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EARLY RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS
UNIT ONE
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EARLY MAN First People lived more than TWO million
years ago PREHISTORY: time before WRITING was
invented Prehistoric times – also known as: OLD
STONE AGE or PALEOLITHIC AGE People were known as NOMADS {people who
moved from place to place hunting/gathering food}
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF PALEOLITHIC AGE Made TOOLS & WEAPONS
{sticks/spears from stone, bone, wood} Developed LANGUAGE
{able to communicate} Used FIRE
{cooking, warmth, protection} Made CLOTHING
{using animal skins}
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PALEOLITHIC NOMADS Early man lived in EAST AFRICA {present
day Ethiopia/Tanzania} Man migrated north to Europe and east to
Asia Eventually separate cultures developed – as
cultures came in contact with one another CULTURAL DIFFUSION developed
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CULTUREIn prehistoric times, bands of humans that lived near one another began to develop shared ways of doing things: common
ways of dressing, Similar hunting practices Favorite animals to eat. These shared traits were the first beginnings of
what anthropologists and historians call culture. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Culture includes common practices of a society, its
shared understandings, and its social organization. By overcoming individual differences, culture
helps to unify the group.
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CULTURAL DIFFUSION Exchange of IDEAS, CUSTOMS, and GOODS
among various cultures 3 ways cultural diffusion occurs:1. MIGRATION2. TRADE3. WAR
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Began about 10,000 years ago Environmental changes brought WARMER
WEATHER Transition from a lifestyle of hunting and
gathering to one of agriculture and settlement
Two Major Changes:1. FARMING – learned to grow land2. DOMESTICATION of ANIMALS
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION People no longer had to wander for food –
led to:A. Permanent Settlements – people sheltered together in villages B. New Social Classes –divisions in powerC. New Technology –new tools, wheel, plow, metal
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NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Also known as the NEW STONE AGE Considered one of the greatest turning points
in history – changed the way people lived – from food gathering to food producing – this change is also known as the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
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CIVILIZATIONS As people began to settle in one place –
growth of villages led to cities and then rise of civilizations
Civilization Characteristics:1. ADVANCED CITIES – centers of trade for large area2. SPECIALIZED WORKERS –skills for certain work {example: traders, priests, soldiers, gov’t officials}
3. COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS – long-lasting patterns of organization {gov’t system of ruling, religion, economics, education}
4. RECORD KEEPING – organized and accurate5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY –new tools/techniques
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MESOPOTAMIA3500 BC – 1750 BC
FERTILE CRESCENT “Land Between Two Rivers”
TIGRIS and EUPHRATES RIVERS
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EARLY SETTLERS 3300 B.C.
Sumerians
1.Dug irrigation ditches
2. Built City Walls
3. Traded
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ZIGGURAT Pyramid shaped
monument “mountain of god” Conducted rituals
temple, sacrifices offerings to Gods
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RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC Over 3000 Gods
example: ENLIL God of storms/air
Wanted Gods protection in life
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EPICSEX: EPIC OF GILGAMESH
Long narrative poem celebrating deeds of heroes
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SOCIAL CLASSES 1. Priests/Kings 2. Wealthy Merchants 3. Workers 4. Slaves Women- more rights than later
civilizations – hold property, pursue work, join priesthood, not allowed to attend schools – upper class could read & write
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INVENTIONS WHEEL,SAIL,PLOW
WRITING, BRONZE WORKS,NUMBER SYSTEM (60)
Arithmetic 1.build city walls 2.plan irrigation systems 3.survey flooded fields
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ARCHITECTURE ARCHES,
COLUMNS, RAMPS,ZIGGURAT
Writing – CUNEIFORM used clay tablets
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HAMMURABI
Babylonian King 1792-1750 B.C.
Single code of laws 282 specific laws written in stone different punishments for rich/poor
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EGYPT 3000 BC – 2000 BC River – NILE King Menes – united Upper/Lower
established first dynasty Egyptian God-Kings =Pharaohs Theocracy – type of govt rule is based
on religious authority
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PYRAMIDS Tombs for Kings largest at Giza481 ft high 13 acres long*showed economic strength, Technology, organized govt
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RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC more than
2000 gods
Ex: RE – sun god
OSIRIS – god of the dead
ISIS – goddess ideal mother & wife
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MUMMIFICATION Embalming/drying
corpse to prevent decay, believed soul returns later
Buried with possessions
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SOCIETY 1. King/Queen/Royal Family 2. Upper class – wealthy
landowners,gov’t officials, priests 3. Middle Class – merchants,artisans 4. Lower Class – farmers,peasants Women – many of same
rights,own/trade property,divorce
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WRITING Hieroglyphics – pictures=ideas Rosetta Stone – used to decipher
writing surface - PAPYRUS
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INVENTIONS/MEDICAL Calendar Geometry Cosmetics Heart/pulse rate Splints Surgery Treatment -fevers
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INDUS 2500 BC – 1500 BC River – INDUS Climate –
monsoons seasonal winds; cycle of wet/dry seasons
Writing – not known have yet to decipher
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HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Planned cities –
precise grid system Citadel- protection,
temple, major buildings
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PLUMBING SYSTEM
Private bathroom/toilet (brick w/wood seat)
Pipes connected carried wastewater to underground sewer system
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CULTURE / TRADE Language impossible to decipher 400 symbols found on stamps/seals
Social Divisions not great Artifacts – clay/wooden toys, few weapons
Animals important part of culture Religion- link to Hinduism Traded with Mesopotamians
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END OF CIVILIZATION Shifts Tectonic
Plates – earthquakes, Floods altered river
Trade-impossible
Agriculture – soil overused prevented large harvests
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CHINA 2000 BC – 200 BC River – Huang He
(Yellow River) Isolation – natural
geographic barriers ex: Pacific Ocean, Himalaya Mts, Gobi Desert, Plateau of Tibet – cut off China from other civilizations
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CULTURE Chinese – others
“Barbarians” Center of the world
– “MIDDLE KINGDOM”
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FAMILY Family central to
society Respect for parents,
elders, men Men controlled
property Women had to obey
fathers/husbands arranged marriages
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RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC Spirits of
ancestors had power
Gods were consulted through the use of “oracle bones” which predicted the future
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WRITING Very complicated
10,000 characters hard to learn – time consuming – usually only the rich had time to memorize
Benefit – unified system throughout China
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GOVERNMENT
Right to rule came from GODS “Mandate of Heaven” Dynastic Cycle
1st Dynasty – Shang 2nd Dynasty - Zhou
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DYNASTIC CYCLE
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TECHNOLOGY/TRADE Roads/Canals Coined Money Silk Tools – sickles,
knives, spades Blast furnaces –
cast iron
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