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Thermal Energy
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Particle Model of Matter
All matter is made up of ___________________
that are __________________________.
Moving particles have ___________ energy.
tiny particles
always moving
kinetic
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What is temperature?
• Atoms are in constant motion, even in a solid object.
• The back-and-forth jiggling of atoms is caused by thermal energy, which is a kind of kinetic energy.
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What is temperature?
• Temperature measures the kinetic energy per molecule due to random motion.
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Thermometers
• A thermometer is an instrument that measures the exact temperature.
• Most thermometers contain either a silvery fluid (mercury) or a red fluid, which is alcohol containing a small amount of red dye.
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How does a thermometer work?
• The volume of alcohol in a thermometer contains huge numbers of alcohol molecules.
• As temperature increases, the alcohol molecules move faster and bounce off each other.
• The liquid alcohol expands and takes up more space in the thermometer.
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Measuring temperature
• A thermistor is a device that changes its electrical resistance as the temperature changes.
• Some digital thermometers sense temperature by measuring the resistance of electrons passing through wire.
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Liquid-crystal thermometers
• Some thermometers contain liquid crystals that change color based on temperature.
• As temperature increases, the molecules of the liquid crystal bump into each other more and more.
• This causes a change in the structure of the crystals, which in turn affects their color.
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Temperature
• There are two common temperature scales.
• On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees.
• The Celsius scale divides the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water into 100 degrees.
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What is absolute zero?
• Absolute zero is -273°C. • You cannot have a temperature lower than
absolute zero.• Think of absolute zero as the temperature at
which atoms are “frozen.”
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Kelvin
• The Kelvin temperature scale is useful in science because it starts at absolute zero.
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Fahrenheit (°F) to Celsius (°C) conversion formula:
32 - F95
C
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EXAMPLE What is the Celsius value for 65° Fahrenheit?
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Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F) conversion formula:
32 C
95
F
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EXAMPLE 200 °C is the same temperature as what value on
the Fahrenheit scale? Solution:
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To convert Celsius values to their Kelvin equivalents, use the formula:
273 C K
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Water boils at a temperature of 100 °C. What would be the corresponding temperature for the Kelvin scale?
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To convert Kelvin values to their Celsius equivalents, use the formula:
273 K C
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1a. What is the Celsius value for 212 °F?
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1b. What is the Celsius value for 98.6 °F?
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1c. What is the Celsius value for 40 °F?
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1d. What is the Celsius value for 10 °F?
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1e. What is the Fahrenheit value for 0 °C?
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1f. What is the Fahrenheit value for 25 °C?
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1g. What is the Fahrenheit value for 75 °C?
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2. The weatherman reports that today will reach a high of 45 °F. Your friend from Sweden asks what the temperature will be in degrees Celsius. What value would you report to your friend?
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3. Your grandmother in Ireland sends you her favorite cookie recipe. Her instructions say to bake the cookies at 190 °C. To what Fahrenheit temperature would you set the oven to bake the cookies?
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1. Surface temperatures on the planet Mars range from –89 °C to –31 °C. Express this temperature range in Kelvin.
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2. The average surface temperature on Jupiter is about 165K. Express this temperature in degrees Celsius.
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3. The average surface temperature on Saturn is 134K. Express this temperature in degrees Celsius.
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