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Theories on
AgingErick Sioco Inserto, RN
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T h e o
r i e s
Biologic
concerned with answering basic
questions regarding physiologicprocesses that occur in all living
organisms over time
(Hayflick,1996)
Sociologic
Focused on the roles and
relationships within whichindividuals engage later in life
(Hogstel, 1995)
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T h e o
r i e s
Psychologic
Influenced by both biology and
sociology; address how aperson responds to the tasks of
his or her age
Moral/Spiritual
Examine how an individual seeks
to explain and validate his or
her own existence (Edelmanand Mandle, 2003)
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BIOLOGIC THEORIESOF AGING
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F o c u
s
Focus of biologic theories
1. Deleterious effects leading to
decreasing function of theorganism
2. Gradually occurring age
related changes that are
progressive over time
3. Intrinsic changes that can
affect all members of the
species because of chronologic age
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Two Main Divisions
– Stochastic
• Explain aging as events that occur randomly and accumulate over
time
– Error Theory
– Free radical Theory – Cross linkage Theory
– Wear and Tear Theory
– Non stochastic• View aging as certain
predetermined, timed-phenomena
– Programmed theory
– Immunity Theory
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STOCHASTICTHEORIES
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• Error catastrophe theory
• Proposed by Orgel in 1963
• Based on the idea that errors
can occur in the transcription
of the synthesis that do not
function at the optimum level.The organism’s aging and
death are based on these
events ( Sonneborne,1979)• No current supporting
research
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Free radical theory
• Free radicals are by products
of metabolism. When by
products accumulate, theydamage the cell membrane
which decreases its efficiency.
The body producesantioxidants that scavenge the
free radicals
• Administration of antioxidantspostpones the appearance of
cardiovascular dse and
cancer
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Cross linkages theory
• With age, some proteins in the
body become cross linked. This
does not allow fro normalmetabolic activity and waste
products accumulate in the cells
as the end result the tissues does
not function at maximum efficiency
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• The wear and tear theory
equates humans with
machines. It hypothesizesthat aging is a result of use
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NON STOCHASTIC
THEORIES
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Programmed Theory
• Normal cells divide in a limited
number of times; therefore life
expectancy was programmed
(Hayflick, 1996)
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Immunity Theory
• Changes occur in the immune
system, specifically in the T-
lymphocytes, as a result of aging.
These changes leave the
individual more vulnerable to
disease (Phipps et.al, 2003)
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EMERGING THEORIES
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Neuroendcorine Control
• Examines the interrelated role of
the neurologic and endocrine
system over the lifespan of theindividual .
• Scientists are studying the roles
of the hypothalamus and thehormones
(dehydropiandrosterone) DHEA
and melatonin in the agingprocesss
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Metabolic Theory
• A.k.a caloric restriction
• Proposes that allorganisms have a finite
metabolic lifetime and
organisms with a higher metabolic rate have
shorter lifespan
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DNA related research
• Genes play a certain role in the
aging process
• Discovery of telomeres located atthe end of the chromosomes,
which may function as the cell’s
biologic clocks
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SOCIOLOGICTHEORIES OF AGING
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Disengagement Theory
• As individuals age, they withdraw
from society and society supports
this withdrawal
• Cumming and Henry, 1961
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Activity/developmental
task theory
• Individuals need to
remain active to age
successfully. Activity is
necessary to maintain
life satisfaction andpositive self concept
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Continuity Theory
• Individuals will respond to
aging in the same way
they have responded toprevious life events. The
same habits, preferences,
commitments, and other are maintained in older
adulthood
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Age stratification theory
• Society consists of groups or
cohorts that age collectively. The
people and the roles in these
cohorts change and influence
each other, so does society at
large. Therefore a high degree of
interdependence exists betweenolder adults and society
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Personal Environment fit
Theory
• Each individual has personal
competencies in dealing with the
environment. These competencies
may change with aging, thus
affecting the older person’s ability
to interrelate with the environment
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PSYCHOLOGIC
THEORIES OF AGING
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Maslows heirerchy of
needs
• Human motivation is
viewed as a hierarchy of
needs that are critical tothe growth and
development of all people.
Individuals are viewed asactive participants in life,
striving for self
actualization
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Self actualization
Self Esteem
Love andBelonging
needs
Safety and security
Physical and psychological
Physiologic
Oxygen, Fluids,nutrition Body temp.Elimination,shelter,Sex
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Jung’s theory of
individualism
• Development is viewed as
occurring throughout
adulthood, with self realizationas the goal of personality
development . As an
individual ages he or she iscapable of transforming into a
spiritual being
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Erickson’s Eight Stages of
Life
• All people experience eight
psychosocial stages during the
course of a lifetime. Each stage
represents a crisis, where the goal
is to integrate physical maturation
and psychosocial demand. At
each stage the person has theopportunity to resolve the crisis.
Successful mastery prepares the
individual for continued
development
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• Seven tasks are identified as
occurring during Erickson's final
two stages
• The final three tasks identified for
old age are:
– Ego differentiation vs. work role
preoccupation – Body transcendence vs body
preoocupation
– Ego trancscendence vs ego
preoccupation
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Selective Optimization
with Comnpoensation
• Physical capacity diminishes with
age. An individual who ages
successfully compensates for
these deficits through selection,
optimization, and compensation
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