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Unit One: Chapter TwoIntroduction of Psychology
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Warm Up
•How do we come up with new scientific discoveries?
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Conducting Research
•The scientific process•Forming a Research Question
▫Aimed at explaining behavior▫Something common that you are genuinely
interested in explaining•Forming a Hypothesis
▫Educated guess▫Usually “if-then” statements
Ex: “If you play in the street, then you’ll get hit by a car.”
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Conducting Research
•Testing the Hypothesis▫Hypothesis cannot be considered a fact or
true unless it is tested ▫Usually done several times
•Analyzing the Results▫Look over the data collected from testing
hypothesis
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Conducting Research
•Drawing Conclusions▫Does the data support your hypothesis▫Does the data not support your hypothesis
•Replication▫Study must be repeated▫If you get different results, the study is
probably invalid
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Conducting Research
•New Questions▫Findings may lead to other things they
want to study.▫The process then repeats itself with new
research
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Chapter Two Vocabulary• Hypothesis• Replicated• Survey• Target population• Sample• Random sample• Stratified sample• Bias• Case study• Longitudinal method• Controlled experiment• Placebo• Single-blind study• Ethics• Informed consent
• Cross-sectional method• Naturalistic observation• Laboratory observation• Correlation• Positive correlation• Negative correlation• Experiment• Variables• Independent variables• Dependent variables• Experimental group• Control group• Double-blind study• Standard deviation
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Warm-up
•Have you ever filled out a survey?•What was the survey asking you about?
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Surveys, Samples, and Populations
•Survey Method▫People respond to questions on a certain
topic▫Either through questionnaires or interviews▫People do not always tell the truth
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Surveys, Samples, and Populations
•Populations and Samples▫The group of people you conduct the study
on is important▫Target populations – group you want to
study Relevant to the study Sample is part of target population
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Surveys, Samples, and Populations
•Selecting Samples▫You want samples to accurately represent
your target population ▫Random sample – everyone in target
population has an equal chance of being chosen
▫Stratified sample – target pop. Proportionally represented.
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Surveys, Samples, and Populations
•Volunteer Bias▫Researchers cannot control who
participates in their study▫People who volunteer might have a
different perspective than those who chose not to volunteer
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Design your own experiment
•Design a psychological experiment using the scientific method.
•Include: ▫a description of each component of the
experimental method▫Problems that may arise▫What methods you would use to reduce
bias
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Warm-up
•How do you think an observation would be different from a survey?
•Which one do you think is used the most often?
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Methods of Observation
•Testing Method▫IQ, personality, and aptitude tests
•The Case-Study Method▫In depth investigation of a person or small
group of people▫Ex: the case of Genie (language
development)▫Problems with memories of people being
interviewed
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Methods of Observation
•Longitudinal Methods▫Observing a group of people over a certain
length of time Usually years
▫Conduct interviews about once a year usually ▫Very time consuming
•Cross-Sectional Method▫Sample being studied vary in ages▫Generalizations because they don’t know
specifically the reason for the differences
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Methods of Observation
•Laboratory-Observation ▫Behaviors or Mental Processes observed in
a controlled environment•Analyzing Observations
▫Correlations – how things are related Positive correlation - both go up Negative correlation – one goes up and the
other goes down Correlations are not causation
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Activity
•Copy the chart on page 38 beneath your notes
•Then answer question #3 in the section review on page 40
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Warm-up
•Has your mother (or anyone else) ever kissed a scrape to make it feel better? Or given you “a lucky charm”?
•What was the circumstance?•Did it make you feel better?
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Experimental Method
•Variables▫Independent is changed▫Dependent is what changes as a result of
the independent variable•Groups
▫Experimental receives the treatment from the experiment
▫Control do not receive treatment Controlled experiment has a control group
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Experimental Method
•Placebo Effect▫People are given treatments that is not
meant to be effective, but they still get better
▫It works because the person believed it would work
•Single-Blind Study▫The participant in the study does not know
if they are part of the control or the experimental group
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Experimental Method
•Double-Blind Study▫Neither the participant or researcher
knows which group is the experimental or control group
•Central Tendency ▫Mean – all scores added up and divided by
the # of scores there were▫Median – middle score when #s arranged
lowest to highest▫Mode – most frequent score
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Experimental Method
•Dispersion▫Range – lowest score subtracted from
highest score▫Standard deviation – how far away the
scores are from the mean The larger the standard deviation the more
spread out the scores were
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Activity
•Mean, Median, Mode, and range worksheet
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Warm-up
•How could a psychological be considered inethical?
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Ethical Issues
•Ethics ▫Proper and responsible behavior
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Ethical Issues
•Research with People▫Cannot do something that would harm
person they are studying▫Study those already under conditions they
are curious about Damage to part of the brain Other factors may be an influence
▫Records must be confidential
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Ethical Issues
•Research with People▫Informed Consent
The people you are testing need to know what they will be doing in the study
▫Deception Placebo studies and other instances that
studies would not work if the participant knew what was going on
Is deceiving participants ok? Are there limits?
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Ethical Issues
•Research with Animals▫Use of animals to avoid harming humans▫Has benefitted humans▫APA does have regulations
•Ethics in Using Data▫Bias in favor of your hypothesis
Must present all data even if it disproves hypothesis
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Argumentative Essay
•Write an argumentative essay about the ethical standards of psychological research in regards to human and animal testing.
•Clearly state your opinion.•Provide evidence for your opinion.