
(Chomsky, 1986.)
Syntax functions as a “bridge” between soundsand meanings (Cook, 1988.)
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
M. Nenadović
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LITERATURE:
P. Matthews, A short history of structural
linguistics, Cambridge 2003
N. Chomsky, Reflections on language,
London 1976
A. Radford, Minimalist syntax, Cambridge
2006
N. Čomski, Gramatika i um, Beograd, 1972
V. Cook, The poverty of stimulus argument,
Thessaloniki, 1990